transliteration

What is transliteration?

The 'transliteration' npm package provides utilities for converting text between different scripts, particularly useful for converting non-Latin scripts to Latin scripts. It supports various transliteration schemes and can handle a wide range of languages.

What are transliteration's main functionalities?

Basic Transliteration

This feature allows you to convert text from non-Latin scripts to Latin scripts. In this example, Chinese characters are transliterated to their Latin equivalents.

const { transliterate } = require('transliteration');
const text = '你好，世界';
const result = transliterate(text);
console.log(result); // Output: 'Ni Hao , Shi Jie'

Slugify

This feature converts text into a URL-friendly slug. It is particularly useful for creating SEO-friendly URLs from non-Latin scripts.

const { slugify } = require('transliteration');
const text = '你好，世界';
const result = slugify(text);
console.log(result); // Output: 'ni-hao-shi-jie'

Custom Transliteration

This feature allows you to define custom mappings for transliteration. In this example, specific Cyrillic characters are mapped to their Latin equivalents.

const { transliterate } = require('transliteration');
const text = 'Привет, мир';
const customMap = { 'и': 'i', 'е': 'e', 'в': 'v' };
const result = transliterate(text, { customMap });
console.log(result); // Output: 'Privet, mir'

Other packages similar to transliteration

transliterator

The 'transliterator' package provides similar functionality for converting text between different scripts. It supports a wide range of languages and offers customizable transliteration schemes. Compared to 'transliteration', it may offer more flexibility in defining custom rules.

unidecode

The 'unidecode' package is another alternative for transliterating Unicode text to ASCII. It is particularly known for its simplicity and ease of use. However, it may not support as many languages or offer as much customization as 'transliteration'.

diacritics

The 'diacritics' package focuses on removing diacritical marks from text, converting it to a simpler form. While it doesn't offer full transliteration capabilities, it is useful for normalizing text. It is more specialized compared to 'transliteration'.

README

Universal Unicode to Latin transliteration + slugify module. Works on all platforms and with all major languages.

Demo

Try it out

Compatibility / Browser support

IE 9+ and all modern browsers, Node.js, Web Worker, React Native and CLI

Installation

Node.js / React Native

npm install transliteration --save

If you are using Typescript, please do not install @types/transliteration. Since in verson 2.x, type definition files are built-in within this project.

import { transliterate as tr, slugify } from 'transliteration';

tr('你好, world!');
// Ni Hao , world!
slugify('你好, world!');
// ni-hao-world

Browser (CDN):

<!-- UMD build -->
<script async defer src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/transliteration@2.1.8/dist/browser/bundle.umd.min.js"></script>
<script>
  console.log(transliterate('你好'));
</script>

<!-- ESM build -->
<script type="module">
  import { transliterate } from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/transliteration@2.1.8/dist/browser/bundle.esm.min.js';
  console.log(transliterate('你好'));
</script>

transliteration can be loaded as an AMD / CommonJS module, or as global variables (UMD).

When you use it in the browser, by default it creates three global variables under window object:

transliterate('你好, World');
// window.transliterate
slugify('Hello, 世界');
// window.slugify
transl('Hola, mundo'); // For backward compatibility only, will be removed in next major version
// window.transl

CLI

npm install transliteration -g

transliterate 你好 # Ni Hao
slugify 你好 # ni-hao
echo 你好 | slugify -S # ni-hao

Usage

transliterate(str, [options])

Transliterate the string str and return the result. Characters which this module can't handle will default to the placeholder character(s) given in the unknown option. If it's not provided, they will be removed.

Options: (optional)

{
  /**
   * Ignore a list of strings untouched
   * @example tr('你好，世界', { ignore: ['你'] }) // 你 Hao , Shi Jie
   */
  ignore?: string[];
  /**
   * Replace a list of string / regex in the source string with the provided target string before transliteration
   * The option can either be an array or an object
   * @example tr('你好，世界', { replace: {你: 'You'} }) // You Hao , Shi Jie
   * @example tr('你好，世界', { replace: [['你', 'You']] }) // You Hao , Shi Jie
   * @example tr('你好，世界', { replace: [[/你/g, 'You']] }) // You Hao , Shi Jie
   */
  replace?: OptionReplaceCombined;
  /**
   * Same as `replace` but after transliteration
   */
  replaceAfter?: OptionReplaceCombined;
  /**
   * Decides whether or not to trim the result string after transliteration
   * @default false
   */
  trim?: boolean;
  /**
   * Any characters not known by this library will be replaced by a specific string `unknown`
   * @default ''
   */
  unknown?: string;
}

transliterate.config([optionsObj], [reset = false])

Bind option object globally so any following calls will use optionsObj by default. If optionsObj is not given, it will return current default option object.

import { transliterate as tr } from 'transliteration';
tr('你好，世界');
// Ni Hao , Shi Jie
tr('Γεια σας, τον κόσμο');
// Geia sas, ton kosmo
tr('안녕하세요, 세계');
// annyeonghaseyo, segye
tr('你好，世界', { replace: {你: 'You'}, ignore: ['好'] });
// You 好, Shi Jie
tr('你好，世界', { replace: [['你', 'You']], ignore: ['好'] });
 // You 好, Shi Jie (option in array form)
tr.config({ replace: [['你', 'You']], ignore: ['好'] });
tr('你好，世界') // You 好, Shi Jie
console.log(tr.config());
// { replace: [['你', 'You']], ignore: ['好'] }
tr.config(undefined, true);
console.log(tr.config());
// {}

slugify(str, [options])

Convert Unicode str into a slug string, making sure it is safe to be used in an URL or in a file name.

Options: (optional)

  /**
   * Ignore a list of strings untouched
   * @example tr('你好，世界', { ignore: ['你'] }) // 你 Hao , Shi Jie
   */
  ignore?: string[];
  /**
   * Replace a list of string / regex in the source string with the provided target string before transliteration
   * The option can either be an array or an object
   * @example tr('你好，世界', { replace: {你: 'You'} }) // You Hao , Shi Jie
   * @example tr('你好，世界', { replace: [['你', 'You']] }) // You Hao , Shi Jie
   * @example tr('你好，世界', { replace: [[/你/g, 'You']] }) // You Hao , Shi Jie
   */
  replace?: OptionReplaceCombined;
  /**
   * Same as `replace` but after transliteration
   */
  replaceAfter?: OptionReplaceCombined;
  /**
   * Decides whether or not to trim the result string after transliteration
   * @default false
   */
  trim?: boolean;
  /**
   * Any characters not known by this library will be replaced by a specific string `unknown`
   * @default ''
   */
  unknown?: string;
  /**
   * Whether the result need to be converted into lowercase
   * @default true
   */
  lowercase?: boolean;
  /**
   * Whether the result need to be converted into uppercase
   * @default false
   */
  uppercase?: boolean;
  /**
   * Custom separator string
   * @default '-'
   */
  separator?: string;
  /**
   * Allowed characters.
   * When `allowedChars` is set to `'abc'`, only characters which match `/[abc]/g` will be preserved.
   * Other characters will all be converted to `separator`
   * @default 'a-zA-Z0-9-_.~''
   */
  allowedChars?: string;

slugify('你好，世界');
// ni-hao-shi-jie
slugify('你好，世界', { lowercase: false, separator: '_' });
// Ni_Hao_Shi_Jie
slugify('你好，世界', { replace: {你好: 'Hello', 世界: 'world'}, separator: '_' });
// hello_world
slugify('你好，世界', { replace: [['你好', 'Hello'], ['世界', 'world']], separator: '_' }); // replace option in array form)
// hello_world
slugify('你好，世界', { ignore: ['你好'] });
// 你好shi-jie

slugify.config([optionsObj], [reset = false])

Bind option object globally so any following calls will use optionsObj by default. If optionsObj is not given, it will return current default option object.

slugify.config({ lowercase: false, separator: '_' });
slugify('你好，世界');
// Ni_Hao_Shi_Jie
console.log(slugify.config());
// { lowercase: false, separator: "_" }
slugify.config({ replace: [['你好', 'Hello']] });
slugify('你好, world!');
// This equals slugify('你好, world!', { replace: [['你好', 'Hello']] });
console.log(slugify.config());
// { replace: [['你好', 'Hello']] }
slugify.config(undefined, true);
console.log(slugify.config());
// {}

CLI Usage

➜  ~ transliterate --help
Usage: transliterate <unicode> [options]

Options:
  --version      Show version number                                                       [boolean]
  -u, --unknown  Placeholder for unknown characters                           [string] [default: ""]
  -r, --replace  Custom string replacement                                     [array] [default: []]
  -i, --ignore   String list to ignore                                         [array] [default: []]
  -S, --stdin    Use stdin as input                                       [boolean] [default: false]
  -h, --help                                                                               [boolean]

Examples:
  transliterate "你好, world!" -r 好=good -r          Replace `,` with `!`, `world` with `shijie`.
  "world=Shi Jie"                                     Result: Ni good, Shi Jie!
  transliterate "你好，世界!" -i 你好 -i ，           Ignore `你好` and `，`.
                                                      Result: 你好，Shi Jie !

➜  ~ slugify --help
Usage: slugify <unicode> [options]

Options:
  --version        Show version number                                                     [boolean]
  -U, --unknown    Placeholder for unknown characters                         [string] [default: ""]
  -l, --lowercase  Peturns result in lowercase                             [boolean] [default: true]
  -u, --uppercase  Returns result in uppercase                            [boolean] [default: false]
  -s, --separator  Separator of the slug                                     [string] [default: "-"]
  -r, --replace    Custom string replacement                                   [array] [default: []]
  -i, --ignore     String list to ignore                                       [array] [default: []]
  -S, --stdin      Use stdin as input                                     [boolean] [default: false]
  -h, --help                                                                               [boolean]

Examples:
  slugify "你好, world!" -r 好=good -r "world=Shi     Replace `,` with `!` and `world` with
  Jie"                                                `shijie`.
                                                      Result: ni-good-shi-jie
  slugify "你好，世界!" -i 你好 -i ，                 Ignore `你好` and `，`.
                                                      Result: 你好，shi-jie

Change log

2.1.0

• Add transliterate as a global variable for browser builds. Keep transl for backward compatibility.

2.0.0

• CDN file structure changed: https://www.jsdelivr.com/package/npm/transliteration
• The entire module had been refactored in Typescript, with big performance improvements as well as a reduced package size.
• Better code quality. 100% unit tested.
• bower support was dropped. Please use CDN or webpack/rollup.
• As according to RFC 3986, more characters(/a-zA-Z0-9-_.~/) are kept as allowed characters in the result for slugify, and it is configurable.
• Added uppercase as an option for slugify, if is set to true then the generated slug will be converted to uppercase letters.
• Unknown characters will be transliterated as empty string by default, instead of a meaningless [?].

1.6.6

• Added support for TypeScript. #77

1.5.0

• Minimum node requirement: 6.0+

1.0.0

• Code had been entirely refactored since version 1.0.0. Be careful when you plan to upgrade from v0.1.x or v0.2.x to v1.0.x
• The options parameter of transliterate now is an Object (In 0.1.x it's a string unknown).
• Added transliterate.config and slugify.config.
• Unknown string will be transliterated as [?] instead of ?.
• In the browser, global variables have been changed to window.transl and windnow.slugify. Other global variables are removed.

Caveats

Currently, transliteration only supports 1 to 1 code map (from Unicode to Latin). It is the simplest way to implement, but there are some limitations when dealing with polyphonic characters. It does not work well with all languages, please test all possible situations before using it. Some known issues are:

• Chinese: Polyphonic characters are not always transliterated correctly. Alternative: pinyin.

• Japanese: Most Japanese Kanji characters are transliterated into Chinese Pinyin because of the overlapped code map in Unicode. Also there are many polyphonic characters in Japanese which makes it impossible to transliterate Japanese Kanji correctly without tokenizing the sentence. Consider using kuroshiro for a better Kanji -> Romaji conversion.

• Thai: Currently it is not working. If you know how to fix it, please comment on this issue.

• Cyrillic: Cyrillic characters are overlapped between a few languages. The result might be inaccurate in some specific languages, for example Bulgarian.

If you find any other issues, please raise a ticket.

License

MIT