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pygeodesy

Pure Python geodesy tools

25.1.9
PyPI

Maintainers: 1

========= PyGeodesy

A pure Python implementation of geodesy tools for various ellipsoidal and spherical earth models using precision trigonometric, vector-based, exact, elliptic, iterative and approximate methods for geodetic (lat-/longitude), geocentric (ECEF_ cartesian) and certain triaxial ellipsoidal_ coordinates.

There are four modules for ellipsoidal earth models, ellipsoidalExact, -Karney, -Vincenty and -Nvector and two for spherical ones, sphericalTrigonometry and -Nvector. Each module provides a geodetic LatLon_ and a geocentric Cartesian_ class with methods and functions to compute distance, surface area, perimeter, forward and reverse azimuth, initial and final bearing, intermediate and nearest points, intersections of geodesic, great circle and rhumb lines, circle intersections and secants, 3-point resections, triangulation, trilateration (by intersection, by overlap and in 3d), conversions and unrolling, among other things. For more information and further details see the documentation, the descriptions of Latitude/Longitude, Vincenty and Vector-based_ geodesy, the original JavaScript source_ or docs_ and Karney's Python geographiclib_ and C++ GeographicLib._

Also included are modules for conversions to and from Cassini-Soldner, ECEF (Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed cartesian), UTM_ (Universal Transverse Mercator and Exact_), UPS_ (Universal Polar Stereographic) and Web Mercator_ (Pseudo-Mercator) coordinates, MGRS_ (Military Grid Reference System, UTM and UPS) and OSGR_ (British Ordinance Survery Grid Reference) grid references, TRF_ (Terrestrial Reference Frames) and modules to encode and decode EPSG_, Geohashes_, Georefs (WGRS)_ and Garefs (GARS)_.

Other modules provide Albers equal-area_ projections, equidistant_ and other azimuthal projections, Lambert conformal conic projections and positions, functions to clip paths or polygons of LatLon points using the Cohen-Sutherland, Forster-Hormann-Popa, Greiner-Hormann, Liang-Barsky and Sutherland-Hodgman_ methods or to perform boolean operations between (composite) polygons, functions to simplify_ or linearize a path of LatLon points (or a numpy array), including implementations of the Ramer-Douglas-Peucker, Visvalingam-Whyatt_ and Reumann-Witkam_ algorithms and modified versions of the former. Other classes interpolate_ the Height_ of LatLon points and Geoid_ models or compute various Fréchet_ or Hausdorff_ distances.

Installation

To install PyGeodesy, type python[3] -m pip install pygeodesy or python[3] -m easy_install pygeodesy in a terminal or command window.

If the wheel pygeodesy-yy.m.d-py2.py3-none-any.whl is missing in PyPI Download files, download the file from GitHub/dist. Install that with python[3] -m pip install <path-to-downloaded-wheel> and verify with python[3] -m pygeodesy.

Alternatively, download pygeodesy-yy.m.d.tar.gz from PyPI_ or GitHub_, unzip the downloaded file, cd to directory pygeodesy-yy.m.d and type python[3] setup.py install.

To run all PyGeodesy tests, type python[3] test/run.py or type python[3] test/unitTestSuite.py before or after installation.

Dependencies

Installation of Karney's Python package geographiclib_ is optional, but required to use modules ellipsoidalKarney and css, azimuthal classes EquidistantKarney and GnomonicKarney and the HeightIDWkarney interpolator.

Both numpy_ and scipy_ must be installed for most Geoid_ and Height_ interpolators, except GeoidKarney and the HeigthIDW... ones.

Functions and LatLon methods circin6, circum3, circum4_, soddy4, trilaterate3d2 and trilaterate5 do and modules auxilats and rhumb may require numpy_.

Modules ellipsoidalGeodSolve and geodsolve and azimuthal classes EquidistantGeodSolve and GnomonicGeodSolve depend on Karney's C++ utility GeodSolve_ to be executable and set with env variable PYGEODESY_GEODSOLVE or with property Ellipsoid.geodsolve.

Class Intersectool in module geodesici needs Karney's C++ utility IntersectTool_ to be executable and set with env variable PYGEODESY_INTERSECTTOOL.

To compare MGRS results from modules mgrs and testMgrs with Karney's C++ utility GeoConvert_, the latter must be executable and set with env variable PYGEODESY_GEOCONVERT.

Module rhumbsolve needs Karney's C++ utility RhumbSolve_ to be executable and set with env variable PYGEODESY_RHUMBSOLVE or with property Ellipsoid.rhumbsolve.

Documentation

In addition to the pygeodesy package, the PyGeodesy_ distribution files_ contain the tests, the test results (on macOS only) and the complete documentation_ generated by Epydoc_ using command line: `epydoc --html --no-private --no-source --name=pygeodesy --url=... -v pygeodesy``.

Tests

The tests ran with Python 3.13.1 (with geographiclib_ 2.0), 3.12.7 (with geographiclib_ 2.0, numpy_ 2.1.0, scipy_ 1.14.1, GeodSolve_ 2.3, IntersectTool_ 2.3 and RhumbSolve_ 2.3), 3.11.5 (with geographiclib_ 2.0, numpy_ 1.24.2 and scipy_ 1.10.1), Python 3.10.8 (with geographiclib_ 2.0, numpy_ 1.23.3, scipy_ 1.9.1, GeoConvert_ 2.3, GeodSolve_ 2.3), Python 3.9.6 and Python 2.7.18 (with geographiclib_ 1.50, numpy_ 1.16.6, scipy_ 1.2.2, GeoConvert_ 2.3, GeodSolve_ 2.3, IntersectTool_ 2.3 and RhumbSolve_ 2.3), all on macOS 14.6.1 Sonoma in 64-bit.

All tests ran with and without lazy import for Python 3 and with command line option -W default and env variable PYGEODESY_WARNINGS=on for all Python versions. The results of those tests are included in the distribution files.

Python 3.13.1, 3.12.7, 3.11.5 and 3.10.8 run on Apple M1 Silicon (arm64), natively. Python 2.7.18 runs on Intel (x86_64) or Intel emulation ("arm64_x86_64", see function pygeodesy.machine_).

Test coverage has been measured with coverage_ 7.6.1 using Python 3.13.1, 3.12.7, 3.11.5 and 3.10.8. The complete coverage report in HTML and a PDF summary are included in the distribution files.

The tests also ran with Python 3.13.1 (and geographiclib_ 2.0) on Debian 12_ in 64-bit only and with Python 3.12.5 (and geographiclib_ 2.0) on Windows 2019Server_ in 64-bit only and with Python 2.7.18 (and with geographiclib_ 1.52) on Windows 10_ in 64- and 32-bit.

A single-File and single-Directory application with pygeodesy has been bundled using PyInstaller_ 3.4 and 64-bit Python 3.7.4 and 3.7.3 on macOS 10.13.6 High Sierra.

Previously, the tests were run with Python 3.13.0, 3.12.0-6, 3.11.2-4, 3.10.1-7, 3.9.1, 3.8.7, 3.7.1, 2.7.15, PyPy_ 7.3.12 (Python 3.10.12), 7.3.1 (Python 3.6.9) and PyPy_ 7.1.1 (Python 2.7.13) (and geographiclib_ 1.52, numpy_ 1.16.3, 1.16.4, 1.16.6, 1.19.0, 1.19.4, 1.19.5 or 1.22.4 and scipy_ 1.2.1, 1.4.1, 1.5.2 or 1.8.1) on Ubuntu 16.04, with Python 3.10.0-1, 3.9.0-5, 3.8.0-6, 3.7.2-6, 3.7.0, 3.6.2-5, 3.5.3, 2.7.13-17, 2.7.10 and 2.6.9 (and numpy_ 1.19.0, 1.16.5, 1.16.2, 1.15.2, 1.14.0, 1.13.1, 1.8.0rc1 or 1.6.2 and scipy_ 1.5.0), PyPy_ 7.3.0 (Python 2.7.13 and 3.6.9), PyPy_ 6.0.0 (Python 2.7.13 and 3.5.3) and Intel-Python_ 3.5.3 (and numpy_ 1.11.3) on macOS 14.0-5 Sonoma, 13.0-5.2 Ventura, 12.1-6 Monterey, 11.0-5.2-6.1 Big Sur (aka 10.16), 10.15.3, 10.15.5-7 Catalina, 10.14 Mojave, 10.13.6 High Sierra and 10.12 Sierra, MacOS X 10.11 El Capitan and/or MacOS X 10.10 Yosemite, with Pythonista_ 3.2 (with geographiclib 1.50 or 1.49 and numpy 1.8.0) on iOS 14.4.2, 11.4.1, 12.0-3 on iPad4, iPhone6, iPhone10 and/or iPhone12, with Pythonista_ 3.1 on iOS 10.3.3, 11.0.3, 11.1.2 and 11.3 on iPad4, all in 64-bit only and with 32-bit Python 2.7.14 on Windows Server 2012R2, Windows 10 Pro and 32-bit Python 2.6.6 on Windows XP SP3.

Notes

All Python source code has been statically checked_ with PyChecker_, PyFlakes_, PyCodeStyle_ (formerly Pep8) and McCabe_ using Python 2.7.18 and with Flake8_ using Python 3.11.5, both in 64-bit on macOS 14.6.1 Sonoma.

For a summary of all Karney-based functionality in pygeodesy, see module karney_.

Last updated: Jan 09, 2025.

License

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

.. image:: https://Img.Shields.io/pypi/pyversions/pygeodesy.svg?label=Python :target: https://PyPI.org/project/pygeodesy .. image:: https://Img.Shields.io/pypi/v/pygeodesy.svg?label=PyPI :target: https://PyPI.org/project/pygeodesy .. image:: https://Img.Shields.io/appveyor/ci/mrJean1/PyGeodesy.svg?branch=master&label=AppVeyor :target: https://CI.AppVeyor.com/project/mrJean1/PyGeodesy/branch/master .. image:: https://Img.Shields.io/cirrus/github/mrJean1/PyGeodesy?branch=master&label=Cirrus :target: https://Cirrus-CI.com/github/mrJean1/pygeodesy .. image:: https://Img.Shields.io/badge/coverage-95%25-brightgreen :target: https://GitHub.com/mrJean1/PyGeodesy/blob/master/testcoverage.pdf .. image:: https://Img.Shields.io/pypi/wheel/pygeodesy.svg :target: https://PyPI.org/project/pygeodesy/#files .. image:: https://Img.Shields.io/pypi/l/pygeodesy.svg :target: https://PyPI.org/project/pygeodesy .. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/pygeodesy :target: https://PyPI.org/project/pygeodesy

Keywords

AER Albers altitude Andoyer annulus antipode area attitude Authalic auxiliary azimuth azimuthal azimuth-elevation-range bearing bank Barsky Barth beta bi-quadratic boolean cached Cagnoli cartesian Cassini Cassini-Soldner chord circle-intersections circumcenter circumcircle circumradius clip Cohen Cohen-Sutherland Collins composite conformal conic constants contact-triangle Cook Correia cosines-law coverage curvature cylindrical datum deprecation deficit development discrete distance Douglas earth east-north-up eccentricity ECEF elevation ellipsoid ellipsoidal-latitude-beta ellipsoidal-longitude-omega elliptic ENU EPSG equal-area equidistant equirectangular ETM ETRF Euclidean even-odd-rule ExactTM excess Farrell Farrell-Barth Ferrari-solution Field-Of-View flattening fma fmath footprint Forster Forster-Hormann-Popa Forsythe FOV fractional Frechet Fréchet frustum Fsum fused-multiply-add GARS geocentric GeoConvert GeodesicExact geodesy geodetic GeodSolve GeodTest geographiclib Geohash geoid geoidHeight GeoidHeights georef Girard gnomonic gons grades gradians Greiner Greiner-Hormann Hartzell Hausdorff Haversine heading hectare height Heikkinen Heron Hodgman horizon Hormann Hubeny IDW incenter incirle infix_@_operator inradius intermediate interpolate intersect intersection intersection3d intersections IntersectTool Inverse-Distance-Weighting Isometric ITRF Jacobi Jacobi-Conformal Jarque-Bera Jekel Karney Krueger Krüger kurtosis Lambert latitude law-of-cosines least-squares Lesh L_Huilier LHuilier Liang Liang-Barsky linearize Line-Of-Sight LocalCartesian local-tangent-plane local-x-y-z longitude LOS loxodrome lstsq LTP lune LV03 LV95 mean memoize memoized Mercator Meeus MGRS nearest NED Niemeyer non-finite normalize Norrdine north-east-down numpy n-vector Nvector oblate omega orthographic orthometric-height OSGB OSGR overlap parallel parallel-of-latitude Parametric path-intersection perimeter Peucker Pierlot pitch plumb Point-Of-View polar Popa POV precision-cubic-root precision-hypotenuse precision-powers precision-running-summation precision-square-root precision-summation prolate Pseudo-Mercator pygeodesy PyInstaller PyPy quartic radical radii radius Ramer Ramer-Douglas-Peucker Rectifying Reduced resect resection Rey-Jer Reumann Reumann-Witkam rhumb RhumbSolve running-linear-regression running-statistics running-stats running-summation scipy secant semi-perimeter sexagecimal simplify skewness Snellius Snellius-Pothenot Snyder Soddy Soddy-circles Soldner sphere sphere-intersections spherical-deficit spherical-excess spherical-triangle squared-quartic standard-deviation stereographic Sudano surface-area Sutherland Sutherland-Hodgman tangent-circles Terrestrial-Reference-Frame Thomas Tienstra tilt TMcoords TMExact toise transverse TransverseMercatorExact TRF triangle triangulate triaxial triaxial-ellipsoid trigonometry trilaterate trilaterate-2d trilaterate-3d TwoProduct TwoSum umbilic-point unit unroll UPS UTM UTM/UPS variance velocities Veness Vermeille viewing-frustum Vincenty Visvalingam Visvalingam-Whyatt volume volumetric Web-Mercator Welford WGRS WGS Whyatt Wildberger Witkam winding-number XYZ yaw You zenzi-cubic zenzi-quartic

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