pygeodesy

========= PyGeodesy

A pure Python implementation of geodesy tools for various ellipsoidal and spherical earth models using precision exact, elliptic, trigonometric, vector-based, iterative and approximate methods for geodetic (lat-/longitude), geocentric (ECEF_ cartesian), local (LTP_) and certain triaxial ellipsoidal_ coordinates.

Transcoded in part from JavaScript originals_ by Chris Veness (C) 2005-2024 and from several C++ classes_ by Charles F.F. Karney (C) 2008-2024 and published under the same MIT License_.

There are four modules for ellipsoidal earth models, ellipsoidalExact, -Karney, -Vincenty and -Nvector and two for spherical ones, sphericalTrigonometry and -Nvector. Each module provides a geodetic LatLon_ and a geocentric Cartesian_ class with methods and functions to compute distance, surface area, perimeter, forward and reverse azimuth, initial and final bearing, intermediate and nearest points, intersections of geodesic, great circle and rhumb lines, circle intersections and secants, 3-point resections_, triangulation, trilateration (by intersection, by overlap and in 3d), conversions and unrolling, among other things.

Also included are modules for conversions to and from Cassini-Soldner, ECEF (Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed cartesian), UTM_ (Universal Transverse Mercator and Exact_), UPS_ (Universal Polar Stereographic) and Web Mercator_ (Pseudo-Mercator) coordinates, MGRS_ (Military Grid Reference System, UTM and UPS) and OSGR_ (British Ordinance Survery Grid Reference) grid references, TRF_ (Terrestrial Reference Frames) and modules to encode and decode EPSG_, Geohashes_, Georefs (WGRS)_ and Garefs (GARS)_.

Other modules provide Albers equal-area_ projections, equidistant_ and other azimuthal projections, Lambert conformal conic projections and positions, functions to clip paths or polygons of LatLon points using the Cohen-Sutherland, Forster-Hormann-Popa, Greiner-Hormann, Liang-Barsky and Sutherland-Hodgman_ methods or to perform boolean operations between (composite) polygons, functions to simplify_ or linearize a path of LatLon points (or a numpy array), including implementations of the Ramer-Douglas-Peucker, Visvalingam-Whyatt_ and Reumann-Witkam_ algorithms and modified versions of the former.

Plus modules and classes to interpolate_ the Height_ of LatLon points and Geoid_ models, compute various Fréchet_ or Hausdorff_ distances or perform boolean operations between (composite) polygons.

For further details see the documentation_, the descriptions of Latitude/Longitude, Vincenty and Vector-based_ geodesy, the original JavaScript source_ or docs_ and Karney's Python geographiclib_ and C++ GeographicLib._

Installation

To install pygeodesy, type python[3] -m pip install pygeodesy or python[3] -m easy_install pygeodesy in a terminal or command window.

If the wheel pygeodesy-yy.m.d-py2.py3-none-any.whl is missing in PyPI Download files, download the file from GitHub/dist. Install that with python[3] -m pip install <path-to-downloaded-wheel> and verify with python[3] -m pygeodesy.

Alternatively, download pygeodesy-yy.m.d.tar.gz from PyPI_ or GitHub_, unzip the downloaded file, cd to directory pygeodesy-yy.m.d and type python[3] setup.py install.

To run all pygeodesy tests, type python[3] test/run.py or type python[3] test/unitTestSuite.py before or after installation.

Dependencies

Installation of Karney's Python package geographiclib_ is optional, but required for module ellipsoidalKarney, azimuthal classes EquidistantKarney and GnomonicKarney and the HeightIDWkarney interpolator.

Both numpy_ and scipy_ must be installed for most Geoid_ and Height_ interpolators, except GeoidKarney and the HeigthIDW... ones.

Functions and LatLon methods circin6, circum3, circum4_ and soddy4 and functions triaxum5 and trilaterate3d2 require numpy_ to be installed, modules auxilats and rhumb may need numpy_.

Modules ellipsoidalGeodSolve and geodsolve and azimuthal classes EquidistantGeodSolve and GnomonicGeodSolve depend on Karney's C++ utility GeodSolve_ to be executable and set with env variable PYGEODESY_GEODSOLVE or with property Ellipsoid.geodsolve.

Class Intersectool in module geodesici needs Karney's C++ utility IntersectTool_ to be executable and set with env variable PYGEODESY_INTERSECTTOOL.

To compare MGRS results from modules mgrs and testMgrs with Karney's C++ utility GeoConvert_, the latter must be executable and set with env variable PYGEODESY_GEOCONVERT.

Module rhumbsolve needs Karney's C++ utility RhumbSolve_ to be executable and set with env variable PYGEODESY_RHUMBSOLVE or with property Ellipsoid.rhumbsolve.

Documentation

In addition to the pygeodesy package, the pygeodesy_ distribution files_ contain the tests, the test results (on macOS only) and the complete documentation_ generated by Epydoc_ using command line: epydoc --html --no-private --no-source --name=pygeodesy --url=... -v pygeodesy.

Tests

The tests ran with Python 3.13.3 (with geographiclib_ 2.0), 3.12.7 (with geographiclib_ 2.0, numpy_ 2.1.0, scipy_ 1.14.1, GeodSolve_ 2.3, IntersectTool_ 2.3 and RhumbSolve_ 2.3), 3.11.5 (with geographiclib_ 2.0, numpy_ 1.24.2 and scipy_ 1.10.1), Python 3.10.8 (with geographiclib_ 2.0, numpy_ 1.23.3, scipy_ 1.9.1, GeoConvert_ 2.3, GeodSolve_ 2.3), Python 3.9.6 and Python 2.7.18 (with geographiclib_ 1.50, numpy_ 1.16.6, scipy_ 1.2.2, GeoConvert_ 2.3, GeodSolve_ 2.3, IntersectTool_ 2.3 and RhumbSolve_ 2.3), all on macOS 15.4.1 Sequoia in 64-bit.

All tests ran with and without lazy import for Python 3 and with command line option -W default and env variable PYGEODESY_WARNINGS=on for all Python versions. The results of those tests are included in the distribution files.

Python 3.13.3, 3.12.7, 3.11.5 and 3.10.8 run on Apple M4 Si (arm64), natively. Python 2.7.18 runs on Intel (x86_64) or Intel emulation ("arm64_x86_64", see function pygeodesy.machine_).

Test coverage has been measured with coverage_ 7.6.1 using Python 3.13.1, 3.12.7, 3.11.5 and 3.10.8. The complete coverage report in HTML and a PDF summary are included in the distribution files.

The tests also ran with Python 3.13.3 (and geographiclib_ 2.0) on Debian 12_ in 64-bit only and with Python 3.12.5 (and geographiclib_ 2.0) on Windows 2019Server_ in 64-bit only and with Python 2.7.18 (and with geographiclib_ 1.52) on Windows 10_ in 64- and 32-bit.

A single-File and single-Directory application with pygeodesy has been bundled using PyInstaller_ 3.4 and 64-bit Python 3.7.4 and 3.7.3 on macOS 10.13.6 High Sierra.

Previously, the tests were run with Python 3.13.0-2, 3.12.0-6, 3.11.2-4, 3.10.1-7, 3.9.1, 3.8.7, 3.7.1, 2.7.15, PyPy_ 7.3.12 (Python 3.10.12), 7.3.1 (Python 3.6.9) and PyPy_ 7.1.1 (Python 2.7.13) (and geographiclib_ 1.52, numpy_ 1.16.3, 1.16.4, 1.16.6, 1.19.0, 1.19.4, 1.19.5 or 1.22.4 and scipy_ 1.2.1, 1.4.1, 1.5.2 or 1.8.1) on Ubuntu 16.04, with Python 3.10.0-1, 3.9.0-5, 3.8.0-6, 3.7.2-6, 3.7.0, 3.6.2-5, 3.5.3, 2.7.13-17, 2.7.10 and 2.6.9 (and numpy_ 1.19.0, 1.16.5, 1.16.2, 1.15.2, 1.14.0, 1.13.1, 1.8.0rc1 or 1.6.2 and scipy_ 1.5.0), PyPy_ 7.3.0 (Python 2.7.13 and 3.6.9), PyPy_ 6.0.0 (Python 2.7.13 and 3.5.3) and Intel-Python_ 3.5.3 (and numpy_ 1.11.3) on macOS 14.0-6.1 Sonoma, 13.0-5.2 Ventura, 12.1-6 Monterey, 11.0-5.2-6.1 Big Sur (aka 10.16), 10.15.3, 10.15.5-7 Catalina, 10.14 Mojave, 10.13.6 High Sierra and 10.12 Sierra, MacOS X 10.11 El Capitan and/or MacOS X 10.10 Yosemite, with Pythonista_ 3.2 (with geographiclib 1.50 or 1.49 and numpy 1.8.0) on iOS 14.4.2, 11.4.1, 12.0-3 on iPad4, iPhone6, iPhone10 and/or iPhone12, with Pythonista_ 3.1 on iOS 10.3.3, 11.0.3, 11.1.2 and 11.3 on iPad4, all in 64-bit only and with 32-bit Python 2.7.14 on Windows Server 2012R2, Windows 10 Pro and 32-bit Python 2.6.6 on Windows XP SP3.

Notes

All Python source code has been statically checked_ with PyChecker_, PyFlakes_, PyCodeStyle_ (formerly Pep8) and McCabe_ using Python 2.7.18 and with Flake8_ using Python 3.11.5, both in 64-bit on macOS 15.4.1 Sequoia.

For a summary of all Karney-based functionality in pygeodesy, see module karney_.

Last updated: May 05, 2025.

License

Copyright (C) 2016-2025 -- mrJean1 at Gmail -- All Rights Reserved.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

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