scrape-google-scholar-py

Special thanks to:

API to get search engine results with ease.

---

Scrape data from all Google Scholar pages from a single Python module.

🧐 Why two backends?

1. If you don't want to pay for API. However, I'm not 100% sure if selenium-stealth could handle all CAPTCHAs (although it handles CAPTCHA by Cloudflare) and similar blocks.
2. If you know about SerpApi but don't want to figure out pagination.

SerpApi backend is more reliable because of:

• dedicated team of maintainers
• pool of proxies
• CAPTCHA solvers
• legal part of scraping and more.

🧩 Custom backend supports

1. Organic results (with pagination).
2. Profile results (with pagination).
3. Author + author articles (with pagination), everything except "cited by" graph.
4. Public access mandates metrics. Yes, you can download CSV with one click, however, it doesn't contain a funder link. Script here has it and saves to CSV/JSON.
5. Top publications metrics. Categories is also supported (as function argument). Saves to CSV/JSON. Sub-categories are not yet supported.
6. Journal articles (with pagination).

You can use scholary to parse the data instead. However, it only extracts first 3 points below.

Things custom backend doesn't support yet

1. Organic results filters (case law, sorting, period ranges). You can add those URL parameters yourself (if installing from source) easily to the google_scholar_py/custom_backend/organic_search.py file (line 147 or 136), where driver.get() is being called.
2. Author page -> cited by graph.
3. Extracting journal articles page. The issue to add this page is open.
4. Top publications metrics page. Subcategories are not yet supported, it's in a TODO list.
5. Update cite results page extraction.

🔮 SerpApi backend supports

• Google Scholar Organic
• Google Scholar Profiles
• Google Scholar Author
• Google Scholar Cite

🏗 Custom backend depends on

• selenium-stealth - to bypass CAPTCHAs and render some HTML (like cite results from organic result).
• selectolax - to parse HTML fast. Its the fastest Python parser wrapped around lexbor (parser in pure C).
• pandas - to save extracted data to CSV or JSON, or if you want to analyze the data right away. Save options is used in organic results and top publications, public access mandates pages for now.

All scripts are using headless selenium-stealth to bypass CAPTCHA that appears on Google Scholar, so you need to have a chromedriver. If you're on Linux you may need to do additional troubleshooting if chromedriver won't run properly.

📥Installing

Install via pip:

$ pip install scrape-google-scholar-py

Install from source:

$ git clone https://github.com/dimitryzub/scrape-google-scholar-py.git
$ cd scrape-google-scholar-py
$ python -m venv env && source env/Scripts/activate # windows activation
$ pip install -r requirements.txt

Possible errors that you might encounter

LINUX USERS: If it throws "Web-driver exits unexpectedly" error

Try installing extra dependencies to run chromedriver:

$ apt-get install -y libglib2.0-0 libnss3 libgconf-2-4 libfontconfig1

See resolved issue: [Linux] Web-driver exits unexpectedly using CustomGoogleScholarOrganic() #7

If it throws an error with `selenium-stealth`

error: The 'selenium' distribution was not found and is required by selenium-stealth

Use:

$ pip install selenium-stealth

📝Example usage custom backend

from google_scholar_py import CustomGoogleScholarProfiles
import json

parser = CustomGoogleScholarProfiles()
data = parser.scrape_google_scholar_profiles(
    query='blizzard',
    pagination=False,
    save_to_csv=False,
    save_to_json=False
)
print(json.dumps(data, indent=2))

Google Scholar search operators could also be used

label:computer_vision "Michigan State University"|"U.Michigan"

This query will search all profiles from 2 universities based on "computer vision" query.

JSON output

[
  {
    "name": "Adam Lobel",
    "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=_xwYD2sAAAAJ",
    "affiliations": "Blizzard Entertainment",
    "interests": [
      "Gaming",
      "Emotion regulation"
    ],
    "email": "Verified email at AdamLobel.com",
    "cited_by_count": 3593
  },
  {
    "name": "Daniel Blizzard",
    "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=dk4LWEgAAAAJ",
    "affiliations": "",
    "interests": null,
    "email": null,
    "cited_by_count": 1041
  },
  {
    "name": "Shuo Chen",
    "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=OBf4YnkAAAAJ",
    "affiliations": "Senior Data Scientist, Blizzard Entertainment",
    "interests": [
      "Machine Learning",
      "Data Mining",
      "Artificial Intelligence"
    ],
    "email": "Verified email at cs.cornell.edu",
    "cited_by_count": 725
  },
  {
    "name": "Ian Livingston",
    "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=xBHVqNIAAAAJ",
    "affiliations": "Blizzard Entertainment",
    "interests": [
      "Human-computer interaction",
      "User Experience",
      "Player Experience",
      "User Research",
      "Games"
    ],
    "email": "Verified email at usask.ca",
    "cited_by_count": 652
  },
  {
    "name": "Minli Xu",
    "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=QST5iogAAAAJ",
    "affiliations": "Blizzard Entertainment",
    "interests": [
      "Game",
      "Machine Learning",
      "Data Science",
      "Bioinformatics"
    ],
    "email": "Verified email at blizzard.com",
    "cited_by_count": 541
  },
  {
    "name": "Je Seok Lee",
    "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=vuvtlzQAAAAJ",
    "affiliations": "Blizzard Entertainment",
    "interests": [
      "HCI",
      "Player Experience",
      "Games",
      "Esports"
    ],
    "email": "Verified email at uci.edu",
    "cited_by_count": 386
  },
  {
    "name": "Alisha Ness",
    "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=xQuwVfkAAAAJ",
    "affiliations": "Activision Blizzard",
    "interests": null,
    "email": null,
    "cited_by_count": 324
  },
  {
    "name": "Xingyu (Alfred) Liu",
    "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=VW9ukOwAAAAJ",
    "affiliations": "Blizzard Entertainment",
    "interests": [
      "Machine Learning in Game Development"
    ],
    "email": null,
    "cited_by_count": 256
  },
  {
    "name": "Amanda LL Cullen",
    "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=oqna6OgAAAAJ",
    "affiliations": "Blizzard Entertainment",
    "interests": [
      "Games Studies",
      "Fan Studies",
      "Live Streaming"
    ],
    "email": null,
    "cited_by_count": 247
  },
  {
    "name": "Nicole \"Nikki\" Crenshaw",
    "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=zmRH6E0AAAAJ",
    "affiliations": "Blizzard Entertainment",
    "interests": [
      "MMOs",
      "Neoliberalism",
      "Social Affordances",
      "Identity",
      "Accessibility"
    ],
    "email": "Verified email at uci.edu",
    "cited_by_count": 202
  }
]

📝Example usage SerpApi backend

from google_scholar_py import SerpApiGoogleScholarOrganic
import json

profile_parser = SerpApiGoogleScholarProfiles()
data = profile_parser.scrape_google_scholar_profile_results(
    query='blizzard',
    api_key='your-serpapi-api-key', # https://serpapi.com/manage-api-key
    pagination=False,
    # other params
)
print(json.dumps(data, indent=2))

JSON output

[
  {
    "position": 0,
    "title": "Mining learning and crafting scientific experiments: a literature review on the use of minecraft in education and research",
    "result_id": "61OUs-3P374J",
    "link": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/jeductechsoci.19.2.355.pdf?&seq=1",
    "snippet": "\u2026 Minecraft have aroused the attention of teachers and researchers alike. To gain insights into the applicability of Minecraft, \u2026 our own considerable experience with Minecraft in courses on \u2026",
    "publication_info": {
      "summary": "S Nebel, S Schneider, GD Rey - Journal of Educational Technology & \u2026, 2016 - JSTOR",
      "authors": [
        {
          "name": "S Nebel",
          "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=_WTrwUwAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra",
          "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?author_id=_WTrwUwAAAAJ&engine=google_scholar_author&hl=en", 
          "author_id": "_WTrwUwAAAAJ"
        },
        {
          "name": "S Schneider",
          "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=6Lh4FBMAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra",
          "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?author_id=6Lh4FBMAAAAJ&engine=google_scholar_author&hl=en", 
          "author_id": "6Lh4FBMAAAAJ"
        },
        {
          "name": "GD Rey",
          "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jCilMQoAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra",
          "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?author_id=jCilMQoAAAAJ&engine=google_scholar_author&hl=en", 
          "author_id": "jCilMQoAAAAJ"
        }
      ]
    },
    "resources": [
      {
        "title": "researchgate.net",
        "file_format": "PDF",
        "link": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Steve-Nebel/publication/301232882_Mining_Learning_and_Crafting_Scientific_Experiments_A_Literature_Review_on_the_Use_of_Minecraft_in_Education_and_Research/links/570e709008aed4bec6fddad4/Mining-Learning-and-Crafting-Scientific-Experiments-A-Literature-Review-on-the-Use-of-Minecraft-in-Education-and-Research.pdf"
      }
    ],
    "inline_links": {
      "serpapi_cite_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?engine=google_scholar_cite&q=61OUs-3P374J",
      "cited_by": {
        "total": 358,
        "link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13753940406839825387&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&hl=en",
        "cites_id": "13753940406839825387",
        "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=2005&cites=13753940406839825387&engine=google_scholar&hl=en"
      },
      "related_pages_link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=related:61OUs-3P374J:scholar.google.com/&scioq=minecraft&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
      "serpapi_related_pages_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=0%2C5&engine=google_scholar&hl=en&q=related%3A61OUs-3P374J%3Ascholar.google.com%2F",
      "versions": {
        "total": 10,
        "link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=13753940406839825387&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
        "cluster_id": "13753940406839825387",
        "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=0%2C5&cluster=13753940406839825387&engine=google_scholar&hl=en"
      }
    }
  },
  {
    "position": 1,
    "title": "Minecraft, beyond construction and survival",
    "result_id": "_Lo9erywZPUJ",
    "type": "Pdf",
    "link": "https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:qq694ht6771/WellPlayed-v1n1-11.pdf#page=9",
    "snippet": "\" We\u2019ll keep releasing expansions and keep the game alive, but there needs to be some kind of final version that you can point at and say,\u2018I did this!\u2019... I\u2019m not sure why I feel a need to \u2026",
    "publication_info": {
      "summary": "SC Duncan - 2011 - stacks.stanford.edu",
      "authors": [
        {
          "name": "SC Duncan",
          "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Ypqv_IEAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra",
          "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?author_id=Ypqv_IEAAAAJ&engine=google_scholar_author&hl=en", 
          "author_id": "Ypqv_IEAAAAJ"
        }
      ]
    },
    "resources": [
      {
        "title": "stanford.edu",
        "file_format": "PDF",
        "link": "https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:qq694ht6771/WellPlayed-v1n1-11.pdf#page=9"
      }
    ],
    "inline_links": {
      "serpapi_cite_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?engine=google_scholar_cite&q=_Lo9erywZPUJ",
      "cited_by": {
        "total": 288,
        "link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17682452360514616060&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&hl=en",
        "cites_id": "17682452360514616060",
        "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=2005&cites=17682452360514616060&engine=google_scholar&hl=en"
      },
      "related_pages_link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=related:_Lo9erywZPUJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=minecraft&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
      "serpapi_related_pages_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=0%2C5&engine=google_scholar&hl=en&q=related%3A_Lo9erywZPUJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F",
      "versions": {
        "total": 6,
        "link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=17682452360514616060&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
        "cluster_id": "17682452360514616060",
        "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=0%2C5&cluster=17682452360514616060&engine=google_scholar&hl=en"
      },
      "cached_page_link": "https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:_Lo9erywZPUJ:scholar.google.com/+minecraft&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5"
    }
  },
  {
    "position": 2,
    "title": "Minecraft as a creative tool: A case study",
    "result_id": "wOTRJ8q0KIsJ",
    "link": "https://www.igi-global.com/article/minecraft-as-a-creative-tool/116516",
    "snippet": "\u2026 environment, Minecraft. In the following case study, the authors explored the use of Minecraft in \u2026 The authors demonstrate that Minecraft offers a unique opportunity for students to display \u2026",
    "publication_info": {
      "summary": "M Cipollone, CC Schifter, RA Moffat - International Journal of Game \u2026, 2014 - igi-global.com"
    },
    "resources": [
      {
        "title": "minecraft.school.nz",
        "file_format": "PDF",
        "link": "https://www.minecraft.school.nz/uploads/2/9/6/3/2963069/minecraft-as-a-creative-tool_-a-case-study_cipollone2014.pdf"
      }
    ],
    "inline_links": {
      "serpapi_cite_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?engine=google_scholar_cite&q=wOTRJ8q0KIsJ",
      "cited_by": {
        "total": 102,
        "link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10027463350684869824&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&hl=en",
        "cites_id": "10027463350684869824",
        "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=2005&cites=10027463350684869824&engine=google_scholar&hl=en"
      },
      "related_pages_link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=related:wOTRJ8q0KIsJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=minecraft&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
      "serpapi_related_pages_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=0%2C5&engine=google_scholar&hl=en&q=related%3AwOTRJ8q0KIsJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F",
      "versions": {
        "total": 9,
        "link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10027463350684869824&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
        "cluster_id": "10027463350684869824",
        "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=0%2C5&cluster=10027463350684869824&engine=google_scholar&hl=en"
      }
    }
  },
  {
    "position": 3,
    "title": "Learning mathematics through Minecraft",
    "result_id": "Hh4p5NaYNu0J",
    "link": "https://pubs.nctm.org/abstract/journals/tcm/21/1/article-p56.xml",
    "snippet": "\u2026 Minecraft to explore area and perimeter. First, the teacher reviewed the definition of perimeter and area. Using a class set of iPods with Minecraft \u2026 Minecraft forms a medium to explore \u2026",
    "publication_info": {
      "summary": "B Bos, L Wilder, M Cook, R O'Donnell - Teaching Children \u2026, 2014 - pubs.nctm.org",
      "authors": [
        {
          "name": "B Bos",
          "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DfdRg-8AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra",
          "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?author_id=DfdRg-8AAAAJ&engine=google_scholar_author&hl=en", 
          "author_id": "DfdRg-8AAAAJ"
        }
      ]
    },
    "resources": [
      {
        "title": "researchgate.net",
        "file_format": "PDF",
        "link": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Beth-Bos/publication/267507986_Learning_mathematics_through_Minecraft_Authors/links/545103b80cf249aa53dc8eb2/Learning-mathematics-through-Minecraft-Authors.pdf"
      }
    ],
    "inline_links": {
      "serpapi_cite_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?engine=google_scholar_cite&q=Hh4p5NaYNu0J",
      "cited_by": {
        "total": 120,
        "link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17093017484449619486&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&hl=en",
        "cites_id": "17093017484449619486",
        "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=2005&cites=17093017484449619486&engine=google_scholar&hl=en"
      },
      "related_pages_link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=related:Hh4p5NaYNu0J:scholar.google.com/&scioq=minecraft&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
      "serpapi_related_pages_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=0%2C5&engine=google_scholar&hl=en&q=related%3AHh4p5NaYNu0J%3Ascholar.google.com%2F",
      "versions": {
        "total": 8,
        "link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=17093017484449619486&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
        "cluster_id": "17093017484449619486",
        "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=0%2C5&cluster=17093017484449619486&engine=google_scholar&hl=en"
      }
    }
  },
  {
    "position": 4,
    "title": "A deep hierarchical approach to lifelong learning in minecraft",
    "result_id": "a_Er9i3hDtUJ",
    "link": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/10744",
    "snippet": "We propose a lifelong learning system that has the ability to reuse and transfer knowledge from one task to another while efficiently retaining the previously learned knowledge-base. \u2026",
    "publication_info": {
      "summary": "C Tessler, S Givony, T Zahavy, D Mankowitz\u2026 - Proceedings of the \u2026, 2017 - ojs.aaai.org",
      "authors": [
        {
          "name": "C Tessler",
          "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=7eLKa3IAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra",
          "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?author_id=7eLKa3IAAAAJ&engine=google_scholar_author&hl=en", 
          "author_id": "7eLKa3IAAAAJ"
        },
        {
          "name": "S Givony",
          "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=nlVsO4YAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra",
          "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?author_id=nlVsO4YAAAAJ&engine=google_scholar_author&hl=en", 
          "author_id": "nlVsO4YAAAAJ"
        },
        {
          "name": "T Zahavy",
          "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=9dXN6cMAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra",
          "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?author_id=9dXN6cMAAAAJ&engine=google_scholar_author&hl=en", 
          "author_id": "9dXN6cMAAAAJ"
        },
        {
          "name": "D Mankowitz",
          "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=v84tWxsAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra",
          "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?author_id=v84tWxsAAAAJ&engine=google_scholar_author&hl=en", 
          "author_id": "v84tWxsAAAAJ"
        }
      ]
    },
    "resources": [
      {
        "title": "aaai.org",
        "file_format": "PDF",
        "link": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/10744/10603"
      }
    ],
    "inline_links": {
      "serpapi_cite_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?engine=google_scholar_cite&q=a_Er9i3hDtUJ",
      "cited_by": {
        "total": 364,
        "link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15352455767272452459&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&hl=en",
        "cites_id": "15352455767272452459",
        "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=2005&cites=15352455767272452459&engine=google_scholar&hl=en"
      },
      "related_pages_link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=related:a_Er9i3hDtUJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=minecraft&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
      "serpapi_related_pages_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=0%2C5&engine=google_scholar&hl=en&q=related%3Aa_Er9i3hDtUJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F",
      "versions": {
        "total": 13,
        "link": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=15352455767272452459&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
        "cluster_id": "15352455767272452459",
        "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?as_sdt=0%2C5&cluster=15352455767272452459&engine=google_scholar&hl=en"
      },
      "cached_page_link": "https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:a_Er9i3hDtUJ:scholar.google.com/+minecraft&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5"
    }
  },
  {
    "position": 5,
    "title": "Teaching scientific concepts using a virtual world: Minecraft.",
    "result_id": "Oh88DuoTaLYJ",
    "link": "https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/aeipt.195598",
    "snippet": "Minecraft is a multiplayer sandbox video game based in a virtual world modelled on the real \u2026 of Minecraft lends itself to the teaching of various academic subjects. Minecraft also has a \u2026",
    "publication_info": {
      "summary": "D Short - Teaching science, 2012 - search.informit.org",
      "authors": [
        {
          "name": "D Short",
          "link": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ec_1ZmMAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra",
          "serpapi_scholar_link": "https://serpapi.com/search.json?author_id=ec_1ZmMAAAAJ&engine=google_scholar_author&hl=en", 
          "author_id": "ec_1ZmMAAAAJ"
        }
      ]
    },
    "resources": [
      {
        "title": "academia.edu",
        "file_format": "PDF",
        "link": "https://www.academia.edu/download/31153502/Short-2012-MC-Color-Version.pdf"
      }
    ],
    "inline_links": {
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✍Contributing

Feel free to open an issue:

• what bug you found.
• something isn't working.
• what feature to add.
• anything else related to Google Scholar.

If you find comfortable to open a PR, feel free to do so. Guidelines are simple: conventional commits + code as simple as possible without unnecessary complexity.

There's exists a .gitpod.yaml config if you're using Gitpod.

📜Licence

scrape-google-scholar repository is licensed under MIT license.