i18n-js

What is i18n-js?

The i18n-js npm package is a lightweight internationalization library for JavaScript. It allows developers to easily manage translations and localization in their applications. The package supports features like translation lookup, interpolation, pluralization, and more.

What are i18n-js's main functionalities?

Translation Lookup

This feature allows you to look up translations based on the current locale. You can define translations for different languages and switch between them easily.

const I18n = require('i18n-js');
I18n.translations = {
  en: { greeting: 'Hello' },
  fr: { greeting: 'Bonjour' }
};
I18n.locale = 'en';
console.log(I18n.t('greeting')); // Output: 'Hello'
I18n.locale = 'fr';
console.log(I18n.t('greeting')); // Output: 'Bonjour'

Interpolation

Interpolation allows you to insert dynamic values into your translations. This is useful for personalizing messages or including variable data in your translations.

const I18n = require('i18n-js');
I18n.translations = {
  en: { greeting: 'Hello, %{name}' }
};
I18n.locale = 'en';
console.log(I18n.t('greeting', { name: 'John' })); // Output: 'Hello, John'

Pluralization

Pluralization allows you to handle different translations based on the count of items. This is useful for correctly displaying singular and plural forms of words.

const I18n = require('i18n-js');
I18n.translations = {
  en: { messages: { one: 'You have 1 message', other: 'You have %{count} messages' } }
};
I18n.locale = 'en';
console.log(I18n.t('messages', { count: 1 })); // Output: 'You have 1 message'
console.log(I18n.t('messages', { count: 5 })); // Output: 'You have 5 messages'

Other packages similar to i18n-js

react-i18next

react-i18next is a powerful internationalization framework for React applications. It is built on top of i18next and provides seamless integration with React components. Compared to i18n-js, react-i18next offers more advanced features and better support for React-specific use cases.

polyglot

Polyglot is a simple internationalization library for JavaScript. It provides basic translation and interpolation features. While it is less feature-rich compared to i18n-js, it is lightweight and easy to use for smaller projects.

i18next

i18next is a comprehensive internationalization framework for JavaScript. It supports a wide range of features including translation, interpolation, pluralization, and more. i18next is more feature-rich and flexible compared to i18n-js, making it suitable for larger and more complex projects.

README

I18n.js

It's a small library to provide the Rails I18n translations on the JavaScript.

Features:

• Pluralization
• Date/Time localization
• Number localization
• Locale fallback
• Asset pipeline support
• Lots more! :)

Version Notice

The master branch (including this README) is for latest 3.0.0 instead of 2.x.

Usage

Installation

Rails app

Add the gem to your Gemfile.

gem "i18n-js"

Rails app with Asset Pipeline

If you're using the asset pipeline, then you must add the following line to your app/assets/javascripts/application.js.

//
// This is optional (in case you have `I18n is not defined` error)
// If you want to put this line, you must put it BEFORE `i18n/translations`
//= require i18n
// Some people even need to add the extension to make it work, see https://github.com/fnando/i18n-js/issues/283
//= require i18n.js
//
// This is a must
//= require i18n/translations

Rails app without Asset Pipeline

First, put this in your application.html (layout file). Then get the JS files following the instructions below.

<%# This is just an example, you can put `i18n.js` and `translations.js` anywhere you like %>
<%# Unlike the Asset Pipeline example, you need to require both **in order** %>
<%= javascript_include_tag "i18n" %>
<%= javascript_include_tag "translations", skip_pipeline: true %>

There are two ways to get translations.js (For Rails app without Asset Pipeline).

1. This translations.js file can be automatically generated by the I18n::JS::Middleware. Just add config.middleware.use I18n::JS::Middleware to your config/application.rb file.
2. If you can't or prefer not to generate this file, you can move the middleware line to your config/environments/development.rb file and run rake i18n:js:export before deploying. This will export all translation files, including the custom scopes you may have defined on config/i18n-js.yml. If I18n.available_locales is set (e.g. in your Rails config/application.rb file) then only the specified locales will be exported. Current version of i18n.js will also be exported to avoid version mismatching by downloading.

Export Configuration (For translations)

Exported translation files generated by I18n::JS::Middleware or rake i18n:js:export can be customized with config file config/i18n-js.yml (use rails generate i18n:js:config to create it). You can even get more files generated to different folders and with different translations to best suit your needs. The config file also affects developers using Asset Pipeline to require translations. Except the option file, since all translations are required by adding //= require i18n/translations.

Examples:

translations:
- file: 'public/javascripts/path-to-your-messages-file.js'
  only: '*.date.formats'
- file: 'public/javascripts/path-to-your-second-file.js'
  only: ['*.activerecord', '*.admin.*.title']

If only is omitted all the translations will be saved. Also, make sure you add that initial *; it specifies that all languages will be exported. If you want to export only one language, you can do something like this:

translations:
- file: 'public/javascripts/en.js'
  only: 'en.*'
- file: 'public/javascripts/pt-BR.js'
  only: 'pt-BR.*'

Optionally, you can auto generate a translation file per available locale if you specify the %{locale} placeholder.

translations:
- file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js"
  only: '*'
- file: "public/javascripts/frontend/i18n/%{locale}.js"
  only: ['*.frontend', '*.users.*']

You can also include ERB in your config file.

translations:
<% Widgets.each do |widget| %>
- file: <%= "'#{widget.file}'" %>
  only: <%= "'#{widget.only}'" %>
<% end %>

You are able to exclude certain phrases or whole groups of phrases by specifying the YAML key(s) in the except configuration option. The outputted JS translations file (exported or generated by the middleware) will omit any keys listed in except configuration param:

translations:
  - except: ['*.active_admin', '*.ransack', '*.activerecord.errors']

Export Configuration (For other things)

• I18n::JS.config_file_path Expected Type: String Default: config/i18n-js.yml Behaviour: Try to read the config file from that location

• I18n::JS.export_i18n_js_dir_path Expected Type: String Default: public/javascripts Behaviour:

  • Any String: considered as a relative path for a folder to Rails.root and export i18n.js to that folder for rake i18n:js:export
  • Any non-String (nil, false, :none, etc): Disable i18n.js exporting

• I18n::JS.sort_translation_keys Expected Type: Boolean Default: true Behaviour:

  • Sets whether or not to deep sort all translation keys in order to generate identical output for the same translations
  • Set to true to ensure identical asset fingerprints for the asset pipeline

• You may also set export_i18n_js and sort_translation_keys in your config file, e.g.:

export_i18n_js: false
# OR
export_i18n_js: "my/path"

sort_translation_keys: false

translations:
  - ...

To find more examples on how to use the configuration file please refer to the tests.

Fallbacks

If you specify the fallbacks option, you will be able to fill missing translations with those inside fallback locale(s). Default value is true.

Examples:

fallbacks: true

translations:
- file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js"
  only: '*'

This will enable merging fallbacks into each file. (set to false to disable). If you use I18n with fallbacks, the fallbacks defined there will be used. Otherwise I18n.default_locale will be used.

fallbacks: :de

translations:
- file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js"
  only: '*'

Here, the specified locale :de will be used as fallback for all locales.

fallbacks:
  fr: ["de", "en"]
  de: "en"

translations:
- file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js"
  only: '*'

Fallbacks defined will be used, if not defined (e.g. :pl) I18n.fallbacks or I18n.default_locale will be used.

fallbacks: :default_locale

translations:
- file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js"
  only: '*'

Setting the option to :default_locale will enforce the fallback to use the I18n.default_locale, ignoring I18n.fallbacks.

Examples:

fallbacks: false

translations:
- file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js"
  only: '*'

You must disable this feature by setting the option to false.

To find more examples on how to use the configuration file please refer to the tests.

Namespace

Setting the namespace option will change the namespace of the output Javascript file to something other than I18n. This can be useful in no-conflict scenarios. Example:

translations:
- file: "public/javascripts/i18n/translations.js"
  namespace: "MyNamespace"

will create:

MyNamespace.translations || (MyNamespace.translations = {});
MyNamespace.translations["en"] = { ... }

Pretty Print

Set the pretty_print option if you would like whitespace and indentation in your output file (default: false)

translations:
- file: "public/javascripts/i18n/translations.js"
  pretty_print: true

Javascript Deep Merge (:js_extend option)

By default, the output file Javascript will call the I18n.extend method to ensure that newly loaded locale files are deep-merged with any locale data already in memory. To disable this either globally or per-file, set the js_extend option to false

js_extend: false  # this will disable Javascript I18n.extend globally
translations:
- file: "public/javascripts/i18n/translations.js"
  js_extend: false  # this will disable Javascript I18n.extend for this file

Vanilla JavaScript

Just add the i18n.js file to your page. You'll have to build the translations object by hand or using your favorite programming language. More info below.

Via NPM with webpack and CommonJS

Add the following line to your package.json dependencies
where version is the version you want

"i18n-js": "{version_constraint}"

// Or if you want unreleased version
// npm install requires it to be the gzipped tarball, see [npm install](https://www.npmjs.org/doc/cli/npm-install.html)
"i18n-js": "https://github.com/fnando/i18n-js/archive/{tag_name_or_branch_name_or_commit_sha}.tar.gz"

Run npm install then use via

var i18n = require("i18n-js");

Setting up

You don't need to set up a thing. The default settings will work just okay. But if you want to split translations into several files or specify specific contexts, you can follow the rest of this setting up section.

Set your locale is easy as

I18n.defaultLocale = "pt-BR";
I18n.locale = "pt-BR";
I18n.currentLocale();
// pt-BR

NOTE: You can now apply your configuration before I18n is loaded like this:

I18n = {} // You must define this object in top namespace, which should be `window`
I18n.defaultLocale = "pt-BR";
I18n.locale = "pt-BR";

// Load I18n from `i18n.js`, `application.js` or whatever

I18n.currentLocale();
// pt-BR

In practice, you'll have something like the following in your application.html.erb:

<script type="text/javascript">
  I18n.defaultLocale = "<%= I18n.default_locale %>";
  I18n.locale = "<%= I18n.locale %>";
</script>

You can use translate your messages:

I18n.t("some.scoped.translation");
// or translate with explicit setting of locale
I18n.t("some.scoped.translation", {locale: "fr"});

You can also interpolate values:

// You need the `translations` object setup first
I18n.translations["en"] = {
  greeting: "Hello %{name}"
}

I18n.t("greeting", {name: "John Doe"});

You can set default values for missing scopes:

// simple translation
I18n.t("some.missing.scope", {defaultValue: "A default message"});

// with interpolation
I18n.t("noun", {defaultValue: "I'm a {{noun}}", noun: "Mac"});

You can also provide a list of default fallbacks for missing scopes:

// As a scope
I18n.t("some.missing.scope", {defaults: [{scope: "some.existing.scope"}]});

// As a simple translation
I18n.t("some.missing.scope", {defaults: [{message: "Some message"}]});

Default values must be provided as an array of hashs where the key is the type of translation desired, a scope or a message. The translation returned will be either the first scope recognized, or the first message defined.

The translation will fallback to the defaultValue translation if no scope in defaults matches and if no default of type message is found.

Translation fallback can be enabled by enabling the I18n.fallbacks option:

<script type="text/javascript">
  I18n.fallbacks = true;
</script>

By default missing translations will first be looked for in less specific versions of the requested locale and if that fails by taking them from your I18n.defaultLocale.

// if I18n.defaultLocale = "en" and translation doesn't exist
// for I18n.locale = "de-DE" this key will be taken from "de" locale scope
// or, if that also doesn't exist, from "en" locale scope
I18n.t("some.missing.scope");

Custom fallback rules can also be specified for a particular language. There are three different ways of doing it so:

I18n.locales.no = ["nb", "en"];
I18n.locales.no = "nb";
I18n.locales.no = function(locale){ return ["nb"]; };

By default a missing translation will be displayed as

[missing "name of scope" translation]

While you are developing or if you do not want to provide a translation in the default language you can set

I18n.missingBehaviour='guess';

this will take the last section of your scope and guess the intended value. Camel case becomes lower cased text and underscores are replaced with space

questionnaire.whatIsYourFavorite_ChristmasPresent

becomes "what is your favorite Christmas present"

In order to still detect untranslated strings, you can i18n.missingTranslationPrefix to something like:

I18n.missingTranslationPrefix = 'EE: ';

And result will be:

"EE: what is your favorite Christmas present"

This will help you doing automated tests against your localisation assets.

Some people prefer returning null for missing translation:

I18n.missingTranslation = function () { return undefined; };

Pluralization is possible as well and by default provides English rules:

I18n.t("inbox.counting", {count: 10}); // You have 10 messages

The sample above expects the following translation:

en:
  inbox:
    counting:
      one: You have 1 new message
      other: You have {{count}} new messages
      zero: You have no messages

NOTE: Rails I18n recognizes the zero option.

If you need special rules just define them for your language, for example Russian, just add a new pluralizer:

I18n.pluralization["ru"] = function (count) {
  var key = count % 10 == 1 && count % 100 != 11 ? "one" : [2, 3, 4].indexOf(count % 10) >= 0 && [12, 13, 14].indexOf(count % 100) < 0 ? "few" : count % 10 == 0 || [5, 6, 7, 8, 9].indexOf(count % 10) >= 0 || [11, 12, 13, 14].indexOf(count % 100) >= 0 ? "many" : "other";
  return [key];
};

You can find all rules on http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html.

If you're using the same scope over and over again, you may use the scope option.

var options = {scope: "activerecord.attributes.user"};

I18n.t("name", options);
I18n.t("email", options);
I18n.t("username", options);

You can also provide an array as scope.

// use the greetings.hello scope
I18n.t(["greetings", "hello"]);

Number formatting

Similar to Rails helpers, you have localized number and currency formatting.

I18n.l("currency", 1990.99);
// $1,990.99

I18n.l("number", 1990.99);
// 1,990.99

I18n.l("percentage", 123.45);
// 123.450%

To have more control over number formatting, you can use the I18n.toNumber, I18n.toPercentage, I18n.toCurrency and I18n.toHumanSize functions.

I18n.toNumber(1000);     // 1,000.000
I18n.toCurrency(1000);   // $1,000.00
I18n.toPercentage(100);  // 100.000%

The toNumber and toPercentage functions accept the following options:

• precision: defaults to 3
• separator: defaults to .
• delimiter: defaults to ,
• strip_insignificant_zeros: defaults to false

See some number formatting examples:

I18n.toNumber(1000, {precision: 0});                   // 1,000
I18n.toNumber(1000, {delimiter: ".", separator: ","}); // 1.000,000
I18n.toNumber(1000, {delimiter: ".", precision: 0});   // 1.000

The toCurrency function accepts the following options:

• precision: sets the level of precision
• separator: sets the separator between the units
• delimiter: sets the thousands delimiter
• format: sets the format of the output string
• unit: sets the denomination of the currency
• strip_insignificant_zeros: defaults to false
• sign_first: defaults to true

You can provide only the options you want to override:

I18n.toCurrency(1000, {precision: 0}); // $1,000

The toHumanSize function accepts the following options:

• precision: defaults to 1
• separator: defaults to .
• delimiter: defaults to ""
• strip_insignificant_zeros: defaults to false
• format: defaults to %n%u

I18n.toHumanSize(1234); // 1KB
I18n.toHumanSize(1234 * 1024); // 1MB

Date formatting

// accepted formats
I18n.l("date.formats.short", "2009-09-18");           // yyyy-mm-dd
I18n.l("time.formats.short", "2009-09-18 23:12:43");  // yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss
I18n.l("time.formats.short", "2009-11-09T18:10:34");  // JSON format with local Timezone (part of ISO-8601)
I18n.l("time.formats.short", "2009-11-09T18:10:34Z"); // JSON format in UTC (part of ISO-8601)
I18n.l("date.formats.short", 1251862029000);          // Epoch time
I18n.l("date.formats.short", "09/18/2009");           // mm/dd/yyyy
I18n.l("date.formats.short", (new Date()));           // Date object

You can also add placeholders to the date format:

I18n.translations["en"] = {
  date: {
    formats: {
      ordinal_day: "%B %{day}"
    }
  }
}
I18n.l("date.formats.ordinal_day", "2009-09-18", { day: '18th' }); // Sep 18th

If you prefer, you can use the I18n.toTime and I18n.strftime functions to format dates.

var date = new Date();
I18n.toTime("date.formats.short", "2009-09-18");
I18n.toTime("date.formats.short", date);
I18n.strftime(date, "%d/%m/%Y");

The accepted formats for I18n.strftime are:

%a     - The abbreviated weekday name (Sun)
%A     - The full weekday name (Sunday)
%b     - The abbreviated month name (Jan)
%B     - The full month name (January)
%c     - The preferred local date and time representation
%d     - Day of the month (01..31)
%-d    - Day of the month (1..31)
%H     - Hour of the day, 24-hour clock (00..23)
%-H    - Hour of the day, 24-hour clock (0..23)
%I     - Hour of the day, 12-hour clock (01..12)
%-I/%l - Hour of the day, 12-hour clock (1..12)
%m     - Month of the year (01..12)
%-m    - Month of the year (1..12)
%M     - Minute of the hour (00..59)
%-M    - Minute of the hour (0..59)
%p     - Meridian indicator (AM  or  PM)
%P     - Meridian indicator (am  or  pm)
%S     - Second of the minute (00..60)
%-S    - Second of the minute (0..60)
%w     - Day of the week (Sunday is 0, 0..6)
%y     - Year without a century (00..99)
%-y    - Year without a century (0..99)
%Y     - Year with century
%z/%Z  - Timezone offset (+0545)

Check out spec/*.spec.js files for more examples!

Using pluralization and number formatting together

Sometimes you might want to display translation with formatted number, like adding thousand delimiters to displayed number
You can do this:

{
  "en": {
    "point": {
      "one": "1 Point",
      "other": "{{formatted_number}} Points",
      "zero": "0 Points"
    }
  }
}

var point_in_number = 1000;
I18n.t('point', { count: point_in_number, formatted_number: I18n.toNumber(point_in_number) });

Output should be 1,000 points

Using multiple exported translation files on a page.

This method is useful for very large apps where a single contained translations.js file is not desirable. Examples would be a global translations file and a more specific route translation file.

Rails without asset pipeline

1. Setup your config/i18n-js.yml to have multiple files and try to minimize any overlap.

sort_translation_keys: true
fallbacks: false

translations:
  + file: "app/assets/javascript/nls/welcome.js"
    only:
      + '*.welcome.*'

  + file: "app/assets/javascript/nls/albums.js"
    only:
      + '*.albums.*'

  + file: "app/assets/javascript/nls/global.js"
    only:
      + '*'
    # Exempt any routes specific translations from being
    # included in the global translation file
    except:
      + '*.welcome.*'
      + '*.albums.*'

When rake i18n:js:export is executed it will create 3 translations files that can be loaded via the javascript_include_tag

1. Add the javascript_include_tag to your layout and to any route specific files that will require it.

  # views/layouts/application.html.erb
  <%= javascript_include_tag(
        "i18n"
        "nls/global"
      ) %>

and in the route specific

  # views/welcome/index.html.erb
  <%= javascript_include_tag(
        "nls/welcome"
      ) %>

1. Make sure that you add these files to your config/application.rb

  config.assets.precompile += %w(
    i18n
    nls/*
  )

Using require.js / r.js

To use this with require.js we are only going to change a few things from above.

1. In your config/i18n-js.yml we need to add a better location for the i18n to be exported. You want to use this location so that it can be properly precompiled by r.js.

export_i18n_js: "app/assets/javascript/nls"

1. In your config/require.yml we need to add a map, shim all the translations, and include them into the appropriate modules

# In your maps add (if you do not have this you will need to add it)
map:
  '*':
    i18n: 'nls/i18n'

# In your shims
shims:
  nls/welcome:
    deps:
      + i18n

  nls/global:
    deps:
      + i18n

# Finally in your modules
modules:
  + name: 'application'
    include:
      + i18n
      + 'nls/global'

  + name: 'welcome'
    exclude:
      + application
    include:
      + 'nls/welcome'

1. When rake assets:precompile is executed it will optimize the translations into the correct modules so they are loaded with their assigned module, and loading them with requirejs is as simple as requiring any other shim.

define(['welcome/other_asset','nls/welcome'], function (otherAsset){
    // ...
});

1. (optional) As an additional configuration we can make a task to be run before the requirejs optimizer. This will allow any automated scripts that run the requirejs optimizer to export the strings before we run r.js

# lib/tasks/i18n.rake
Rake::Task[:'i18n:js:export'].prerequisites.clear
task :'i18n:js:export' => :'i18n:js:before_export'
task :'requirejs:precompile:external' => :'i18n:js:export'

namespace :i18n do
  namespace :js do
    task :before_export => :'assets:environment' do
      I18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('config', 'locales', '*.{yml,rb}')]
      I18n.backend.load_translations
    end
  end
end

Using I18n.js with other languages (Python, PHP, ...)

The JavaScript library is language agnostic; so you can use it with PHP, Python, [your favorite language here]. The only requirement is that you need to set the translations attribute like following:

I18n.translations = {};

I18n.translations["en"] = {
  message: "Some special message for you"
}

I18n.translations["pt-BR"] = {
  message: "Uma mensagem especial para você"
}

Known Issues

Missing translations in precompiled file(s) after adding any new locale file

Due to the design of sprockets:

• depend_on only takes file paths, not directory paths
• registered preprocessors are only run when the fingerprint of any asset file, including .erb files, is changed

This means that new locale files will not be detected, and so they will not trigger a i18n-js refresh. There are a few approaches to work around this:

1. You can force i18n-js to update its translations by completely clearing the assets cache. Use one of the following:

$ rake assets:clobber
# Or, with older versions of Rails:
$ rake tmp:cache:clear

These commands will remove all fingerprinted assets, and you will have to recompile them with

$ rake assets:precompile

or similar commands. If you are precompiling assets on the target machine(s), cached pages may be broken by this, so they will need to be refreshed.

1. You can change something in a different locale file.

2. Finally, you can change config.assets.version.

Note: See issue #213 for more details and discussion of this issue.

Translations in JS are not updated when Sprockets not loaded before this gem

The "rails engine" declaration will try to detect existence of "sprockets" before adding the initailizer If sprockets is loaded after this gem, the preprocessor for making JS translations file cache to depend on content of locale files will not be hooked. So ensure sprockets is loaded before this gem like moving entry of sprockets in Gemfile or adding "require" statements for sprockets somewhere.

Note: See issue #404 for more details and discussion of this issue.

JS I18n.toCurrency & I18n.toNumber cannot handle large integers

The above methods use toFixed and it only supports 53 bit integers.
Ref: http://2ality.com/2012/07/large-integers.html

Feel free to find & discuss possible solution(s) at issue #511

Only works with Simple backend

If you set I18n.backend to something other than the default Simple backend, you will likely get an exception like this:

Undefined method 'initialized?' for <your backend class>

For now, i18n-js is only compatible with the Simple backend. If you need a more sophisticated backend for your rails application, like I18n::Backend::ActiveRecord, you can setup i18n-js to get translations from a separate Simple backend, by adding the following in an initializer:

I18n::JS.backend = I18n.backend
I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Chain.new(<your other backend(s)>, I18n.backend)

This will use your backend with the default Simple backend as fallback, while i18n-js only sees and uses the simple backend. This means however, that only translations from your static locale files will be present in JavaScript.

If you do cannot use a Chain-Backend for some reason, you can also set

I18n::JS.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new
I18n.backend = <something different>

However, the automatic reloading of translations in developement will not work in this case. This is because Rails calls I18n.reload! for each request in development, but reload! will not be called on I18n::JS.backend, since it is a different object. One option would be to patch I18n.reload! in an initializer:

module I18n
  def self.reload!
    I18n::JS.backend.reload!
    super
  end
end

See issue #428 for more details and discussion of this issue.

Maintainer

• Nando Vieira - http://nandovieira.com.br

Contributing

Once you've made your great commits:

1. Fork I18n.js
2. Create a branch with a clear name
3. Make your changes (Please also add/change spec, README and CHANGELOG if applicable)
4. Push changes to the created branch
5. Create an Pull Request
6. That's it!

Please respect the indentation rules and code style. And use 2 spaces, not tabs. And don't touch the versioning thing.

Running tests

You can run I18n tests using Node.js or your browser.

To use Node.js, install the jasmine-node library:

$ npm install jasmine-node

Then execute the following command from the lib's root directory:

$ npm test

To run using your browser, just open the spec/js/specs.html file.

You can run both Ruby and JavaScript specs with rake spec.

License

(The MIT License)

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the 'Software'), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.