================ ==================================================================== Package Description ================ ==================================================================== PyNHD_ Navigate and subset NHDPlus (MR and HR) using web services Py3DEP_ Access topographic data through National Map's 3DEP web service PyGeoHydro_ Access NWIS, NID, WQP, eHydro, NLCD, CAMELS, and SSEBop databases PyDaymet_ Access daily, monthly, and annual climate data via Daymet PyGridMET_ Access daily climate data via GridMET PyNLDAS2_ Access hourly NLDAS-2 data via web services HydroSignatures_ A collection of tools for computing hydrological signatures AsyncRetriever_ High-level API for asynchronous requests with persistent caching PyGeoOGC_ Send queries to any ArcGIS RESTful-, WMS-, and WFS-based services PyGeoUtils_ Utilities for manipulating geospatial, (Geo)JSON, and (Geo)TIFF data ================ ====================================================================

PyNHD: Navigate and subset NHDPlus database

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Features

PyNHD is a part of HyRiver <https://github.com/hyriver/HyRiver>__ software stack that is designed to aid in hydroclimate analysis through web services.

This package provides access to several hydro-linked datasets:

StreamCat <https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/streamcat-dataset>__
WaterData <https://api.water.usgs.gov/>__
NHDPlus MR <https://hydro.nationalmap.gov/arcgis/rest/services/nhd/MapServer>__
NHDPlus HR <https://hydro.nationalmap.gov/arcgis/rest/services/NHDPlus_HR/MapServer>__
NLDI <https://api.water.usgs.gov/>__
PyGeoAPI <https://api.water.usgs.gov/>__
GeoConnex <https://geoconnex.internetofwater.dev/>__
Mainstems <https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/63cb38b2d34e06fef14f40ad>__
HUC12 Pour Points <https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/60cb5edfd34e86b938a373f4>__

These web services can be used to navigate and extract vector data from NHDPlus V2 (both mid- and high-resolution) database such as catchments, HUC8, HUC12, GagesII, flowlines, and water bodies.

Moreover, the PyGeoAPI service provides four functionalities:

flow_trace: Trace flow from a starting point to up/downstream direction.
split_catchment: Split the local catchment of a point of interest at the point's location.
elevation_profile: Extract elevation profile along a flow path between two points.
cross_section: Extract cross-section at a point of interest along a flow line.

PyNHD also provides access to the entire NHDPlus dataset for CONUS (L48) via nhdplus_l48 function. You can get any of the 31 layers that are available in the NHDPlus dataset. You can also get NHDPlus Value Added Attributes on Hydroshare <https://www.hydroshare.org/resource/6092c8a62fac45be97a09bfd0b0bf726/>__ and ENHD <https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/60c92503d34e86b9389df1c9>__. These datasets that do not have geometries, include slope and roughness, among other attributes, for all NHD flowlines. You can use nhdplus_vaa and enhd_attrs functions to get these datasets.

Additionally, you can get many more derived attributes at NHD catchment-level through two sources:

Select Attributes for NHDPlus Version 2.1 Reach Catchments from an item on ScienceBase <https://sciencebase.usgs.gov>__
EPA's StreamCat <https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/streamcat-dataset>__ dataset.

They both include hundreds of attributes such as hydroclimate properties, water quality, urbanization, and population. In addition to NHD catchment summaries, they also have their network-accumulated values (both upstream and divergence-routed). You can use nhdplus_attrs, epa_nhd_catchments, streamcat functions to get these datasets.

Additionally, PyNHD offers some extra utilities for processing the NHD flowlines:

flowline_xsection and network_xsection: Get cross-section lines along a flowline at a given spacing or a network of flowlines at a given spacing.
flowline_resample and network_resample: Resample a flowline or network of flowlines based on a given spacing. This is useful for smoothing jagged flowlines similar to those in the NHDPlus database.
prepare_nhdplus: For cleaning up the data frame by, for example, removing tiny networks, adding a to_comid column, and finding terminal flowlines if it doesn't exist.
topoogical_sort: For sorting the river network topologically which is useful for routing and flow accumulation.
vector_accumulation: For computing flow accumulation in a river network. This function is generic, and any routing method can be plugged in.

These utilities are developed based on an R package called nhdplusTools <https://github.com/USGS-R/nhdplusTools>__ and a Python package called nldi-xstool <https://code.usgs.gov/wma/nhgf/toolsteam/nldi-xstool>__.

All functions and classes that request data from web services use async-retriever that offers response caching. By default, the expiration time is set to never expire. All these functions and classes have two optional parameters for controlling the cache: expire_after and disable_caching. You can use expire_after to set the expiration time in seconds. If expire_after is set to -1, the cache will never expire (default). You can use disable_caching if you don't want to use the cached responses. The cached responses are stored in the ./cache/aiohttp_cache.sqlite file.

You can find some example notebooks here <https://github.com/hyriver/HyRiver-examples>__.

Moreover, under the hood, PyNHD uses PyGeoOGC <https://github.com/hyriver/pygeoogc>__ and AsyncRetriever <https://github.com/hyriver/async-retriever>__ packages for making requests in parallel and storing responses in chunks. This improves the reliability and speed of data retrieval significantly.

You can control the request/response caching behavior and verbosity of the package by setting the following environment variables:

HYRIVER_CACHE_NAME: Path to the caching SQLite database for asynchronous HTTP requests. It defaults to ./cache/aiohttp_cache.sqlite
HYRIVER_CACHE_NAME_HTTP: Path to the caching SQLite database for HTTP requests. It defaults to ./cache/http_cache.sqlite
HYRIVER_CACHE_EXPIRE: Expiration time for cached requests in seconds. It defaults to one week.
HYRIVER_CACHE_DISABLE: Disable reading/writing from/to the cache. The default is false.
HYRIVER_SSL_CERT: Path to a SSL certificate file.

For example, in your code before making any requests you can do:

.. code-block:: python

import os

os.environ["HYRIVER_CACHE_NAME"] = "path/to/aiohttp_cache.sqlite"
os.environ["HYRIVER_CACHE_NAME_HTTP"] = "path/to/http_cache.sqlite"
os.environ["HYRIVER_CACHE_EXPIRE"] = "3600"
os.environ["HYRIVER_CACHE_DISABLE"] = "true"
os.environ["HYRIVER_SSL_CERT"] = "path/to/cert.pem"

You can also try using PyNHD without installing it on your system by clicking on the binder badge. A Jupyter Lab instance with the HyRiver stack pre-installed will be launched in your web browser, and you can start coding!

Moreover, requests for additional functionalities can be submitted via issue tracker <https://github.com/hyriver/pynhd/issues>__.

Citation

If you use any of HyRiver packages in your research, we appreciate citations:

.. code-block:: bibtex

@article{Chegini_2021,
    author = {Chegini, Taher and Li, Hong-Yi and Leung, L. Ruby},
    doi = {10.21105/joss.03175},
    journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
    month = {10},
    number = {66},
    pages = {1--3},
    title = {{HyRiver: Hydroclimate Data Retriever}},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2021}
}

Installation

You can install PyNHD using pip after installing libgdal on your system (for example, in Ubuntu run sudo apt install libgdal-dev):

.. code-block:: console

$ pip install pynhd

Alternatively, PyNHD can be installed from the conda-forge repository using Conda <https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/>__ or Mamba <https://github.com/conda-forge/miniforge>__:

.. code-block:: console

$ conda install -c conda-forge pynhd

Quick start

Let's explore the capabilities of NLDI. We need to instantiate the class first:

.. code-block:: python

from pynhd import NLDI, WaterData, NHDPlusHR
import pynhd as nhd

First, let's get the watershed geometry of the contributing basin of a USGS station using NLDI:

.. code-block:: python

nldi = NLDI()
station_id = "01031500"

basin = nldi.get_basins(station_id)

The navigate_byid class method can be used to navigate NHDPlus in both upstream and downstream of any point in the database. Let's get the ComIDs and flowlines of the tributaries and the main river channel upstream of the station.

.. code-block:: python

flw_main = nldi.navigate_byid(
    fsource="nwissite",
    fid=f"USGS-{station_id}",
    navigation="upstreamMain",
    source="flowlines",
    distance=1000,
)

flw_trib = nldi.navigate_byid(
    fsource="nwissite",
    fid=f"USGS-{station_id}",
    navigation="upstreamTributaries",
    source="flowlines",
    distance=1000,
)

We can get other USGS stations upstream (or downstream) of the station and even set a distance limit (in km):

.. code-block:: python

st_all = nldi.navigate_byid(
    fsource="nwissite",
    fid=f"USGS-{station_id}",
    navigation="upstreamTributaries",
    source="nwissite",
    distance=1000,
)

st_d20 = nldi.navigate_byid(
    fsource="nwissite",
    fid=f"USGS-{station_id}",
    navigation="upstreamTributaries",
    source="nwissite",
    distance=20,
)

We can get more information about these stations using GeoConnex:

.. code-block:: python

gcx = GeoConnex("gauges")
stations = st_all.identifier.str.split("-").str[1].unique()
gauges = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    pd.concat(gcx.query({"provider_id": sid}) for sid in stations),
    crs=4326,
)

Instead, we can carry out a spatial query within the basin of interest:

.. code-block:: python

gauges = pynhd.geoconnex(
    item="gauges",
    query={"geometry": basin.geometry.iloc[0]},
)

Now, let's get the HUC12 pour points <https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5762b664e4b07657d19a71ea>__:

.. code-block:: python

pp = nldi.navigate_byid(
    fsource="nwissite",
    fid=f"USGS-{station_id}",
    navigation="upstreamTributaries",
    source="huc12pp",
    distance=1000,
)

.. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hyriver/HyRiver-examples/main/notebooks/_static/nhdplus_navigation.png :target: https://github.com/hyriver/HyRiver-examples/blob/main/notebooks/nhdplus.ipynb :align: center

Also, we can get the slope data for each river segment from the NHDPlus VAA database:

.. code-block:: python

vaa = nhd.nhdplus_vaa("input_data/nhdplus_vaa.parquet")

flw_trib["comid"] = pd.to_numeric(flw_trib.nhdplus_comid)
slope = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    pd.merge(flw_trib, vaa[["comid", "slope"]], left_on="comid", right_on="comid"),
    crs=flw_trib.crs,
)
slope[slope.slope < 0] = np.nan

Additionally, we can obtain cross-section lines along the main river channel with 4 km spacing and width of 2 km using network_xsection as follows:

.. code-block:: python

from pynhd import NHD

distance = 4000  # in meters
width = 2000  # in meters
nhd = NHD("flowline_mr")
main_nhd = nhd.byids("COMID", flw_main.index)
main_nhd = pynhd.prepare_nhdplus(main_nhd, 0, 0, 0, purge_non_dendritic=True)
main_nhd = main_nhd.to_crs("ESRI:102003")
cs = pynhd.network_xsection(main_nhd, distance, width)

Then, we can use Py3DEP <https://github.com/hyriver/py3dep>__ to obtain the elevation profile along the cross-section lines.

Now, let's explore the PyGeoAPI capabilities. There are two ways that you can access PyGeoAPI: PyGeoAPI class and pygeoapi function. The PyGeoAPI class is for querying the database for a single location using tuples and list while the pygeoapi function is for querying the database for multiple locations at once and accepts a geopandas.GeoDataFrame as input. The pygeoapi function is more efficient than the PyGeoAPI class and has a simpler interface. In future versions, the PyGeoAPI class will be deprecated and the pygeoapi function will be the only way to access the database. Let's compare the two, starting by PyGeoAPI:

.. code-block:: python

pygeoapi = PyGeoAPI()

trace = pygeoapi.flow_trace((1774209.63, 856381.68), crs="ESRI:102003", direction="none")

split = pygeoapi.split_catchment((-73.82705, 43.29139), crs=4326, upstream=False)

profile = pygeoapi.elevation_profile(
    [(-103.801086, 40.26772), (-103.80097, 40.270568)],
    numpts=101,
    dem_res=1,
    crs=4326,
)

section = pygeoapi.cross_section((-103.80119, 40.2684), width=1000.0, numpts=101, crs=4326)

Now, let's do the same operations using pygeoapi:

.. code-block:: python

import geopandas as gpd
import shapely.geometry as sgeom
import pynhd as nhd

coords = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    {
        "direction": ["up", "down"],
        "upstream": [True, False],
        "width": [1000.0, 500.0],
        "numpts": [101, 55],
    },
    geometry=[
        sgeom.Point(-73.82705, 43.29139),
        sgeom.Point(-103.801086, 40.26772),
    ],
    crs=4326,
)
trace = nhd.pygeoapi(coords, "flow_trace")
split = nhd.pygeoapi(coords, "split_catchment")
section = nhd.pygeoapi(coords, "cross_section")

coords = gpd.GeoDataFrame(
    {
        "direction": ["up", "down"],
        "upstream": [True, False],
        "width": [1000.0, 500.0],
        "numpts": [101, 55],
        "dem_res": [1, 10],
    },
    geometry=[
        sgeom.MultiPoint([(-103.801086, 40.26772), (-103.80097, 40.270568)]),
        sgeom.MultiPoint([(-102.801086, 39.26772), (-102.80097, 39.270568)]),
    ],
    crs=4326,
)
profile = nhd.pygeoapi(coords, "elevation_profile")

.. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hyriver/HyRiver-examples/main/notebooks/_static/split_catchment.png :target: https://github.com/hyriver/HyRiver-examples/blob/main/notebooks/pygeoapi.ipynb :align: center

Next, we retrieve mid- and high-resolution flowlines within the bounding box of our watershed and compare them using WaterData for mid-resolution, NHDPlusHR for high-resolution.

.. code-block:: python

mr = WaterData("nhdflowline_network")
nhdp_mr = mr.bybox(basin.geometry[0].bounds)

hr = NHDPlusHR("flowline")
nhdp_hr = hr.bygeom(basin.geometry[0].bounds)

.. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hyriver/HyRiver-examples/main/notebooks/_static/hr_mr.png :target: https://github.com/hyriver/HyRiver-examples/blob/main/notebooks/nhdplus.ipynb :align: center

An alternative to WaterData and NHDPlusHR is the NHD class that supports both the mid- and high-resolution NHDPlus V2 data:

.. code-block:: python

mr = NHD("flowline_mr")
nhdp_mr = mr.bygeom(basin.geometry[0].bounds)

hr = NHD("flowline_hr")
nhdp_hr = hr.bygeom(basin.geometry[0].bounds)

Moreover, WaterData can find features within a given radius (in meters) of a point:

.. code-block:: python

eck4 = "+proj=eck4 +lon_0=0 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs"
coords = (-5727797.427596455, 5584066.49330473)
rad = 5e3
flw_rad = mr.bydistance(coords, rad, loc_crs=eck4)
flw_rad = flw_rad.to_crs(eck4)

Instead of getting all features within a radius of the coordinate, we can snap to the closest feature ID using NLDI:

.. code-block:: python

comid_closest = nldi.comid_byloc((x, y), eck4)
flw_closest = nhdp_mr.byid("comid", comid_closest.comid.values[0])

.. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hyriver/HyRiver-examples/main/notebooks/_static/nhdplus_radius.png :target: https://github.com/hyriver/HyRiver-examples/blob/main/notebooks/nhdplus.ipynb :align: center

Since NHDPlus HR is still at the pre-release stage let's use the MR flowlines to demonstrate the vector-based accumulation. Based on a topological sorted river network pynhd.vector_accumulation computes flow accumulation in the network. It returns a data frame that is sorted from upstream to downstream that shows the accumulated flow in each node.

PyNHD has a utility called prepare_nhdplus that identifies such relationships among other things such as fixing some common issues with NHDPlus flowlines. But first, we need to get all the NHDPlus attributes for each ComID since NLDI only provides the flowlines' geometries and ComIDs which is useful for navigating the vector river network data. For getting the NHDPlus database we use WaterData. Let's use the nhdflowline_network layer to get required info.

.. code-block:: python

wd = WaterData("nhdflowline_network")

comids = flw_trib.nhdplus_comid.to_list()
nhdp_trib = wd.byid("comid", comids)
flw = nhd.prepare_nhdplus(nhdp_trib, 0, 0, purge_non_dendritic=False)

To demonstrate the use of routing, let's use nhdplus_attrs function to get a list of available NHDPlus attributes

.. code-block:: python

char = "CAT_RECHG"
area = "areasqkm"

local = nldi.getcharacteristic_byid(comids, "local", char_ids=char)
flw = flw.merge(local[char], left_on="comid", right_index=True)


def runoff_acc(qin, q, a):
    return qin + q * a


flw_r = flw[["comid", "tocomid", char, area]]
runoff = nhd.vector_accumulation(flw_r, runoff_acc, char, [char, area])


def area_acc(ain, a):
    return ain + a


flw_a = flw[["comid", "tocomid", area]]
areasqkm = nhd.vector_accumulation(flw_a, area_acc, area, [area])

runoff /= areasqkm

Since these are catchment-scale characteristics, let's get the catchments then add the accumulated characteristic as a new column and plot the results.

.. code-block:: python

wd = WaterData("catchmentsp")
catchments = wd.byid("featureid", comids)

c_local = catchments.merge(local, left_on="featureid", right_index=True)
c_acc = catchments.merge(runoff, left_on="featureid", right_index=True)

.. image:: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hyriver/HyRiver-examples/main/notebooks/_static/flow_accumulation.png :target: https://github.com/hyriver/HyRiver-examples/blob/main/notebooks/nhdplus.ipynb :align: center

More examples can be found here <https://pygeohydro.readthedocs.io/en/latest/examples.html>__.

Contributing

Contributions are very welcomed. Please read CONTRIBUTING.rst <https://github.com/hyriver/pynhd/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.rst>__ file for instructions.

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