.. image:: https://github.com/nshafer/django-hashid-field/actions/workflows/tests.yml/badge.svg?branch=master :target: https://github.com/nshafer/django-hashid-field/actions/workflows/tests.yml?query=branch%3Amaster .. image:: https://badge.fury.io/py/django-hashid-field.svg :target: https://badge.fury.io/py/django-hashid-field
This library has been retired. It is no longer recommended for new projects. Existing projects do not require
changes, but should consider migrating to a different library. See the
RETIRED <https://github.com/nshafer/django-hashid-field/blob/master/RETIRED.md>_
document for more information.
A custom Model Field that uses the Hashids <http://hashids.org/>_ library <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/hashids/>_
to obfuscate an IntegerField or AutoField. It can be used in new models or dropped in place of an existing IntegerField,
explicit AutoField, or an automatically generated AutoField.
prefix="user_" for hashids like "user_h6ks82g"DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'hashid_field.BigHashidAutoField'__iexact, __contains, __icontains, though matching is the same as __exact.field__in=querysetisnull, gt, gte, lt and lte.This module is tested and known to work with:
Please Note: Python 2.x is at its end of life and is no longer supported.
Install the package (preferably in a virtualenv):
.. code-block:: bash
$ pip install django-hashid-field
Configure a global SALT for all HashidFields to use by default in your settings.py. (Note: Using a global salt for all fields will result in IDs from different fields/models being the same. If you want to have unique hashid strings for the same id, then also configure per-field salts as described in Field Parameters below.)
.. code-block:: python
HASHID_FIELD_SALT = "a long and secure salt value that is not the same as SECRET_KEY"
# Note: You can generate a secure key with:
# from django.core.management.utils import get_random_secret_key; print(get_random_secret_key())
Add it to your model
.. code-block:: python
from hashid_field import HashidField
class Book(models.Model):
reference_id = HashidField()
Migrate your database
.. code-block:: bash
$ ./manage.py makemigrations
$ ./manage.py migrate
Use your field like you would any other, for the most part. You can assign integers:
.. code-block:: python
>>> b = Book()
>>> b.reference_id = 123
>>> b.reference_id
Hashid(123): OwLxW8D
You can assign valid hashids. It's valid only if it can be decoded into an integer based on your settings:
.. code-block:: python
>>> b.reference_id = 'r8636LO'
>>> b.reference_id
Hashid(456): r8636LO
You can access your field with either hashid strings or Hashid objects:
.. code-block:: python
>>> Book.objects.filter(reference_id='OwLxW8D')
<QuerySet [<Book: (OwLxW8D)>]>
>>> b = Book.objects.get(reference_id='OwLxW8D')
>>> b
<Book: (OwLxW8D)>
>>> h = b.reference_id
>>> h
Hashid(123): OwLxW8D
>>> Book.objects.filter(reference_id=h)
<Book: (OwLxW8D)>
You can lookup objects with integers if you set HASHID_FIELD_ALLOW_INT_LOOKUP = True or allow_int_lookup=True
as a parameter to the field.
.. code-block:: python
reference_id = HashidField(allow_int_lookup=True)
Now integer lookups are allowed. Useful if migrating an existing AutoField to a HashidAutoField, but you need to allow lookups with older integers.
.. code-block:: python
>>> Book.objects.filter(reference_id=123)
<QuerySet [<Book: (OwLxW8D)>]>
By default, the objects returned from a HashidField are an instance of the class Hashid (this can be disabled globally or per-field), and allow basic access to the original integer or the hashid:
.. code-block:: python
>>> from hashid_field import Hashid
>>> h = Hashid(123)
>>> h.id
123
>>> h.hashid
'Mj3'
>>> print(h)
Mj3
>>> repr(h)
'Hashid(123): Mj3'
Along with HashidField there is also a HashidAutoField that works in the same way, but that auto-increments just
like an AutoField.
.. code-block:: python
from hashid_field import HashidAutoField
class Book(models.Model):
serial_id = HashidAutoField(primary_key=True)
The only difference is that if you don't assign a value to it when you save, it will auto-generate a value from your
database, just as an AutoField would do. Please note that HashidAutoField inherits from AutoField and there can
only be one AutoField on a model at a time.
.. code-block:: python
>>> b = Book()
>>> b.save()
>>> b.serial_id
Hashid(1): AJEM7LK
It can be dropped into an existing model that has an auto-created AutoField (all models do by default) as long as you
give it the same name and set primary_key=True. So if you have this model:
.. code-block:: python
class Author(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=40)
Then Django has created a field for you called 'id' automatically. We just need to override that by specifying our own field with primary_key set to True.
.. code-block:: python
class Author(models.Model):
id = HashidAutoField(primary_key=True)
name = models.CharField(max_length=40)
And now you can use the 'id' or 'pk' attributes on your model instances:
.. code-block:: python
>>> a = Author.objects.create(name="John Doe")
>>> a.id
Hashid(60): N8VNa8z
>>> Author.objects.get(pk='N8VNa8z')
<Author: Author object>
In Django 3.2 a new setting, "DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD" was added to change all auto-generated AutoFields to a specific class. This is fully supported with django-hashid-field, and can be enabled with:
.. code-block:: python
DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'hashid_field.HashidAutoField'
DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'hashid_field.BigHashidAutoField'
Care must be given, as this will alter ALL models in your project. Usually you would only set this in a new project. Also, since this changes the auto-generated field, only global settings will be used for that field. If you desire specific settings for different models, then using this setting is not advised.
Django may configure the per-app default_auto_field when a new app is created. This will prevent the global setting
from taking affect. If you are attempting to use the global setting, you should check your app configs in
project/app_name/apps.py to ensure they don't interfere.
.. code-block:: python
from django.apps import AppConfig
class ScheduleConfig(AppConfig):
default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'
name = 'schedule'
HASHID_FIELD_SALT
You can optionally set a global Salt to be used by all HashFields and HashidAutoFields in your project. Do not use the
same string as your SECRET_KEY, as this could lead to your SECRET_KEY being exposed to an attacker.
Please note that changing this value will cause all HashidFields to change their values, and any previously published
IDs will become invalid.
Can be overridden by the field definition if you desire unique hashid strings for a given field, as described in
Field Parameters below.
:Type: string
:Default: ""
:Note: The upstream hashids-python library [only considers the first 43 characters of the salt](https://github.com/davidaurelio/hashids-python/issues/43).
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
HASHID_FIELD_SALT = "a long and secure salt value that is not the same as SECRET_KEY"
HASHID_FIELD_MIN_LENGTH
Default minimum length for (non-Big) HashidField and AutoHashidField. It is suggested to use 7 for HashidField and HashidAutoField, so that all possible values (up to 2147483647) are the same length.
:Type: integer :Default: 7 :Example: .. code-block:: python
HASHID_FIELD_MIN_LENGTH = 20
HASHID_FIELD_BIG_MIN_LENGTH
Default minimum length for BigHashidField and BigHashidAutoField.
It is suggested to use 13 for BigHashidField and BigHashidAutoField, so that all possible values
(up to 9223372036854775807) are the same length.
:Type: integer
:Default: 13
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
HASHID_FIELD_BIG_MIN_LENGTH = 30
HASHID_FIELD_ALPHABET
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The default alphabet to use for characters in generated Hashids strings. Must be at least 16 unique characters.
:Type: string
:Default: "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890"
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
HASHID_FIELD_ALPHABET = "0123456789abcdef"
HASHID_FIELD_ALLOW_INT_LOOKUP
Allow lookups or fetches of fields using the underlying integer that's stored in the database. Disabled by default to prevent users from being to do a sequential scan of objects by pulling objects by integers (1, 2, 3) instead of Hashid strings ("Ba9p1AG", "7V9gk9Z", "wro12zm"). Can be overridden by the field definition.
:Type: boolean :Default: False :Example: .. code-block:: python
HASHID_FIELD_ALLOW_INT_LOOKUP = True
HASHID_FIELD_LOOKUP_EXCEPTION
By default any invalid hashid strings or integer lookups when integer lookups are turned off will result in an
EmptyResultSet being returned. Enable this to instead throw a ValueError exception (similar to the behavior prior to 2.0).
:Type: boolean
:Default: False
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
HASHID_FIELD_LOOKUP_EXCEPTION = True
HASHID_FIELD_ENABLE_HASHID_OBJECT
The default behavior is to return an instance of the Hashid object (described below) in each instance of your Model.
This makes it possible to get both the integer and hashid version of the field. However, other django modules, serializers,
etc may be confused and not know how to handle a Hashid object, so you can turn them off here. Instead, a string
of the hashid will be returned, and a new attribute with the suffix _hashid will be created on each instance with the
Hashid object. So if you have key = HashidField(...) then key_hashid will be created on each instance.
Can be overriden by the field definition.
:Type: boolean :Default: True :Example: .. code-block:: python
HASHID_FIELD_ENABLE_HASHID_OBJECT = False
HASHID_FIELD_ENABLE_DESCRIPTOR
By default a Hashid*Field on a model will replace the original value returned from the database with a Descriptor
that attempts to convert values that are set on that field of an instance with a new Hashid object (or string if
ENABLE_HASHID_OBJECT is False), regardless if you set an integer or a valid hashid. For the most part this is
completely invisible and benign, however if you have issues due to this descriptor, you can disable it here, or
on the field, and the raw value will not be replaced with the Descriptor.
Can be overriden by the field definition.
:Type: boolean
:Default: True
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
HASHID_FIELD_ENABLE_DESCRIPTOR = False
Field Parameters
----------------
Besides the standard field options, there are settings you can tweak that are specific to HashidField and
AutoHashidField.
**Please note** that changing any of the values for ``salt``, ``min_length``, ``alphabet`` or ``prefix`` *will* affect
the obfuscation of the integers that are stored in the database, and will change what are considered "valid" hashids.
If you have links or URLs that include your HashidField values, then they will stop working after changing any of these
values. It's highly advised that you don't change any of these settings once you publish any references to your field.
salt
~~~~
Local overridable salt for hashids generated specifically for this field.
Set this to a unique value for each field if you want the IDs for that field to be different to the same IDs
on another field. e.g. so that `book.id = Hashid(5): 0Q8Kg9r` and `author.id = Hashid(5): kp0eq0V`.
Suggestion: `fieldname = HashIdField(salt="modelname_fieldname_" + settings.HASHID_FIELD_SALT)`
See HASHID_FIELD_SALT above.
:Type: string
:Default: settings.HASHID_FIELD_SALT, ""
:Note: The upstream hashids-python library [only considers the first 43 characters of the salt](https://github.com/davidaurelio/hashids-python/issues/43).
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
reference_id = HashidField(salt="Some salt value")
min_length
~~~~~~~~~~
Generate hashid strings of this minimum length, regardless of the value of the integer that is being encoded.
This defaults to 7 for the field since the maximum IntegerField value can be encoded in 7 characters with
the default *alphabet* setting of 62 characters.
:Type: int
:Default: 7
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
reference_id = HashidField(min_length=15)
alphabet
~~~~~~~~
The set of characters to generate hashids from. Must be at least 16 characters.
:Type: string of characters
:Default: Hashids.ALPHABET, which is "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890"
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
# Only use numbers and lower-case letters
reference_id = HashidField(alphabet="0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")
prefix
~~~~~~
An optional string prefix that will be prepended to all generated hashids. Also affects validation, so only hashids
that have this prefix will be considered correct.
IMPORTANT: Do not end your prefix with an underscore, as this can cause issues with the Django admin. See Known Issues
below.
:Type: String
:Default: ""
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
# Including the type of id in the id itself:
reference_id = HashidField(prefix="order-")
allow_int_lookup
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Local field override for default global on whether or not integer lookups for this field should be allowed.
See HASHID_FIELD_ALLOW_INT_LOOKUP above.
:Type: boolean
:Default: settings.HASHID_FIELD_ALLOW_INT_LOOKUP, False
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
reference_id = HashidField(allow_int_lookup=True)
enable_hashid_object
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Local field override for whether or not to return Hashid objects or plain strings.
Can be safely changed without affecting any existing hashids.
See HASHID_FIELD_ENABLE_HASHID_OBJECT above.
:Type: boolean
:Default: settings.HASHID_FIELD_ENABLE_HASHID_OBJECT, True
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
reference_id = HashidField(enable_hashid_object=False)
enable_descriptor
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Local field override for whether or not to use the Descriptor on instances of the field.
Can be safely changed without affecting any existing hashids.
See HASHID_FIELD_ENABLE_DESCRIPTOR above.
:Type: boolean
:Default: settings.HASHID_FIELD_ENABLE_DESCRIPTOR, True
:Example:
.. code-block:: python
reference_id = HashidField(enable_descriptor=False)
Hashid Class
------------
Operations with a HashidField or HashidAutoField return a ``Hashid`` object (unless disabled).
This simple class does the heavy lifting of converting integers and hashid strings back and forth.
There shouldn't be any need to instantiate these manually.
Methods
~~~~~~~
\__init__(value, salt="", min_length=0, alphabet=Hashids.ALPHABET, prefix="", hashids=None):
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
:value: **REQUIRED** Integer you wish to *encode* or hashid you wish to *decode*
:salt: Salt to use. **Default**: "" (empty string)
:min_length: Minimum length of encoded hashid string. **Default**: 0
:alphabet: The characters to use in the encoded hashid string. **Default**: Hashids.ALPHABET
:prefix: String prefix prepended to hashid strings. **Default**: "" (empty string)
:hashids: Instance of hashids.Hashids to use for encoding/decoding instead of instantiating another.
Read-Only Properties
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
id
^^
:type: Int
:value: The *decoded* integer
hashid
^^^^^^
:type: String
:value: The *encoded* hashid string
hashids
^^^^^^^
:type: Hashids()
:value: The instance of the Hashids class that is used to *encode* and *decode*
prefix
^^^^^^
:type: String
:value: The prefix prepended to hashid strings
Django REST Framework Integration
=================================
If you wish to use a HashidField or HashidAutoField with a DRF ModelSerializer, there is one extra step that you must
take. Automatic declaration of any Hashid*Fields will result in an ImproperlyConfigured exception being thrown. You
must explicitly declare them in your Serializer, as there is no way for the generated field to know how to work with
a Hashid*Field, specifically what 'salt', 'min_length' and 'alphabet' to use, and can lead to very difficult errors or
behavior to debug, or in the worst case, corruption of your data. Here is an example:
.. code-block:: python
from rest_framework import serializers
from hashid_field.rest import HashidSerializerCharField
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
reference_id = HashidSerializerCharField(source_field='library.Book.reference_id')
class Meta:
model = Book
fields = ('id', 'reference_id')
class AuthorSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
id = HashidSerializerCharField(source_field='library.Author.id', read_only=True)
class Meta:
model = Author
fields = ('id', 'name')
The ``source_field`` allows the HashidSerializerCharField to copy the 'salt', 'min_length' and 'alphabet' settings from
the given field at ``app_name.model_name.field_name`` so that it can be defined in just one place. Explicit settings are
also possible:
.. code-block:: python
reference_id = HashidSerializerCharField(salt="a different salt", min_length=10, alphabet="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ")
If nothing is given, then the field will use the same global settings as a Hashid*Field. It is very important that the
options for the serializer field matches the model field, or else strange errors or data corruption can occur.
HashidSerializerCharField will serialize the value into a Hashids string, but will deserialize either a Hashids string or
integer and save it into the underlying Hashid*Field properly. There is also a HashidSerializerIntegerField that will
serialize the Hashids into an un-encoded integer as well.
Primary Key Related Fields
--------------------------
Any models that have a ForeignKey to another model that uses a Hashid*Field as its Primary Key will need to explicitly
define how the
`PrimaryKeyRelatedField <http://www.django-rest-framework.org/api-guide/relations/#primarykeyrelatedfield>`_
should serialize and deserialize the resulting value using the ``pk_field`` argument. If you don't you will get an error
such as "Hashid(60): N8VNa8z is not JSON serializable". We have to tell DRF how to serialize/deserialize Hashid*Fields.
For the given ``Author`` model defined
above that has an ``id = HashidAutoField(primary_key=True)`` set, your BookSerializer should look like the following.
.. code-block:: python
from rest_framework import serializers
from hashid_field.rest import HashidSerializerCharField
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
author = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(
pk_field=HashidSerializerCharField(source_field='library.Author.id'),
read_only=True)
class Meta:
model = Book
fields = ('id', 'author')
Make sure you pass the source field to the HashidSerializer*Field so that it can copy the 'salt', 'min_length' and 'alphabet'
as described above.
This example sets ``read_only=True`` but you can explicitly define a ``queryset`` or override ``get_queryset(self)`` to allow
read-write behavior.
.. code-block:: python
author = serializers.PrimaryKeyRelatedField(
pk_field=HashidSerializerCharField(source_field='library.Author.id'),
queryset=Author.objects.all())
For a ManyToManyField, you must also remember to pass ``many=True`` to the ``PrimaryKeyRelatedField``.
HashidSerializerCharField
-------------------------
Serialize a Hashid\*Field to a Hashids string, de-serialize either a valid Hashids string or integer into a
Hashid\*Field (if allow_int_lookup is enabled.)
Parameters
~~~~~~~~~~
source_field
^^^^^^^^^^^^
A 3-field dotted notation of the source field to load matching 'salt', 'min_length' and 'alphabet' settings from. Must
be in the format of "app_name.model_name.field_name". Example: "library.Book.reference_id".
salt, min_length, alphabet, prefix, allow_int_lookup
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
See `Field Parameters`_
HashidSerializerIntegerField
----------------------------
Serialize a Hashid\*Field to an integer, de-serialize either a valid Hashids string or integer into a
Hashid\*Field. See `HashidSerializerCharField`_ for parameters.
*Please Note*: This field will always serialize to an integer and thus will also de-serialize integers into valid
objects, regardless of the `allow_int_lookup` setting.
Known Issues
============
'Hashid' object is not iterable
-------------------------------
With Django 5.0, attempting to filter on a field that is a ForeignKey to another model that uses a Hashid*Field as its
primary key will result in an error such as "'Hashid' object is not iterable". The workaround is to specify the exact
field of the related model to filter on. e.g. instead of `list_filter = ['author']` use `list_filter = ['author__name']`.
Admin can't find objects with a prefix that ends in an underscore
-----------------------------------------------------------------
The Django admin has a `quote` and `unquote` function that attempts to encode non-alphanumeric characters in primary
keys using the format of `_xx` where `xx` is the hex value of the character. This can be a problem if you are using
a prefix that ends in an underscore, as there's a chance that your Hashid primary key will be something like,
"user_3Ej8Kjm". The Django admin will attempt to `unquote` that to "user>j8Kjm" by swapping the "_3E" with a ">"
character, but that isn't valid and so it can't find the object. It will throw an error like, "Admin Object with id
'prefix<2345678' doesn't exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"
The workaround is to not use a prefix that ends in an underscore. You can end it with a character right after the
underscore that can't be used in hexidecimal, though, so it still looks right. e.g. `prefix="user_g"` so that the above
example would actually be "user_g3Ej8Kjm", and "_3E" can't be matched. Or you can use any other character, such as
a hyphen, .e.g `prefix="user-"`.
Development
===========
Here are some rough instructions on how to set up a dev environment to develop this module. Modify as needed. The
sandbox is a django project that uses django-hashid-id, and is useful for developing features with.
- ``git clone https://github.com/nshafer/django-hashid-field.git && cd django-hashid-field``
- ``mkvirtualenv -a . -p /usr/bin/python3 -r sandbox/requirements.txt django-hashid-field``
- ``python setup.py develop``
- ``sandbox/manage.py migrate``
- ``sandbox/manage.py createsuperuser``
- ``sandbox/manage.py loaddata authors books editors``
- ``sandbox/manage.py runserver``
- ``python runtests.py``
For any pull requests, clone the repo and push to it, then create the PR.
To install the latest development version, use:
```
pip install git+https://github.com/nshafer/django-hashid-field.git
```
LICENSE
=======
MIT License. You may use this in commercial and non-commercial projects with proper attribution.
Please see the `LICENSE <https://github.com/nshafer/django-hashid-field/blob/master/LICENSE>`_
FAQs
A Hashids obfuscated Django Model Field
We found that django-hashid-field demonstrated a healthy version release cadence and project activity because the last version was released less than a year ago. It has 1 open source maintainer collaborating on the project.
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