multer

What is multer?

Multer is a node.js middleware for handling multipart/form-data, which is primarily used for uploading files. It is written on top of busboy for maximum efficiency.

What are multer's main functionalities?

File Uploads

This feature allows you to upload files to your server. The code sample demonstrates how to handle a single file upload with Multer.

const multer = require('multer');
const upload = multer({ dest: 'uploads/' });

app.post('/upload', upload.single('file'), function (req, res) {
  // req.file is the `file` file
  res.send('File uploaded!');
});

Multiple Files Upload

Multer also supports uploading multiple files at once. The code sample shows how to handle multiple file uploads, limiting to 12 files in this case.

const multer = require('multer');
const upload = multer({ dest: 'uploads/' });

app.post('/upload', upload.array('files', 12), function (req, res) {
  // req.files is array of `files` files
  res.send('Multiple files uploaded!');
});

Disk Storage

Multer allows you to customize the storage of files. This code sample demonstrates how to use disk storage to control the storage location and file naming.

const multer = require('multer');

const storage = multer.diskStorage({
  destination: function (req, file, cb) {
    cb(null, 'uploads/')
  },
  filename: function (req, file, cb) {
    cb(null, file.fieldname + '-' + Date.now())
  }
});

const upload = multer({ storage: storage });

Memory Storage

For temporary storage or when you want to process the file without saving it to disk, you can use memory storage. The code sample shows how to store a file in memory.

const multer = require('multer');
const upload = multer({ storage: multer.memoryStorage() });

app.post('/upload', upload.single('file'), function (req, res) {
  // req.file is the `file` file stored in memory
  res.send('File uploaded and stored in memory!');
});

File Filtering

Multer provides a way to filter out files based on conditions you set. This code sample demonstrates file filtering to only allow JPEG images.

const multer = require('multer');
const upload = multer({
  fileFilter: function (req, file, cb) {
    if (file.mimetype !== 'image/jpeg') {
      return cb(new Error('Only JPEG files are allowed!'), false);
    }
    cb(null, true);
  }
});

Other packages similar to multer

formidable

Formidable is an alternative to Multer for parsing form data, especially file uploads. It is less middleware-oriented and more flexible in terms of handling various form parsing tasks.

busboy

Busboy is a low-level Node.js module for parsing incoming HTML form data. Multer is built on top of Busboy, but provides a more convenient middleware API for integrating with Express.js applications.

multiparty

Multiparty is another module for handling multipart/form-data requests, which is the type of requests that file uploads usually come in. It is similar to Multer but has a different API and is used in a slightly different way.

README

Multer

Multer is a node.js middleware for handling multipart/form-data, which is primarily used for uploading files. It is written on top of busboy for maximum efficiency.

NOTE: Multer will not process any form which is not multipart (multipart/form-data).

Translations

This README is also available in other languages:

• Español (Spanish)
• 简体中文 (Chinese)
• 한국어 (Korean)
• Русский язык (Russian)
• Việt Nam (Vietnam)
• Português (Portuguese Brazil)

Installation

$ npm install --save multer

Usage

Multer adds a body object and a file or files object to the request object. The body object contains the values of the text fields of the form, the file or files object contains the files uploaded via the form.

Basic usage example:

Don't forget the enctype="multipart/form-data" in your form.

<form action="/profile" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="file" name="avatar" />
</form>

const express = require('express')
const multer  = require('multer')
const upload = multer({ dest: 'uploads/' })

const app = express()

app.post('/profile', upload.single('avatar'), function (req, res, next) {
  // req.file is the `avatar` file
  // req.body will hold the text fields, if there were any
})

app.post('/photos/upload', upload.array('photos', 12), function (req, res, next) {
  // req.files is array of `photos` files
  // req.body will contain the text fields, if there were any
})

const cpUpload = upload.fields([{ name: 'avatar', maxCount: 1 }, { name: 'gallery', maxCount: 8 }])
app.post('/cool-profile', cpUpload, function (req, res, next) {
  // req.files is an object (String -> Array) where fieldname is the key, and the value is array of files
  //
  // e.g.
  //  req.files['avatar'][0] -> File
  //  req.files['gallery'] -> Array
  //
  // req.body will contain the text fields, if there were any
})

In case you need to handle a text-only multipart form, you should use the .none() method:

const express = require('express')
const app = express()
const multer  = require('multer')
const upload = multer()

app.post('/profile', upload.none(), function (req, res, next) {
  // req.body contains the text fields
})

Here's an example on how multer is used an HTML form. Take special note of the enctype="multipart/form-data" and name="uploaded_file" fields:

<form action="/stats" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post">
  <div class="form-group">
    <input type="file" class="form-control-file" name="uploaded_file">
    <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Number of speakers" name="nspeakers">
    <input type="submit" value="Get me the stats!" class="btn btn-default">            
  </div>
</form>

Then in your javascript file you would add these lines to access both the file and the body. It is important that you use the name field value from the form in your upload function. This tells multer which field on the request it should look for the files in. If these fields aren't the same in the HTML form and on your server, your upload will fail:

const multer  = require('multer')
const upload = multer({ dest: './public/data/uploads/' })
app.post('/stats', upload.single('uploaded_file'), function (req, res) {
   // req.file is the name of your file in the form above, here 'uploaded_file'
   // req.body will hold the text fields, if there were any 
   console.log(req.file, req.body)
});

API

File information

Each file contains the following information:

Key	Description	Note
fieldname	Field name specified in the form
originalname	Name of the file on the user's computer
encoding	Encoding type of the file
mimetype	Mime type of the file
size	Size of the file in bytes
destination	The folder to which the file has been saved	DiskStorage
filename	The name of the file within the destination	DiskStorage
path	The full path to the uploaded file	DiskStorage
buffer	A Buffer of the entire file	MemoryStorage

multer(opts)

Multer accepts an options object, the most basic of which is the dest property, which tells Multer where to upload the files. In case you omit the options object, the files will be kept in memory and never written to disk.

By default, Multer will rename the files so as to avoid naming conflicts. The renaming function can be customized according to your needs.

The following are the options that can be passed to Multer.

Key	Description
dest or storage	Where to store the files
fileFilter	Function to control which files are accepted
limits	Limits of the uploaded data
preservePath	Keep the full path of files instead of just the base name

In an average web app, only dest might be required, and configured as shown in the following example.

const upload = multer({ dest: 'uploads/' })

If you want more control over your uploads, you'll want to use the storage option instead of dest. Multer ships with storage engines DiskStorage and MemoryStorage; More engines are available from third parties.

.single(fieldname)

Accept a single file with the name fieldname. The single file will be stored in req.file.

.array(fieldname[, maxCount])

Accept an array of files, all with the name fieldname. Optionally error out if more than maxCount files are uploaded. The array of files will be stored in req.files.

.fields(fields)

Accept a mix of files, specified by fields. An object with arrays of files will be stored in req.files.

fields should be an array of objects with name and optionally a maxCount. Example:

[
  { name: 'avatar', maxCount: 1 },
  { name: 'gallery', maxCount: 8 }
]

.none()

Accept only text fields. If any file upload is made, error with code "LIMIT_UNEXPECTED_FILE" will be issued.

.any()

Accepts all files that comes over the wire. An array of files will be stored in req.files.

WARNING: Make sure that you always handle the files that a user uploads. Never add multer as a global middleware since a malicious user could upload files to a route that you didn't anticipate. Only use this function on routes where you are handling the uploaded files.

storage

DiskStorage

The disk storage engine gives you full control on storing files to disk.

const storage = multer.diskStorage({
  destination: function (req, file, cb) {
    cb(null, '/tmp/my-uploads')
  },
  filename: function (req, file, cb) {
    const uniqueSuffix = Date.now() + '-' + Math.round(Math.random() * 1E9)
    cb(null, file.fieldname + '-' + uniqueSuffix)
  }
})

const upload = multer({ storage: storage })

There are two options available, destination and filename. They are both functions that determine where the file should be stored.

destination is used to determine within which folder the uploaded files should be stored. This can also be given as a string (e.g. '/tmp/uploads'). If no destination is given, the operating system's default directory for temporary files is used.

Note: You are responsible for creating the directory when providing destination as a function. When passing a string, multer will make sure that the directory is created for you.

filename is used to determine what the file should be named inside the folder. If no filename is given, each file will be given a random name that doesn't include any file extension.

Note: Multer will not append any file extension for you, your function should return a filename complete with an file extension.

Each function gets passed both the request (req) and some information about the file (file) to aid with the decision.

Note that req.body might not have been fully populated yet. It depends on the order that the client transmits fields and files to the server.

For understanding the calling convention used in the callback (needing to pass null as the first param), refer to Node.js error handling

MemoryStorage

The memory storage engine stores the files in memory as Buffer objects. It doesn't have any options.

const storage = multer.memoryStorage()
const upload = multer({ storage: storage })

When using memory storage, the file info will contain a field called buffer that contains the entire file.

WARNING: Uploading very large files, or relatively small files in large numbers very quickly, can cause your application to run out of memory when memory storage is used.

limits

An object specifying the size limits of the following optional properties. Multer passes this object into busboy directly, and the details of the properties can be found on busboy's page.

The following integer values are available:

Key	Description	Default
fieldNameSize	Max field name size	100 bytes
fieldSize	Max field value size (in bytes)	1MB
fields	Max number of non-file fields	Infinity
fileSize	For multipart forms, the max file size (in bytes)	Infinity
files	For multipart forms, the max number of file fields	Infinity
parts	For multipart forms, the max number of parts (fields + files)	Infinity
headerPairs	For multipart forms, the max number of header key=>value pairs to parse	2000

Specifying the limits can help protect your site against denial of service (DoS) attacks.

fileFilter

Set this to a function to control which files should be uploaded and which should be skipped. The function should look like this:

function fileFilter (req, file, cb) {

  // The function should call `cb` with a boolean
  // to indicate if the file should be accepted

  // To reject this file pass `false`, like so:
  cb(null, false)

  // To accept the file pass `true`, like so:
  cb(null, true)

  // You can always pass an error if something goes wrong:
  cb(new Error('I don\'t have a clue!'))

}

Error handling

When encountering an error, Multer will delegate the error to Express. You can display a nice error page using the standard express way.

If you want to catch errors specifically from Multer, you can call the middleware function by yourself. Also, if you want to catch only the Multer errors, you can use the MulterError class that is attached to the multer object itself (e.g. err instanceof multer.MulterError).

const multer = require('multer')
const upload = multer().single('avatar')

app.post('/profile', function (req, res) {
  upload(req, res, function (err) {
    if (err instanceof multer.MulterError) {
      // A Multer error occurred when uploading.
    } else if (err) {
      // An unknown error occurred when uploading.
    }

    // Everything went fine.
  })
})

Custom storage engine

For information on how to build your own storage engine, see Multer Storage Engine.

License

MIT