postcss

PostCSS 

PostCSS is a tool for transforming CSS with JS plugins. The growing ecosystem of PostCSS plugins can add vendor prefixes, support variables and mixins, transpile future CSS syntax, inline images, and more.

PostCSS is used by Google, Twitter, Alibaba, and Shopify. Its most popular plugin, Autoprefixer, is one of the most universally praised CSS processors available.

PostCSS can do the same work as preprocessors like Sass, Less, and Stylus. But PostCSS is modular, 4-40x faster, and much more powerful.

PostCSS itself is very small. It includes only a CSS parser, a CSS node tree API, a source map generator, and a node tree stringifier. All CSS transformations are encapsulated in modular plugins. And these plugins are themselves small plain JS functions, which receive a CSS node tree, apply transformations to it, and return a modified tree.

You can use the cssnext plugin pack and write future CSS code right now:

:root {
    --row: 1rem;
    --mainColor: #ffbbaaff;
}

@custom-media --mobile (width <= 640px);

@custom-selector --heading h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6;

.post-article --heading {
    margin-top: calc(10 * var(--row));
    color: color(var(--mainColor) blackness(+20%));
    font-variant-caps: small-caps;
}
@media (--mobile) {
    .post-article --heading {
        margin-top: 0;
    }
}

Or if you like the power provided by preprocessors like Sass, you could combine postcss-nested, postcss-mixins, postcss-easings and postcss-media-minmax:

$mobile: width <= 640px;

@define-mixin social-icon $color {
    background: $color;
    &:hover {
        background: color($color whiteness(+10%));
    }
}

.social-icon {
    transition: background 200ms ease-in-sine;
    &.is-twitter {
        @mixin social-icon #55acee;
    }
    &.is-facebook {
        @mixin social-icon #3b5998;
    }
}

.post-article {
    padding: 10px 5px;
    @media ($mobile) {
        padding: 0;
    }
}

Twitter account for articles, releases, and new plugins: @postcss. Weibo account: postcss.

How PostCSS differs from Preprocessors

Sass, Less and Stylus provide specialized languages that you can use to write CSS templates. These languages and their compilers are defined together in large codebases. Tools and libraries for preprocessors must work within each preprocessor’s limitations: usually they can only offer sets of pre-defined mixins, functions, and variables.

In contrast, PostCSS provides a simple API that modular plugins can use to understand, transform, and create CSS. PostCSS plugins, therefore, can be created, maintained, and implemented independently. And they can perform many different tasks, not just compile special syntaxes to CSS. Each plugin does one thing well.

Features

Modularity

Without any plugins, PostCSS will parse your CSS and stringify it back to you without changing a single byte. All of the processing that enables special features and syntax in your stylesheets is made possible by PostCSS plugins, which are nothing more than JS functions.

Because each PostCSS plugin is an independent module, different plugins can take different approaches. This flexibility allows plugin authors to create whatever features they can imagine, while empowering PostCSS users to add only those features that they want to their workflow.

Some plugins, like postcss-custom-properties, postcss-media-minmax, and postcss-calc, implement syntax from present and future W3C specs, transpiling it to cross-browser-compatible output. Other plugins, like postcss-mixins and postcss-simple-extend, add new powers to your stylesheets that are not yet part of any spec. With PostCSS, you can decide for yourself which plugins match your own needs and preferences.

Another advantage of PostCSS’s modularity is that anybody can contribute easily to the PostCSS ecosystem. Plugins are simple npm packages; so there are no barriers to writing your own plugins, or contributing ideas and bug fixes to the plugins that you use.

Perfomance

PostCSS is one of the fastest CSS parsers written in JS. (Only CSSOM is faster, and only because it is less accurate.) So PostCSS will read your CSS and apply transformations faster than any other stylesheet processor out there.

If you use Ruby Sass now, PostCSS could significantly improve your development process: PostCSS processing is 40 times faster than Ruby Sass compilation. And even if you throw in the entire cssnext plugin pack, PostCSS, written in JS, is still 4 times faster than libsass, written on C++.

Powerful Tools

PostCSS plugins can read and rebuild an entire CSS node tree. With this power, plugin authors are able to create tools that would be impossible to build into preprocessors (like Autoprefixer).

PostCSS-powered tools can do much more than transform special syntax into browser-friendly CSS. PostCSS plugin authors have built linters (like doiuse and postcss-bem-linter), code review tools (like list-selectors), and minifiers (like csswring). With postcss-data-packer, you can create a cacheable “sprite” by moving all data:uri values to separate file.

One unique example of PostCSS’s power is RTLCSS. As you know, in Arabic and Hebrew, writing moves from right-to-left (RTL), instead of the more widespread left-to-right convention. Because a language’s directionality affects its readers’ perspective, an international site’s layout needs to change for RTL users, not just its text. (Check out Arabic Wikipedia as an example.) The RTLCSS plugin effectively “mirrors” your stylesheet by swapping left and right, changing the value order in margin shorthands, and more.

Use the CSS of the Future

CSS3 added valuable features, but some of them are not yet available in all of the browsers that developers need to support. And exciting future CSS modules are being drafted now — some even implemented in cutting-edge browsers — that will not be widely available for quite a while. But PostCSS plugins can allow us to write this CSS of the future, then transpile it to code usable in all the browsers we must support.

Autoprefixer exemplifies this power: you write spec-compliant, future-friendly CSS, pretending that vendor prefixes don’t exist, and it does the dirty work of inserting the prefixes you’ll need. All of the plugins bundled into cssnext do similar work, allowing authors to use syntax and functions from the latest W3C specs without worrying about the fallbacks they’ll need.

As more CSS specs are drafted, more PostCSS plugins will be written. Users will be able to write stylesheets using standard, interoperable syntax, instead of a specialized language for a specialized tool (as with preprocessors).

Quick Start

1. Implement PostCSS with your build tool of choice. See the PostCSS Grunt, Gulp, and webpack plugins more detailed instructions.
2. Select plugins from the list below and add them to your PostCSS process.
3. Make awesome products.

Plugins Packs

• cssnext contains plugins that allow you to use future CSS features today.
• ACSS contains plugins that transform your CSS according to special annotation comments.

Plugins

Future CSS Syntax

• postcss-color-function supports functions to transform colors.
• postcss-color-gray supports the gray() function.
• postcss-color-hex transforms rgb() and rgba() to hex.
• postcss-color-hex-alpha supports #rrggbbaa and #rgba notation.
• postcss-color-hwb transforms hwb() to widely compatible rgb().
• postcss-color-rebeccapurple supports the rebeccapurple color.
• postcss-custom-media supports custom aliases for media queries.
• postcss-custom-properties supports variables, using syntax from the W3C Custom Properties.
• postcss-custom-selectors adds custom aliases for selectors.
• postcss-font-variant transpiles human-readable font-variant to more widely supported CSS.
• postcss-host makes the Shadow DOM’s :host selector work properly with pseudo-classes.
• postcss-media-minmax adds <= and => statements to media queries.
• mq4-hover-shim supports the @media (hover) feature.

Fallbacks

• postcss-epub adds the -epub- prefix to relevant properties.
• postcss-opacity adds opacity filter for IE8.
• postcss-vmin generates vm fallback for vmin unit in IE9.
• postcss-will-change inserts 3D hack before will-change property.
• Autoprefixer adds vendor prefixes for you, using data from Can I Use.
• cssgrace provides various helpers and transpiles CSS3 for IE and other old browsers.
• pixrem generates pixel fallbacks for rem units.
• pleeease-filters converts WebKit filters to SVG filters, for cross-browser compatibility.

Language Extensions

• postcss-mixins enables mixins more powerful than Sass’s, defined within stylesheets or in JS.
• postcss-nested unwraps nested rules, as Sass does.
• postcss-simple-extend supports extending of silent classes, like Sass’s @extend.
• postcss-simple-vars supports for Sass-style variables.
• csstyle adds components workflow to your styles.

Optimizations

• postcss-assets allows you to simplify URLs, insert image dimensions, and inline files.
• postcss-calc reduces calc() to values (when expressions involve the same units).
• postcss-data-packer moves embedded Base64 data out of the stylesheet and into a separate file.
• postcss-import inlines the stylesheets referred to by @import rules.
• postcss-url rebases or inlines url()s.
• csswring is a CSS minifier.
• css-byebye removes the CSS rules that you don’t want.
• css-mqpacker joins matching CSS media queries into a single statement.
• webpcss adds URLs for WebP images, so they can be used by browsers that support WebP.

Shortcuts

• postcss-easings replaces easing names from easings.net with cubic-bezier() functions.
• postcss-size adds a size shortcut that sets width and height with one declaration.

Others

• postcss-brand-colors inserts company brand colors in the brand-colors module.
• postcss-color-palette transforms CSS2 color keywords to a custom palette.
• postcss-single-charset ensures that there is one and only one @charset rule at the top of file.
• rtlcss mirrors styles for right-to-left locales.

Analysis

• postcss-bem-linter lints CSS for conformance to SUIT CSS methodology.
• css2modernizr creates a Modernizr config file that requires only the tests that your CSS uses.
• doiuse lints CSS for browser support, using data from Can I Use.
• list-selectors lists and categorizes the selectors used in your CSS, for code review and analysis.

Usage

JavaScript API

var postcss   = require('postcss');
var processor = postcss([require('cssnext'), require('cssgrace')]);

var result = processor.process(css, { from: 'app.css', to: 'app.out.css' });
console.log(result.css);

Read the postcss function, processor, and Result API docs for more details.

Source Maps

PostCSS has great source maps support. It can read and interpret maps from previous transformation steps, autodetect the format that you expect, and output both external and inline maps.

To ensure that you generate an accurate source map, you must indicate the input and output CSS files paths — using the options from and to, respectively.

To generate a new source map with the default options, simply set map: true. This will generate an inline source map that contains the source content. If you don’t want the map inlined, you can use set map.inline: false.

var result = processor.process(css, {
    from: 'main.css',
    to:   'main.out.css',
    map: { inline: false },
});

result.map //=> '{"version":3,"file":"main.out.css","sources":["main.css"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,KAAI"}'

If PostCSS finds source maps from a previous transformation, it will automatically update that source map with the same options.

// main.sass.css has an annotation comment with a link to main.sass.css.map
var result = minifier.process(css, { from: 'main.sass.css', to: 'main.min.css' });
result.map //=> Source map from main.sass to main.min.css

If you want more control over source map generation, you can define the map option as an object with the following parameters:

• inline boolean: indicates that the source map should be embedded in the output CSS as a Base64-encoded comment. By default it is true. But if all previous maps are external, not inline, PostCSS will not embed the map even if you do not set this option.

  If you have an inline source map, the result.map property will be empty, as the source map will be contained within the text of result.css.

• prev string, object or boolean: source map content from a previous processing step (for example, Sass compilation). PostCSS will try to read the previous source map automatically (based on comments within the source CSS), but you can use this option to identify it manually. If desired, you can omit the previous map with prev: false.

• sourcesContent boolean: indicates that PostCSS should set the origin content (for example, Sass source) of the source map. By default it is true. But if all previous maps do not contain sources content, PostCSS will also leave it out even if you do not set this option.

• annotation boolean or string: indicates that PostCSS should add annotation comments to the CSS. By default, PostCSS will always add a comment with a path to the source map. But if the input CSS does not have any annotation comment, PostCSS will omit it, too, even if you do not set this option.

  By default, PostCSS presumes that you want to save the source map as opts.to + '.map' and will use this path in the annotation comment. But you can set another path by providing a string value for annotation.

  If you have set inline: true, annotation cannot be disabled.

Safe Mode

If you provide a safe: true option to the process or parse methods, PostCSS will try to correct any syntax errors that it finds in the CSS.

postcss.parse('a {');                 // will throw "Unclosed block"
postcss.parse('a {', { safe: true }); // will return CSS root for a {}

This is useful for legacy code filled with hacks. Another use-case is interactive tools with live input — for example, the Autoprefixer demo.

How to Develop PostCSS Plugin

• PostCSS API
• Plugin Boilerplate