bs-sedlex

bs-sedlex

For details on purpose, usage, and API of sedlex, scroll down. These sections added at the top is specific to ways that installation and usage of the bs-sedlex distribution differ from using the upstream release.

This repository contains a fork of the sedlex lexer-generator tooling for OCaml-family languages, packaged for use in projects utilizing BuckleScript (an OCaml-to-JavaScript compiler) and ReasonML (an alternative OCaml syntax targeting that compiler.)

Care is taken in this project to publish pre-compiled binaries of the ppx syntax-extension component necessary to use sedlex in practice. These are published to npm as the separate package ppx-sedlex, versioned in lockstep with the parent bs-sedlex package. Instructions for enabling this extension in your BuckleScript configuration-file, bsconfig.json, are included below. Don't miss them!

Installation in BuckleScript projects

You can safely ignore the installation instructions in the upstream README reproduced below, when compiling to JS using BuckleScript. Instead:

1. Install this fork through npm (this will automatically install ppx-sedlex as well, as it's a transitive dependency):

   $ npm install --save bs-sedlex
   

2. Manually add the runtime package, bs-sedlex, to your bsconfig.json's bs-dependencies field:

    "bs-dependencies": [
      ...
   +  "bs-sedlex"
    ],
   

3. Additionally tell BuckleScript to apply the ppx-sedlex syntax-transformer over your source-code by adding a ppx-flags field at the root level of the same bsconfig.json. (Note that, unintuitively, this is not a relative path; it follows the format package-name/file-path.)

    "bs-dependencies": [
      ...
      "bs-sedlex"
    ],
   +"ppx-flags": [
   +   "ppx-sedlex/ppx.js"
   +],
   

4. Write blazing-fast, type-safe, and Unicode-aware / multilingual lexers and parsers galore!

Parser-writing tips from a fellow JavaScripter

I'm dogfooding this port on a parsing-project in JavaScript & ML (Excmd.js, https://excmd.js.org). Feel free to refer to that for a real-world example of compiling industrial-strength OCaml parsing tooling down to JavaScript for the web. Some takeaways follow:

• Use Menhir for parser-generation. Seriously. It's got spectacularly clear docs, an entire chapter in Real World OCaml dedicated to it, and a laundry-list of advanced features — everything from automated tooling that explains reported parsing-conflicts to you, neophyte language-developer; to an incremental-parsing API allowing you to implement extremely advanced error-recovery and introspection/reporting tools.

• If you want to take that advice, unfortunately, there's no cool, easy port to JavaScript for you, like this one for Sedlex. 😉 (Maybe I'll publish one someday!) Until one exists, you'll have to maintain a dualistic build-system that uses the standard OCaml tooling and build-system (i.e. opam and https://dune.build) to produce the .ml parsing-automaton, and then feed that into the BuckleScript build. Maybe you can glean some ideas from my experiences here.

• A major selling-point of sedlex is the deep and thorough Unicode compatibility. Use it! I suggest reading through the Unicode Consortium's documentation on the topics, known as Unicode Standard Annex №. 31, or UAX#31. It goes into more detail than you could ever want to know about a vast number of topics. Get this stuff right!

• I (ELLIOTTCABLE) am also very happy to help with any of these topics — I spent a lot of time and effort figuring this out; and although it'll hopefully improve as the BuckleScript community grows, until then, there's a lot of minutae to get just right. I'm active on both the OCaml and ReasonML Discord servers (why there are two, I cannot fathom); as well as on the Freenode IRC server, in both #ocaml and #ELLIOTTCABLE. Feel free to reach out if you just want to chat about these topics, or to get more formal support!

sedlex

Unicode-friendly lexer generator for OCaml.

This package is licensed by LexiFi under the terms of the MIT license.

sedlex was originally written by Alain Frisch [e-mail] and is now maintained as part of the ocaml-community repositories on github.

API

The API is documented here.

Overview

sedlex is a lexer generator for OCaml, similar to ocamllex, but supporting Unicode. Contrary to ocamllex, lexer specifications for sedlex are embedded in regular OCaml source files.

The lexers work with a new kind of "lexbuf", similar to ocamllex Lexing lexbufs, but designed to support Unicode, and abstracting from a specific encoding. A single lexer can work with arbitrary encodings of the input stream.

sedlex is the successor of the ulex project. Contrary to ulex which was implemented as a Camlp4 syntax extension, sedlex is based on the new "-ppx" technology of OCaml, which allow rewriting OCaml parse trees through external rewriters. (And what a better name than "sed" for a rewriter?)

As any -ppx rewriter, sedlex does not touch the concrete syntax of the language: lexer specifications are written in source file which comply with the standard grammar of OCaml programs. sedlex reuse the syntax for pattern matching in order to describe lexers (regular expressions are encoded within OCaml patterns). A nice consequence is that your editor (vi, emacs, ...) won't get confused (indentation, coloring) and you don't need to learn new priority rules. Moreover, sedlex is compatible with any front-end parsing technology: it works fine even if you use camlp4 or camlp5, with the standard or revised syntax.

Lexer specifications

sedlex adds a new kind of expression to OCaml: lexer definitions. The syntax for the new construction is:

  match%sedlex lexbuf with
  | R1 -> e1
  ...
  | Rn -> en
  | _  -> def

or:

  [%sedlex match lexbuf with 
  | R1 -> e1
  ...
  | Rn -> en
  | _  -> def
  ]

(The first vertical bar is optional as in any OCaml pattern matching. Guard expressions are not allowed.)

where:

• lexbuf is an arbitrary lowercase identifier, which must refer to an existing value of type Sedlexing.lexbuf.
• the Ri are regular expressions (see below);
• the ei and def are OCaml expressions (called actions) of the same type (the type for the whole lexer definition).

Unlike ocamllex, lexers work on stream of Unicode codepoints, not bytes.

The actions can call functions from the Sedlexing module to extract (parts of) the matched lexeme, in the desired encoding.

Regular expressions are syntactically OCaml patterns:

• "...." (string constant): recognize the specified string
• '....' (character constant) : recognize the specified character
• i (integer constant) : recognize the specified codepoint
• '...' .. '...': character range
• i1 .. i2: range between two codepoints
• R1 | R2 : alternation
• R, R2, ..., Rn : concatenation
• Star R : Kleene star (0 or more repetition)
• Plus R : equivalent to R, R*
• Opt R : equivalent to ("" | R)
• Rep (R, n) : equivalent to R{n}
• Rep (R, n .. m) : equivalent to R{n, m}
• Chars "..." : recognize any character in the string
• Compl R : assume that R is a single-character length regexp (see below) and recognize the complement set
• Sub (R1,R2) : assume that R is a single-character length regexp (see below) and recognize the set of items in R1 but not in R2 ("subtract")
• Intersect (R1,R2) : assume that R is a single-character length regexp (see below) and recognize the set of items which are in both R1 and R2
• lid (lowercase identifier) : reference a named regexp (see below)

A single-character length regexp is a regexp which does not contain (after expansion of references) concatenation, Star, Plus, Opt or string constants with a length different from one.

Note:

• The OCaml source is assumed to be encoded in Latin1 (for string and character literals).

It is possible to define named regular expressions with the following construction, that can appear in place of a structure item:

  let lid = [%sedlex.regexp? R]

where lid is the regexp name to be defined and R its definition. The scope of the "lid" regular expression is the rest of the structure, after the definition.

The same syntax can be used for local binding:

  let lid = [%sedlex.regexp? R] in
  body

The scope of "lid" is the body expression.

Predefined regexps

sedlex provides a set of predefined regexps:

• any: any character
• eof: the virtual end-of-file character
• xml_letter, xml_digit, xml_extender, xml_base_char, xml_ideographic, xml_combining_char, xml_blank: as defined by the XML recommandation
• tr8876_ident_char: characters names in identifiers from ISO TR8876
• cc, cf, cn, co, cs, ll, lm, lo, lt, lu, mc, me, mn, nd, nl, no, pc, pd, pe, pf, pi, po, ps, sc, sk, sm, so, zl, zp, zs: as defined by the Unicode standard (categories)
• alphabetic, ascii_hex_digit, hex_digit, id_continue, id_start, lowercase, math, other_alphabetic, other_lowercase, other_math, other_uppercase, uppercase, white_space, xid_continue, xid_start: as defined by the Unicode standard (properties)

Running a lexer

See the interface of the Sedlexing module for a description of how to create lexbuf values (from strings, stream or channels encoded in Latin1, utf8 or utf16, or from integer arrays or streams representing Unicode code points).

It is possible to work with a custom implementation for lex buffers. To do this, you just have to ensure that a module called Sedlexing is in scope of your lexer specifications, and that it defines at least the following functions: start, next, mark, backtrack. See the interface of the Sedlexing module for more information.

Using sedlex

The quick way:

   opam install sedlex

Otherwise, the first thing to do is to compile and install sedlex. You need a recent version of OCaml and dune.

  make

With findlib

If you have findlib, you can use it to install and use sedlex. The name of the findlib package is "sedlex".

Installation (after "make"):

  make install

Compilation of OCaml files with lexer specifications:

  ocamlfind ocamlc -c -package sedlex my_file.ml

When linking, you must also include the sedlex package:

  ocamlfind ocamlc -o my_prog -linkpkg -package sedlex my_file.cmo

There is also a sedlex.ppx subpackage containing the code of the ppx filter. This can be used to build custom drivers (combining several ppx transformations in a single process).

Without findlib

You can use sedlex without findlib. To compile, you need to run the source file through -ppx rewriter ppx_sedlex. Moreover, you need to link the application with the runtime support library for sedlex (sedlexing.cma / sedlexing.cmxa).

Examples

The examples/ subdirectory contains several samples of sedlex in use.

Contributors

• Benus Becker: implementation of Utf16
• sghost: for Unicode 6.3 categories and properties
• Peter Zotov:
  • improvements to the build system
  • switched parts of ppx_sedlex to using concrete syntax (with ppx_metaquot)
• Steffen Smolka: port to dune
• Elliott Cable: publish this BuckleScript-compatible fork on npm