The sshpk npm package is a tool for parsing and generating SSH public and private keys. It supports various key types, including RSA, DSA, ECDSA, and Ed25519. It can also handle certificate formats such as SSH, X.509, and others. The package is useful for applications that need to manage or interact with SSH keys and certificates.
Parsing SSH keys
This feature allows you to parse SSH public keys from strings or files. The code sample demonstrates how to read an SSH public key from a file and parse it using sshpk.
const sshpk = require('sshpk');
const fs = require('fs');
const keyData = fs.readFileSync('path/to/ssh/key.pub', 'utf-8');
const key = sshpk.parseKey(keyData, 'ssh');Generating SSH keys
This feature enables the generation of new SSH keys. The code sample shows how to generate a new RSA key with a 2048-bit length.
const sshpk = require('sshpk');
const key = sshpk.generateKey('rsa', 2048);Converting keys to different formats
This feature allows you to convert SSH keys to different formats, such as PEM. The code sample demonstrates how to parse an SSH key and then convert it to PEM format.
const sshpk = require('sshpk');
const fs = require('fs');
const keyData = fs.readFileSync('path/to/ssh/key.pub', 'utf-8');
const key = sshpk.parseKey(keyData, 'ssh');
const pemKey = key.toBuffer('pem');Fingerprinting keys
This feature is used to generate a fingerprint of an SSH key, which can be used for verifying identity. The code sample shows how to parse an SSH key and generate its fingerprint using SHA-256.
const sshpk = require('sshpk');
const fs = require('fs');
const keyData = fs.readFileSync('path/to/ssh/key.pub', 'utf-8');
const key = sshpk.parseKey(keyData, 'ssh');
const fingerprint = key.fingerprint('sha256').toString();node-forge is a JavaScript implementation of various network protocols, including TLS. It can also parse and generate keys, similar to sshpk, but it has a broader scope that includes encryption, decryption, and other cryptographic operations.
pem is a package that can generate and manage PEM files. It is similar to sshpk in that it can handle key generation and conversion to PEM format, but it is specifically focused on PEM file management and SSL certificate creation.
keypair is a simple library for generating RSA private and public keys. It is similar to sshpk's key generation feature but is limited to RSA and does not support other key types or parsing.
Parse, convert, fingerprint and use SSH keys (both public and private) in pure
node -- no ssh-keygen or other external dependencies.
Supports RSA, DSA, ECDSA (nistp-*) and ED25519 key types, in PEM (PKCS#1, PKCS#8) and OpenSSH formats.
This library has been extracted from
node-http-signature
(work by Mark Cavage and
Dave Eddy) and
node-ssh-fingerprint
(work by Dave Eddy), with additions (including ECDSA support) by
Alex Wilson.
npm install sshpk
var sshpk = require('sshpk');
var fs = require('fs');
/* Read in an OpenSSH-format public key */
var keyPub = fs.readFileSync('id_rsa.pub');
var key = sshpk.parseKey(keyPub, 'ssh');
/* Get metadata about the key */
console.log('type => %s', key.type);
console.log('size => %d bits', key.size);
console.log('comment => %s', key.comment);
/* Compute key fingerprints, in new OpenSSH (>6.7) format, and old MD5 */
console.log('fingerprint => %s', key.fingerprint().toString());
console.log('old-style fingerprint => %s', key.fingerprint('md5').toString());
Example output:
type => rsa
size => 2048 bits
comment => foo@foo.com
fingerprint => SHA256:PYC9kPVC6J873CSIbfp0LwYeczP/W4ffObNCuDJ1u5w
old-style fingerprint => a0:c8:ad:6c:32:9a:32:fa:59:cc:a9:8c:0a:0d:6e:bd
More examples: converting between formats:
/* Read in a PEM public key */
var keyPem = fs.readFileSync('id_rsa.pem');
var key = sshpk.parseKey(keyPem, 'pem');
/* Convert to PEM PKCS#8 public key format */
var pemBuf = key.toBuffer('pkcs8');
/* Convert to SSH public key format (and return as a string) */
var sshKey = key.toString('ssh');
Signing and verifying:
/* Read in an OpenSSH/PEM *private* key */
var keyPriv = fs.readFileSync('id_ecdsa');
var key = sshpk.parsePrivateKey(keyPriv, 'pem');
var data = 'some data';
/* Sign some data with the key */
var s = key.createSign('sha1');
s.update(data);
var signature = s.sign();
/* Now load the public key (could also use just key.toPublic()) */
var keyPub = fs.readFileSync('id_ecdsa.pub');
key = sshpk.parseKey(keyPub, 'ssh');
/* Make a crypto.Verifier with this key */
var v = key.createVerify('sha1');
v.update(data);
var valid = v.verify(signature);
/* => true! */
Matching fingerprints with keys:
var fp = sshpk.parseFingerprint('SHA256:PYC9kPVC6J873CSIbfp0LwYeczP/W4ffObNCuDJ1u5w');
var keys = [sshpk.parseKey(...), sshpk.parseKey(...), ...];
keys.forEach(function (key) {
if (fp.matches(key))
console.log('found it!');
});
parseKey(data[, format = 'auto'[, options]])Parses a key from a given data format and returns a new Key object.
Parameters
data -- Either a Buffer or String, containing the keyformat -- String name of format to use, valid options are:
auto: choose automatically from all belowpem: supports both PKCS#1 and PKCS#8ssh: standard OpenSSH format,pkcs1, pkcs8: variants of pemrfc4253: raw OpenSSH wire formatopenssh: new post-OpenSSH 6.5 internal format, produced by
ssh-keygen -odnssec: .key file format output by dnssec-keygen etcputty: the PuTTY .ppk file format (supports truncated variant without
all the lines from Private-Lines: onwards)options -- Optional Object, extra options, with keys:
filename -- Optional String, name for the key being parsed
(eg. the filename that was opened). Used to generate
Error messagespassphrase -- Optional String, encryption passphrase used to decrypt an
encrypted PEM fileKey.isKey(obj)Returns true if the given object is a valid Key object created by a version
of sshpk compatible with this one.
Parameters
obj -- Object to identifyKey#typeString, the type of key. Valid options are rsa, dsa, ecdsa.
Key#sizeInteger, "size" of the key in bits. For RSA/DSA this is the size of the modulus; for ECDSA this is the bit size of the curve in use.
Key#commentOptional string, a key comment used by some formats (eg the ssh format).
Key#curveOnly present if this.type === 'ecdsa', string containing the name of the
named curve used with this key. Possible values include nistp256, nistp384
and nistp521.
Key#toBuffer([format = 'ssh'])Convert the key into a given data format and return the serialized key as a Buffer.
Parameters
format -- String name of format to use, for valid options see parseKey()Key#toString([format = 'ssh])Same as this.toBuffer(format).toString().
Key#fingerprint([algorithm = 'sha256'[, hashType = 'ssh']])Creates a new Fingerprint object representing this Key's fingerprint.
Parameters
algorithm -- String name of hash algorithm to use, valid options are md5,
sha1, sha256, sha384, sha512hashType -- String name of fingerprint hash type to use, valid options are
ssh (the type of fingerprint used by OpenSSH, e.g. in
ssh-keygen), spki (used by HPKP, some OpenSSL applications)Key#createVerify([hashAlgorithm])Creates a crypto.Verifier specialized to use this Key (and the correct public
key algorithm to match it). The returned Verifier has the same API as a regular
one, except that the verify() function takes only the target signature as an
argument.
Parameters
hashAlgorithm -- optional String name of hash algorithm to use, any
supported by OpenSSL are valid, usually including
sha1, sha256.v.verify(signature[, format]) Parameters
signature -- either a Signature object, or a Buffer or Stringformat -- optional String, name of format to interpret given String with.
Not valid if signature is a Signature or Buffer.Key#createDiffieHellman()Key#createDH()Creates a Diffie-Hellman key exchange object initialized with this key and all
necessary parameters. This has the same API as a crypto.DiffieHellman
instance, except that functions take Key and PrivateKey objects as
arguments, and return them where indicated for.
This is only valid for keys belonging to a cryptosystem that supports DHE
or a close analogue (i.e. dsa, ecdsa and curve25519 keys). An attempt
to call this function on other keys will yield an Error.
parsePrivateKey(data[, format = 'auto'[, options]])Parses a private key from a given data format and returns a new
PrivateKey object.
Parameters
data -- Either a Buffer or String, containing the keyformat -- String name of format to use, valid options are:
auto: choose automatically from all belowpem: supports both PKCS#1 and PKCS#8ssh, openssh: new post-OpenSSH 6.5 internal format, produced by
ssh-keygen -opkcs1, pkcs8: variants of pemrfc4253: raw OpenSSH wire formatdnssec: .private format output by dnssec-keygen etc.options -- Optional Object, extra options, with keys:
filename -- Optional String, name for the key being parsed
(eg. the filename that was opened). Used to generate
Error messagespassphrase -- Optional String, encryption passphrase used to decrypt an
encrypted PEM filegeneratePrivateKey(type[, options])Generates a new private key of a certain key type, from random data.
Parameters
type -- String, type of key to generate. Currently supported are 'ecdsa'
and 'ed25519'options -- optional Object, with keys:
curve -- optional String, for 'ecdsa' keys, specifies the curve to use.
If ECDSA is specified and this option is not given, defaults to
using 'nistp256'.PrivateKey.isPrivateKey(obj)Returns true if the given object is a valid PrivateKey object created by a
version of sshpk compatible with this one.
Parameters
obj -- Object to identifyPrivateKey#typeString, the type of key. Valid options are rsa, dsa, ecdsa.
PrivateKey#sizeInteger, "size" of the key in bits. For RSA/DSA this is the size of the modulus; for ECDSA this is the bit size of the curve in use.
PrivateKey#curveOnly present if this.type === 'ecdsa', string containing the name of the
named curve used with this key. Possible values include nistp256, nistp384
and nistp521.
PrivateKey#toBuffer([format = 'pkcs1'])Convert the key into a given data format and return the serialized key as a Buffer.
Parameters
format -- String name of format to use, valid options are listed under
parsePrivateKey. Note that ED25519 keys default to openssh
format instead (as they have no pkcs1 representation).PrivateKey#toString([format = 'pkcs1'])Same as this.toBuffer(format).toString().
PrivateKey#toPublic()Extract just the public part of this private key, and return it as a Key
object.
PrivateKey#fingerprint([algorithm = 'sha256'])Same as this.toPublic().fingerprint().
PrivateKey#createVerify([hashAlgorithm])Same as this.toPublic().createVerify().
PrivateKey#createSign([hashAlgorithm])Creates a crypto.Sign specialized to use this PrivateKey (and the correct
key algorithm to match it). The returned Signer has the same API as a regular
one, except that the sign() function takes no arguments, and returns a
Signature object.
Parameters
hashAlgorithm -- optional String name of hash algorithm to use, any
supported by OpenSSL are valid, usually including
sha1, sha256.v.sign() Parameters
PrivateKey#derive(newType)Derives a related key of type newType from this key. Currently this is
only supported to change between ed25519 and curve25519 keys which are
stored with the same private key (but usually distinct public keys in order
to avoid degenerate keys that lead to a weak Diffie-Hellman exchange).
Parameters
newType -- String, type of key to derive, either ed25519 or curve25519parseFingerprint(fingerprint[, options])Pre-parses a fingerprint, creating a Fingerprint object that can be used to
quickly locate a key by using the Fingerprint#matches function.
Parameters
fingerprint -- String, the fingerprint value, in any supported formatoptions -- Optional Object, with properties:
algorithms -- Array of strings, names of hash algorithms to limit
support to. If fingerprint uses a hash algorithm not on
this list, throws InvalidAlgorithmError.hashType -- String, the type of hash the fingerprint uses, either ssh
or spki (normally auto-detected based on the format, but
can be overridden)type -- String, the entity this fingerprint identifies, either key or
certificateFingerprint.isFingerprint(obj)Returns true if the given object is a valid Fingerprint object created by a
version of sshpk compatible with this one.
Parameters
obj -- Object to identifyFingerprint#toString([format])Returns a fingerprint as a string, in the given format.
Parameters
format -- Optional String, format to use, valid options are hex and
base64. If this Fingerprint uses the md5 algorithm, the
default format is hex. Otherwise, the default is base64.Fingerprint#matches(keyOrCertificate)Verifies whether or not this Fingerprint matches a given Key or
Certificate. This function uses double-hashing to avoid leaking timing
information. Returns a boolean.
Note that a Key-type Fingerprint will always return false if asked to match
a Certificate and vice versa.
Parameters
keyOrCertificate -- a Key object or Certificate object, the entity to
match this fingerprint againstparseSignature(signature, algorithm, format)Parses a signature in a given format, creating a Signature object. Useful
for converting between the SSH and ASN.1 (PKCS/OpenSSL) signature formats, and
also returned as output from PrivateKey#createSign().sign().
A Signature object can also be passed to a verifier produced by
Key#createVerify() and it will automatically be converted internally into the
correct format for verification.
Parameters
signature -- a Buffer (binary) or String (base64), data of the actual
signature in the given formatalgorithm -- a String, name of the algorithm to be used, possible values
are rsa, dsa, ecdsaformat -- a String, either asn1 or sshSignature.isSignature(obj)Returns true if the given object is a valid Signature object created by a
version of sshpk compatible with this one.
Parameters
obj -- Object to identifySignature#toBuffer([format = 'asn1'])Converts a Signature to the given format and returns it as a Buffer.
Parameters
format -- a String, either asn1 or sshSignature#toString([format = 'asn1'])Same as this.toBuffer(format).toString('base64').
sshpk includes basic support for parsing certificates in X.509 (PEM) format
and the OpenSSH certificate format. This feature is intended to be used mainly
to access basic metadata about certificates, extract public keys from them, and
also to generate simple self-signed certificates from an existing key.
Notably, there is no implementation of CA chain-of-trust verification, and only very minimal support for key usage restrictions. Please do the security world a favour, and DO NOT use this code for certificate verification in the traditional X.509 CA chain style.
parseCertificate(data, format)Parameters
data -- a Buffer or Stringformat -- a String, format to use, one of 'openssh', 'pem' (X.509 in a
PEM wrapper), or 'x509' (raw DER encoded)createSelfSignedCertificate(subject, privateKey[, options])Parameters
subject -- an Identity, the subject of the certificateprivateKey -- a PrivateKey, the key of the subject: will be used both to be
placed in the certificate and also to sign it (since this is
a self-signed certificate)options -- optional Object, with keys:
lifetime -- optional Number, lifetime of the certificate from now in
secondsvalidFrom, validUntil -- optional Dates, beginning and end of
certificate validity period. If given
lifetime will be ignoredserial -- optional Buffer, the serial number of the certificatepurposes -- optional Array of String, X.509 key usage restrictionscreateCertificate(subject, key, issuer, issuerKey[, options])Parameters
subject -- an Identity, the subject of the certificatekey -- a Key, the public key of the subjectissuer -- an Identity, the issuer of the certificate who will sign itissuerKey -- a PrivateKey, the issuer's private key for signingoptions -- optional Object, with keys:
lifetime -- optional Number, lifetime of the certificate from now in
secondsvalidFrom, validUntil -- optional Dates, beginning and end of
certificate validity period. If given
lifetime will be ignoredserial -- optional Buffer, the serial number of the certificatepurposes -- optional Array of String, X.509 key usage restrictionsCertificate#subjectsArray of Identity instances describing the subject of this certificate.
Certificate#issuerThe Identity of the Certificate's issuer (signer).
Certificate#subjectKeyThe public key of the subject of the certificate, as a Key instance.
Certificate#issuerKeyThe public key of the signing issuer of this certificate, as a Key instance.
May be undefined if the issuer's key is unknown (e.g. on an X509 certificate).
Certificate#serialThe serial number of the certificate. As this is normally a 64-bit or wider integer, it is returned as a Buffer.
Certificate#purposesArray of Strings indicating the X.509 key usage purposes that this certificate is valid for. The possible strings at the moment are:
'signature' -- key can be used for digital signatures'identity' -- key can be used to attest about the identity of the signer
(X.509 calls this nonRepudiation)'codeSigning' -- key can be used to sign executable code'keyEncryption' -- key can be used to encrypt other keys'encryption' -- key can be used to encrypt data (only applies for RSA)'keyAgreement' -- key can be used for key exchange protocols such as
Diffie-Hellman'ca' -- key can be used to sign other certificates (is a Certificate
Authority)'crl' -- key can be used to sign Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs)Certificate#getExtension(nameOrOid)Retrieves information about a certificate extension, if present, or returns
undefined if not. The string argument nameOrOid should be either the OID
(for X509 extensions) or the name (for OpenSSH extensions) of the extension
to retrieve.
The object returned will have the following properties:
format -- String, set to either 'x509' or 'openssh'name or oid -- String, only one set based on value of formatdata -- Buffer, the raw data inside the extensionCertificate#getExtensions()Returns an Array of all present certificate extensions, in the same manner and
format as getExtension().
Certificate#isExpired([when])Tests whether the Certificate is currently expired (i.e. the validFrom and
validUntil dates specify a range of time that does not include the current
time).
Parameters
when -- optional Date, if specified, tests whether the Certificate was or
will be expired at the specified time instead of nowReturns a Boolean.
Certificate#isSignedByKey(key)Tests whether the Certificate was validly signed by the given (public) Key.
Parameters
key -- a Key instanceReturns a Boolean.
Certificate#isSignedBy(certificate)Tests whether this Certificate was validly signed by the subject of the given certificate. Also tests that the issuer Identity of this Certificate and the subject Identity of the other Certificate are equivalent.
Parameters
certificate -- another Certificate instanceReturns a Boolean.
Certificate#fingerprint([hashAlgo])Returns the X509-style fingerprint of the entire certificate (as a Fingerprint instance). This matches what a web-browser or similar would display as the certificate fingerprint and should not be confused with the fingerprint of the subject's public key.
Parameters
hashAlgo -- an optional String, any hash function nameCertificate#toBuffer([format])Serializes the Certificate to a Buffer and returns it.
Parameters
format -- an optional String, output format, one of 'openssh', 'pem' or
'x509'. Defaults to 'x509'.Returns a Buffer.
Certificate#toString([format])format -- an optional String, output format, one of 'openssh', 'pem' or
'x509'. Defaults to 'pem'.Returns a String.
identityForHost(hostname)Constructs a host-type Identity for a given hostname.
Parameters
hostname -- the fully qualified DNS name of the hostReturns an Identity instance.
identityForUser(uid)Constructs a user-type Identity for a given UID.
Parameters
uid -- a String, user identifier (login name)Returns an Identity instance.
identityForEmail(email)Constructs an email-type Identity for a given email address.
Parameters
email -- a String, email addressReturns an Identity instance.
identityFromDN(dn)Parses an LDAP-style DN string (e.g. 'CN=foo, C=US') and turns it into an
Identity instance.
Parameters
dn -- a StringReturns an Identity instance.
identityFromArray(arr)Constructs an Identity from an array of DN components (see Identity#toArray()
for the format).
Parameters
arr -- an Array of Objects, DN components with name and valueReturns an Identity instance.
Supported attributes in DNs:
| Attribute name | OID |
|---|---|
cn | 2.5.4.3 |
o | 2.5.4.10 |
ou | 2.5.4.11 |
l | 2.5.4.7 |
s | 2.5.4.8 |
c | 2.5.4.6 |
sn | 2.5.4.4 |
postalCode | 2.5.4.17 |
serialNumber | 2.5.4.5 |
street | 2.5.4.9 |
x500UniqueIdentifier | 2.5.4.45 |
role | 2.5.4.72 |
telephoneNumber | 2.5.4.20 |
description | 2.5.4.13 |
dc | 0.9.2342.19200300.100.1.25 |
uid | 0.9.2342.19200300.100.1.1 |
mail | 0.9.2342.19200300.100.1.3 |
title | 2.5.4.12 |
gn | 2.5.4.42 |
initials | 2.5.4.43 |
pseudonym | 2.5.4.65 |
Identity#toString()Returns the identity as an LDAP-style DN string.
e.g. 'CN=foo, O=bar corp, C=us'
Identity#typeThe type of identity. One of 'host', 'user', 'email' or 'unknown'
Identity#hostnameIdentity#uidIdentity#emailSet when type is 'host', 'user', or 'email', respectively. Strings.
Identity#cnThe value of the first CN= in the DN, if any. It's probably better to use
the #get() method instead of this property.
Identity#get(name[, asArray])Returns the value of a named attribute in the Identity DN. If there is no
attribute of the given name, returns undefined. If multiple components
of the DN contain an attribute of this name, an exception is thrown unless
the asArray argument is given as true -- then they will be returned as
an Array in the same order they appear in the DN.
Parameters
name -- a StringasArray -- an optional BooleanIdentity#toArray()Returns the Identity as an Array of DN component objects. This looks like:
[ {
"name": "cn",
"value": "Joe Bloggs"
},
{
"name": "o",
"value": "Organisation Ltd"
} ]
Each object has a name and a value property. The returned objects may be
safely modified.
InvalidAlgorithmErrorThe specified algorithm is not valid, either because it is not supported, or because it was not included on a list of allowed algorithms.
Thrown by Fingerprint.parse, Key#fingerprint.
Properties
algorithm -- the algorithm that could not be validatedFingerprintFormatErrorThe fingerprint string given could not be parsed as a supported fingerprint format, or the specified fingerprint format is invalid.
Thrown by Fingerprint.parse, Fingerprint#toString.
Properties
fingerprint -- if caused by a fingerprint, the string value givenformat -- if caused by an invalid format specification, the string value givenKeyParseErrorThe key data given could not be parsed as a valid key.
Properties
keyName -- filename that was given to parseKeyformat -- the format that was trying to parse the key (see parseKey)innerErr -- the inner Error thrown by the format parserKeyEncryptedErrorThe key is encrypted with a symmetric key (ie, it is password protected). The
parsing operation would succeed if it was given the passphrase option.
Properties
keyName -- filename that was given to parseKeyformat -- the format that was trying to parse the key (currently can only
be "pem")CertificateParseErrorThe certificate data given could not be parsed as a valid certificate.
Properties
certName -- filename that was given to parseCertificateformat -- the format that was trying to parse the key
(see parseCertificate)innerErr -- the inner Error thrown by the format parsersshpk-agent is a library
for speaking the ssh-agent protocol from node.js, which uses sshpkFAQs
A library for finding and using SSH public keys
The npm package sshpk receives a total of 18,927,482 weekly downloads. As such, sshpk popularity was classified as popular.
We found that sshpk demonstrated a not healthy version release cadence and project activity because the last version was released a year ago. It has 8 open source maintainers collaborating on the project.
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