pip install apptuit --upgrade
Requirements
requests, pyformance - installed automatically if you use pip to install apptuitpandas - not installed by default, you should install it manually if you intend to use the query API and
create dataframes using the to_df() method (see Querying for Data)send() APIsend_timeseries() APIThis package provides functionality to send timeseries data to Apptuit and also to query it. There are two main components
meter, gauge, counter to accumulate and report data.
It uses Pyformance underneath.The Apptuit client object can be created as simply as the following line:
from apptuit import Apptuit
client = Apptuit(token=my_apptuit_token,
global_tags={"service": "order-service"},
sanitize_mode="prometheus")
token: should be your apptuit tokenglobal_tags: should be the set of default tags you want to apply on all your data. It is an optional parametersanitize_mode: Is a string value which specifies the sanitization mode to be used
for metric names and tag keys.
You can set sanitize_mode to three values:
None: disables sanitization.apptuit: set the sanitize mode to apptuit, which will replace
all the invalid characters with _. Valid characters in this mode are all
ASCII letters, digits, /, -, ., _ and Unicode letters.
Anyhing else is invalid character.prometheus: set the sanitize mode to prometheus, which will replace
all the invalid characters with _. Valid characters in this mode are ASCII letters, digits
and _, anything else is considered invalid.Apart from these, the Apptuit constructor takes a couple of more optional parameters explained below:
api_endpoint: This should be the http endpoint for calling Apptuit apis. Normally you don't need to specify this and the default value is set to https://api.apptuit.ai.ignore_environ_tags: This is False by default. It tells the client whether to look up for
the global tags in environment variables or not. Global tags are tags which are applied to all the
datapoints sent through the client. We will have more to say on this in the configuration section.The client provides two methods, query and send, which are described in the
Querying for Data and
Sending data using send() sections respectively.
The apptuit pyformance reporter is an abstraction based on Code Hale's metrics. It provides
high level primitives to accumulate data in the form of metrics such as meter, timer,
gauge etc. and send to Apptuit. These things are described in more
detail in the reporter section,
here we will see how to create a reporter and various parameters it supports.
from apptuit.pyformance import ApptuitReporter
from pyformance import MetricsRegistry
reporter_tags = {"service": "order-service"}
registry = MetricsRegistry()
reporter = ApptuitReporter(token="my_apptuit_token",
registry=registry,
reporting_interval=60,
tags=reporter_tags,
collect_process_metrics=True,
sanitize_mode="prometheus")
Here:
token: Is your Apptuit tokenregistry: Is an instance of MetricsRegistry (explained more in
reporter section)reporting_interval: Number of seconds to wait before reporing againtags: A dictionary of tag keys and values.
These tags apply to all the metrics reported through this reporter.collect_process_metrics: Is a boolean value which will enable or disable collection
of various metrics related to the Python process (CPU, memory, GC, and threads). By default
it is disabled, set this parameter to True to enable it.sanitize_mode: This is same as the sanitize_mode parameter for the
client (see above in client usage example).As we saw above, we need to pass the token and global tags as parameter to the Apptuit client when instantiating it. Alternatively we can set these as environment variables, so that we don't need to hard-code them in our code. These environment variables are described below.
APPTUIT_API_TOKEN: If the Apptuit client and the ApptuitReporter are not passed a token parameter they look for the token in this variable. If this variable is also not set, the client will raise
ApptuitException to indicate about the missing tokenAPPTUIT_TAGS: This is an alternative for the global_tags parameter for the Apptuit client. If the Apptuit client does not receive a value for global_tags parameter it checks this environment variable. Both the global_tags parameter
and APPTUIT_TAGS environment variable are strictly optional. If present, the Apptuit client adds those tags to every
point it is sending.The format of the value of this variable is as follows:
export APPTUIT_TAGS="tag_key1: tag_val1, tag_key2: tag_val2, tag_key3: tag_val3"
The spaces after the comma and colon are optional.
The APPTUIT_TAGS variable is also read by the ApptuitReporter, which combines them with its reporter tags.
In case of a conflict of same tag keys in both sets of tags, the reporter tag take preference.
Note: Support for these variable was added in the version 1.0.0 of apptuit-py and is not available
in any of the earlier released versions.
There are two ways of sending the data to Apptuit. First is to use the ApptuitReporter, and
the second options is to use the send() method of the Apptuit client.
We will show how to use both of the options below.
import socket
from pyformance import MetricsRegistry
from apptuit.pyformance.apptuit_reporter import ApptuitReporter
class OrderService:
def __init__(self, apptuit_token):
self.registry = MetricsRegistry()
self.init_reporter(apptuit_token, self.registry)
def init_reporter(self, token, registry):
hostname = socket.gethostname()
global_tags = {"host": hostname, "env": "dev", "service": "order-service"}
self.reporter = ApptuitReporter(registry=registry,
reporting_interval=60, # data reported every 1 minute
token=token,
tags=global_tags,
retry=2 #this will retry in case of 500 response or connection errors occur.
)
# reporter.start() will start reporting the data asynchronously based on the reporting_interval set.
self.reporter.start()
def handle_order(self, order):
order_counter = self.registry.counter("order_count")
# order handling related code
order_counter.inc()
def shutdown(self):
# you can stop the reporter when you no longer wish to send data or when shutting down
self.reporter.stop()
One thing worth pointing out in the above example:
handle_order we create a new counter order_counter with the metric name order_count. The first
time this method is called a new counter object will be created and registered with the registry. For
subsequent calls, that counter will get reused since internally the registry will already have a
counter with that name.MetricsRegistry
MetricsRegistry is the container for all the metrics in our application. We can use it to register and create various kinds of metrics (meter, gauge, counter etc.). For example:
from pyformance import MetricsRegistry
registry = MetricsRegistry()
counter = registry.counter("order_count")
meter = registry.meter("order_requests_rate")
timer = registry.timer("order_requests_processing_time")
Now, let's take a look at the different types of metrics and how to use them.
Meter
A meter measures the the rate of events, such as requests per second. Meter maintains the mean rate, and 1-, 5-, 15- minute moving averages.
from pyformance import MetricsRegistry
registry = MetricsRegistry()
metric_name = "order_requests_rate"
requests_meter = registry.meter(metric_name)
def handle_request(request):
requests_meter.mark()
# handle request
Gauge
A gauge is an instantaneous measurement of a value. For example, number of pending jobs in a queue.
from queue import Queue
from pyformance import MetricsRegistry
from pyformance.meters.gauge import CallbackGauge
class QueueManager:
def __init__(self, registry, name):
self.q = Queue()
jobs_metric = registry.add(name, CallbackGauge(self.get_queue_size))
def get_queue_size(self):
return self.q.size()
The reporter will call the get_queue_size function at its scheduled frequency and report
the size of the queue.
Counter
A counter can be used to simply count some data. It provides two methods inc() to increment
its value and dec() to decrement it.
from pyformance import MetricsRegistry
registry = MetricsRegistry()
jobs_counter = registry.counter('pending_jobs')
def add_job(self, job):
jobs_counter.inc(1)
self.q.put(job)
def take_job(self):
jobs_counter.dec(1)
self.q.get()
Timer
A timer aggregates timing durations and provides duration statistics, as well as throughput statistics.
from pyformance import MetricsRegistry
registry = MetricsRegistry()
timer = registry.timer("response_time")
def handle_request(request):
with timer.time():
return "OK"
The above example will use the timer to report the time taken to serve each request.
Histogram
A histogram measures the statistical distribution of values in a stream of data. It provides aggregate data such as the min, max, mean, sum, and count.
from pyformance import MetricsRegistry
registry = MetricsRegistry()
response_sizes = registry.histogram('response_size')
def handle_request(request):
response = do_query(request) # process the query
response_sizes.add(response.size())
The ApptuitReporter sends data asynchronously (unless we are explicitly using it in synchronous mode
by not calling the start() method). In asynchronous
mode it is very difficult to know if the reporter is working properly or not. To make this easier the
ApptuitReporter takes an error_handler argument. error_handler is expected to be a function reference
which takes 4 arguments. The signature of the function and the arguments are explained below:
def error_handler(status_code, successful_points_count, failed_points_count, errors):
pass
status_code: The HTTP status code of the POST API call to Apptuitsuccessful_points_count: Number of points successfully processedfailed_points_count: Number of points which could not be processed due to errorserrors: List of error messages describing the reason of failure of each of the failed pointsBy default, the ApptuitReporter registers a default_error_handler, which writes the errors to stderr.
To override that you can pass your own error handler implementation, or if you don't wish to do anything for errors
you can pass None for the error_handler argument.
Reporter with default error handler
import logging
#reporter with default error handler (writes to stderr)
reporter = ApptuitReporter(token=my_apptuit_token,
registry=registry,
reporting_interval=60,
tags=reporter_tags)
Reporter with No error handler
reporter_with_no_error_handler = ApptuitReporter(
token=my_apptuit_token,
registry=registry,
reporting_interval=60,
tags=reporter_tags,
error_handler=None
)
The error handler function by definition takes only four arguments. If you wish to pass extra arguments to the error handler you can use closures or partial functions to get around the limitation.
Passing extra argument using Partial
import logging
from functools import partial
def custom_error_handler(logger, status_code, successful, failed, errors):
logger.error("ApptuitReporter failed to send %d points, due to errors: %s" % (failed, str(errors)))
logger = logging.getLogger("logger key")
apptuit_custom_error_handler = partial(custom_error_handler, logger)
reporter = ApptuitReporter(
token=my_apptuit_token,
registry=registry,
reporting_interval=60,
tags=reporter_tags,
error_handler=apptuit_custom_error_handler
)
Passing extra argument using closure
...
import logging
from apptuit import ApptuitSendException
from apptuit.pyformance.apptuit_reporter import ApptuitReporter
...
class OrderService:
def __init__(self, apptuit_token):
...
self.logger = logging.getLogger("OrderService")
...
def init_reporter(self, token, registry):
...
def apptuit_error_handler(status_code, successful, failed, errors):
logger = self.logger
logger.error(str(ApptuitSendException(
status_code, successful, failed, errors
)))
self.reporter = ApptuitReporter(...,
error_handler=apptuit_error_handler)
...
When creating the ApptuitReporter, you can provide a set of tags (referred as reporter tags from now on) which will be part of all the metrics reported by that reporter. However, in order to provide tags specific to each metric you need to provide them when registering the metric with the registry. For example:
from apptuit import timeseries
from pyformance import MetricsRegistry
registry = MetricsRegistry()
metric_name = "node_cpu"
tags = {"type": "idle", "host": "node-foo", "service": "order-service"}
metric = timeseries.encode_metric(metric_name, tags)
meter = registry.meter(metric)
Here we provided the metric specific tags by calling timeseries.encode_metric and
providing the metric name and the tags as parameters. When registering the metric we provide this
encoded name to the registry instead of the plain metric name.
To decode an encoded metric name use the decode_metric() function from timeseries module.
from apptuit import timeseries
encoded_metric = timeseries.encode_metric("node.cpu", {"type": "idle"})
metric_name, tags = timeseries.decode_metric(encoded_metric)
A recommended practise is to maintain a local cache of the created metrics and reuse them, rather than creating them every time:
import socket
import time
from apptuit import timeseries
from apptuit.pyformance import ApptuitReporter
from pyformance import MetricsRegistry
class OrderService:
def __init__(self, apptuit_token):
self.registry = MetricsRegistry()
self.init_reporter(apptuit_token, self.registry)
self.order_counters = {}
def init_reporter(self, token, registry):
hostname = socket.gethostname()
global_tags = {"host": hostname, "env": "dev", "service": "order-service"}
self.reporter = ApptuitReporter(registry=registry,
reporting_interval=60, # data reported every 1 minute
token=token,
tags=global_tags)
# reporter.start() will start reporting the data asynchronously based on the reporting_interval set.
self.reporter.start()
def get_order_counter(self, city_code):
# We have counters for every city code
if city_code not in self.order_counters:
tags = {"city-code": city_code}
metric = timeseries.encode_metric("order_count", tags=tags)
self.order_counters[city_code] = self.registry.counter(metric)
return self.order_counters[city_code]
def handle_order(self, order):
order_counter = self.get_order_counter(order.city_code)
order_counter.inc()
self.process_order(order)
def shutdown(self):
# you can stop the reporter when you no longer wish to send data or when shutting down
self.reporter.stop()
def process_order(self, order):
time.sleep(5)
Here we have a method get_order_counter which takes the city_code as a parameter. There
is a local cache of counters keyed by the encoded metric names. This avoids the unnecessary overhead
of encoding the metric name and tags every time, if we already have created a counter for that city.
It also ensures that we will report separate time-series for order-counts of different city codes.
The reporter will add a host tag key with host name as its value (obtained by calling socket.gethostname()).
This is helpful in order to group the metrics by host if the reporter is being run on multiple servers. The value
of the host tag key can be overridden by passing our own host tag in the tags parameter to the reporter or
by setting a host tag in the global environment variable for tags
If we don't wish for the host tag to be set by default we can disable it by setting the
disable_host_tag parameter of the reporter to True. Alternatively we can set the environment
variable APPTUIT_DISABLE_HOST_TAG to True to disable it.
., -, _, /.
However, if we are looking to follow Prometheus compliant naming
([see specification])(https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/data_model/#metric-names-and-labels)
we should restrict them to ASCII letters, digits and underscores only and it must match the
regex [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*. No such restriction is applicable on tag values.The ApptuitReporter also reports a set of meta metrics which can be a useful indicator if the reporter is
working as expected or not, as well as to get a sense of how many points are being sent and the latency of
the Apptuit API. These meta metrics are described below.
apptuit_reporter_send_total - Total number of points sentapptuit_reporter_send_successful - Number of points which were succssfully processedapptuit_reporter_send_failed - Number of points which failedapptuit_reporter_send_time - Timing stats of of the send APIThe ApptutiReporter can also be configured to report various metrics of
the Python process it is running in. By default it is disabled but we can enable it by
passing setting the parameter collect_process_metrics to True when creating the
reporter object. The reporter will collect metrics related to the system resource usage
by the process (cpu, memory, IPC etc.) as well as metrics related to garbage collection
and threads. The complete list of all the metrics collected is provided below:
python_cpu_time_used_seconds - Total time spent by the process in user mode and system mode.python_memory_usage_bytes - Total amount of memory used by the process.python_page_faults - Total number of page faults received by the process.python_process_swaps - Total number of times the process was swapped-out of the main memory.python_block_operations - Total number of block input and output operations.python_ipc_messages - Total number of inter-process messages sent and received by the process.python_system_signals - Total number of signals received by the process.python_context_switches - Total number of context switches of the process.python_thread - Count of active, demon and dummy threads.python_gc_collection - Count of objects collected in gc for each generation.python_gc_threshold - Value of garbage collector threshold for each generation.Note - Metrics marked with * are zero on Linux because it does not support them
When using the reporter we have three sets of tags, it's better to clarify a few things about them.
ApptuitReporter takes a set of tags as parameter. It adds these tags to all the metrics it is reporting.APPTUIT_TAGS is set, the reporter takes those into account as well, however
the tags passed to it take preference in case of a conflict because of common tag keys.Apart from using the Pyformance reporter, you can also use the low level send() API from the apptuit
client to directly send the data. If you want tags while sending you can use the global_tags
parameter of Apptuit class. If global_tags are set then environmental tags will not be used.
from apptuit import Apptuit, DataPoint
import time
import random
import socket
token = "mytoken"
client = Apptuit(token=token)
metrics = ["proc.cpu.percent", "node.memory.bytes", "network.send.bytes", "network.receive.bytes", "node.load.avg"]
tags = {"host": socket.gethostname()}
curtime = int(time.time())
dps = []
while True:
curtime = int(time.time())
for metric in metrics:
dps.append(DataPoint(metric, tags, curtime, random.random()))
if len(dps) == 100:
client.send(dps,
retry_count=3 #this will retry in case of 500 response or connection errors occur.
)
dps = []
time.sleep(60)
The send API works with a list of DataPoint objects. Creating each DataPoint object involves validating the metric name and
the tags. If we are creating thousands of DataPoint objects with the metric name and tags, it can quickly get very expensive.
In order to avoid that overhead, there is an alternative send_timeseries API as well, which accepts a list of TimeSeries
objects. This is much more convenient as we need to create a TimeSeries object with a metric name and tags. Thereafter
we can add points to that timeseries object by calling its add_point() method. This avoids creation of DataPoint objects
and the overhead of the tag validation.
Following is an example from a scraper we run internally. We call an HTTP API, get a JSON response and send it to us in the
form of timeseries. In order to avoid too many API calls to Apptuit we call send_timeseries whenever we have accumulated
50000 or more points. Once we make a send_timeseries call we reset the series_list object to contain just the latest
TimeSeries object (all the earlier series would have been sent to Apptuit).
from apptuit import Apptuit, TimeSeries
series_list = []
points_count = 0
token = "mytoken"
client = Apptuit(token=token)
response_data = make_request()
for result in response_data["results"]:
metric_name = result["metric"]
tags = result["tags"]
series = TimeSeries(metric_name, tags)
series_list.append(series)
for timestamp, value in result["values"]:
series.add_point(timestamp, value)
points_count += 1
if points_count >= 50000:
client.send_timeseries(series_list)
points_count = 0
series_list = [TimeSeries(metric_name, tags)]
if points_count > 0:
client.send_timeseries(series_list)
from apptuit import Apptuit
import time
token = 'my_token' # replace with your Apptuit token
apptuit = Apptuit(token=token)
start_time = int(time.time()) - 3600 # let's query for data going back 1 hour from now
query_res = apptuit.query("fetch('proc.cpu.percent').downsample('1m', 'avg')", start=start_time
retry_count=3 #this will retry in case of 500 response or connection errors occur.
)
# we can create a Pandas dataframe from the result object by calling to_df()
df = query_res[0].to_df()
# Another way of creating the DF is accessing by the metric name in the query
another_df = query_res['proc.cpu.percent'].to_df()
It should be noted that using the to_df() method requires that you have pandas installed.
We don't install pandas by default as part of the requirements because not every user of the library
would want to query or create dataframes (many users just use the send API or the reporter functionality)
FAQs
Apptuit Python Client
We found that apptuit demonstrated a healthy version release cadence and project activity because the last version was released less than a year ago. It has 1 open source maintainer collaborating on the project.
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