GitHub Login API

Package crypto11 enables access to cryptographic keys from PKCS#11 using Go crypto API. 1. Either write a configuration file (see ConfigureFromFile) or define a configuration in your application (see PKCS11Config and Configure). This will identify the PKCS#11 library and token to use, and contain the password (or "PIN" in PKCS#11 terminology) to use if the token requires login. 2. Create keys with GenerateDSAKeyPair, GenerateRSAKeyPair and GenerateECDSAKeyPair. The keys you get back implement the standard Go crypto.Signer interface (and crypto.Decrypter, for RSA). They are automatically persisted under random a randomly generated label and ID (use the Identify method to discover them). 3. Retrieve existing keys with FindKeyPair. The return value is a Go crypto.PrivateKey; it may be converted either to crypto.Signer or to *PKCS11PrivateKeyDSA, *PKCS11PrivateKeyECDSA or *PKCS11PrivateKeyRSA. Note that PKCS#11 session handles must not be used concurrently from multiple threads. Consumers of the Signer interface know nothing of this and expect to be able to sign from multiple threads without constraint. We address this as follows. 1. PKCS11Object captures both the object handle and the slot ID for an object. 2. For each slot we maintain a pool of read-write sessions. The pool expands dynamically up to an (undocumented) limit. 3. Each operation transiently takes a session from the pool. They have exclusive use of the session, meeting PKCS#11's concurrency requirements. The details are, partially, exposed in the API; since the target use case is PKCS#11-unaware operation it may be that the API as it stands isn't good enough for PKCS#11-aware applications. Feedback welcome. See also https://golang.org/pkg/crypto/ The PKCS1v15DecryptOptions SessionKeyLen field is not implemented and an error is returned if it is nonzero. The reason for this is that it is not possible for crypto11 to guarantee the constant-time behavior in the specification. See https://github.com/thalesignite/crypto11/issues/5 for further discussion. Symmetric crypto support via cipher.Block is very slow. You can use the BlockModeCloser API but you must call the Close() interface (not found in cipher.BlockMode). See https://github.com/ThalesIgnite/crypto11/issues/6 for further discussion.

aoscxgo is a golang package that allows users to connect to and configure AOS-CX switches using REST API. The minimum supported firmware version is 10.09. To login to the switch and create a client connection: package main import ( ) } This will login to the switch and create a cookie to use for authentication in further calls. This cookie is stored within the aoscxgo.Client object that will be passed into configuration modules like so: Each API resource will have the following functions (exceptions may vary):

Package main (doc.go) : This is a CLI tool to execute Google Apps Script (GAS) on a terminal. Will you want to develop GAS on your local PC? Generally, when we develop GAS, we have to login to Google using own browser and develop it on the Script Editor. Recently, I have wanted to have more convenient local-environment for developing GAS. So I created this "ggsrun". The main work is to execute GAS on local terminal and retrieve the results from Google. 1. Develops GAS using your terminal and text editor which got accustomed to using. 2. Executes GAS by giving values to your script. 3. Executes GAS made of CoffeeScript. 4. Downloads spreadsheet, document and presentation, while executes GAS, simultaneously. 5. Downloads files from Google Drive and Uploads files to Google Drive. 6. Downloads standalone script and bound script. 7. Downloads all files and folders in a specific folder. 8. Upload script files and create project as standalone script and container-bound script. 9. Update project. 10. Retrieve revision files of Google Docs and retrieve versions of projects. 11. Rearranges scripts in project. 12. Modifies Manifests in project. 13. Seach files in Google Drive using search query and regex. 14. Manage Permissions of files. 15. Get Drive Information. 16. ggsrun got to be able to be used by not only OAuth2, but also Service Account from v1.7.0. You can see the release page https://github.com/tanaikech/ggsrun/releases ggsrun uses Execution API, Web Apps and Drive API on Google. About how to install ggsrun, please check my github repository. https://github.com/tanaikech/ggsrun/ You can read the detail information there. --------------------------------------------------------------- # How to Execute Google Apps Script Using ggsrun When you have the configure file `ggsrun.cfg`, you can execute GAS. If you cannot find it, please download `client_secret.json` and run $ ggsrun auth In the case of using Execution API, $ ggsrun e1 -s sample.gs If you want to execute a function except for `main()` of default, you can use an option like `-f foo`. This command `exe1` can be used to execute a function on project. $ ggsrun e1 -f foo $ ggsrun e2 -s sample.gs At `e2`, you cannot select the executing function except for `main()` of default. `e1`, `e2` and `-s` mean using Execution API and GAS script file name, respectively. Sample codes which are shown here will be used Execution API. At this time, the executing function is `main()`, which is a default, in the script. In the case of using Web Apps, $ ggsrun w -s sample.gs -p password -u [ WebApps URL ] `w` and `-p` mean using Web Apps and password you set at the server side, respectively. Using `-u` it imports Web Apps URL like `-u https://script.google.com/macros/s/#####/exec`. --------------------------------------------------------------- Package main (ggsrun.go) : This file is included all commands and options. Package main (handler.go) : Handler for ggsrun Package main (init.go) : These methods are for reading and writing configuration file (ggsrun.cfg). Package main (materials.go) : Materials for ggsrun. Package main (oauth.go) : Get accesstoken using refreshtoken, and confirm condition of accesstoken. Package main (projectupdater.go) : These methods are for updating project. Package main (scriptrearrange.go) : These methods are for rearranging scripts in a project. Package main (sender.go) : These methods are for sending GAS scripts to Google Drive.

Package ppcerrors enhances the standard errors package and absorbs the design of the github.com/pkg/errors package to meet the specific error-handling needs of PPC Studio projects, which makes it easier to identify, append information to, and log errors that are being passed inside and across the systems. By default, the caller information is not printed when an error is created. For example, the following code wraps an "mock mongodb error" error twice: The default output using fmt.Println(err) will be like this: You will see the error chain in the output orderred from the last wrapped error to the initial error. However, the output does not contain the function name, package path, file path, and line number of each error's occurrence. To print the these information, set ppcerrors.Config.Caller to true: Then the output using fmt.Printf("%+v", err) will be like this: Explanation to the above output: Each error in the chain is printed in three lines: Now you can easily locate where the error occurred in the code and how the error being passed inside and across the systems. See more from the [examples](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/ppc-games/ppcerrors#pkg-examples) For example, defining errors that occur when performing mongo operations: Note: ErrUpdateOneFailed and ErrNoDocumentWasUpdated are type definition structs, not type error. For example, when an error occurs when saving a user to the database, you can use the predefined definition to Wrap an existing error with additional information, or use New to create a new error. For example, to log MongoDB errors in a middleware: For example, defining error codes that are returned to the client in HTTP responses: Note: ErrInternalServerError and ErrUnauthorized are type errorCode structs, not type error. For example, when an error occurs when one user requests the login API: Note: different kinds of errors returned by SaveUser are normalized to ErrInternalServerError. Refer to the example in the HasDefinition section. For example, wrap an error returns from a third-party library: Note: There is no need to initialize a definition for each third-party error when no specific error-handling to that error. For the same reason, there is no need to define an error code if no system cares about that error. But Wrap is always necessary for the purpose of recording where the error occurred.

Package gosecret is(/was originally) a fork of go-libsecret (see https://github.com/gsterjov/go-libsecret and https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gsterjov/go-libsecret). It was forked in order to present bugfixes, actually document the library, conform to more Go-like patterns, and provide missing functionality (as the original seems to be unmaintained). As such, hopefully this library should serve as a more effective libsecret/SecretService interface. Version series `v0.X.X` of this library promises full and non-breaking backwards compatibility/drop-in support of API interaction with the original project. The only changes should be internal optimizations, adding documentation, some file reorganizing, adding Golang module support, etc. -- all transparent from the library API itself. To use this library as a replacement without significantly modifying your code, you can simply use a `replace` directive in your go.mod file: and then run `go mod tidy`. Do NOT use the master branch. For anything. I make no promises on the stability of that branch at any given time. New features will be added to V1 branch, and stable releases will be tagged. V0 branch is reserved only for optimization and bug fixes. Starting from `v1.0.0` onwards, entirely breaking changes can be assumed from the original project. To use the new version, To reflect the absolute breaking changes, the module name changes as well from `libsecret` to `gosecret`. For reference: - A Service allows one to retrieve and operate on/with Session and Collection objects. - A Session allows one to operate on/with Item objects (e.g. parsing/decoding/decrypting them). - A Collection allows one to retrieve and operate on/with Item objects. - An Item allows one to retrieve and operate on/with Secret objects. (Secrets are considered "terminating objects" in this model, and contain actual secret value(s) and metadata). Various interactions are handled by Prompts. So the object hierarchy in THEORY looks kind of like this: And so on. In PRACTICE, however, most users will only have two Collection items (a default "system" one named "login", which usually is unlocked upon login, and a temporary one that may or may not exist, running in memory for the current login session named `session`). Full documentation can be found via inline documentation. Additionally, use either https://pkg.go.dev/r00t2.io/gosecret or https://pkg.go.dev/golang.org/x/tools/cmd/godoc (or `go doc`) in the source root. Note that many functions/methods may return a (r00t2.io/goutils/)multierr.MultiError (https://pkg.go.dev/r00t2.io/goutils/multierr#MultiError), which you may attempt to typeswitch back to a *multierr.MultiErr to receive the original errors in their native error format (MultiError.Errors). The functions/methods which may return a MultiError are noted as such in their individual documentation.

Package saml contains a partial implementation of the SAML standard in golang. SAML is a standard for identity federation, i.e. either allowing a third party to authenticate your users or allowing third parties to rely on us to authenticate their users. In SAML parlance an Identity Provider (IDP) is a service that knows how to authenticate users. A Service Provider (SP) is a service that delegates authentication to an IDP. If you are building a service where users log in with someone else's credentials, then you are a Service Provider. This package supports implementing both service providers and identity providers. The core package contains the implementation of SAML. The package samlsp provides helper middleware suitable for use in Service Provider applications. The package samlidp provides a rudimentary IDP service that is useful for testing or as a starting point for other integrations. Note: between version 0.2.0 and the current master include changes to the API that will break your existing code a little. This change turned some fields from pointers to a single optional struct into the more correct slice of struct, and to pluralize the field name. For example, `IDPSSODescriptor *IDPSSODescriptor` has become `IDPSSODescriptors []IDPSSODescriptor`. This more accurately reflects the standard. The struct `Metadata` has been renamed to `EntityDescriptor`. In 0.2.0 and before, every struct derived from the standard has the same name as in the standard, *except* for `Metadata` which should always have been called `EntityDescriptor`. In various places `url.URL` is now used where `string` was used <= version 0.1.0. In various places where keys and certificates were modeled as `string` <= version 0.1.0 (what was I thinking?!) they are now modeled as `*rsa.PrivateKey`, `*x509.Certificate`, or `crypto.PrivateKey` as appropriate. Let us assume we have a simple web appliation to protect. We'll modify this application so it uses SAML to authenticate users. ```golang package main import "net/http" ``` Each service provider must have an self-signed X.509 key pair established. You can generate your own with something like this: We will use `samlsp.Middleware` to wrap the endpoint we want to protect. Middleware provides both an `http.Handler` to serve the SAML specific URLs and a set of wrappers to require the user to be logged in. We also provide the URL where the service provider can fetch the metadata from the IDP at startup. In our case, we'll use [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), an identity provider designed for testing. ```golang package main import ( ) ``` Next we'll have to register our service provider with the identiy provider to establish trust from the service provider to the IDP. For [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), you can do something like: Naviate to https://www.testshib.org/register.html and upload the file you fetched. Now you should be able to authenticate. The flow should look like this: 1. You browse to `localhost:8000/hello` 1. The middleware redirects you to `https://idp.testshib.org/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO` 1. testshib.org prompts you for a username and password. 1. testshib.org returns you an HTML document which contains an HTML form setup to POST to `localhost:8000/saml/acs`. The form is automatically submitted if you have javascript enabled. 1. The local service validates the response, issues a session cookie, and redirects you to the original URL, `localhost:8000/hello`. 1. This time when `localhost:8000/hello` is requested there is a valid session and so the main content is served. Please see `examples/idp/` for a substantially complete example of how to use the library and helpers to be an identity provider. The SAML standard is huge and complex with many dark corners and strange, unused features. This package implements the most commonly used subset of these features required to provide a single sign on experience. The package supports at least the subset of SAML known as [interoperable SAML](http://saml2int.org). This package supports the Web SSO profile. Message flows from the service provider to the IDP are supported using the HTTP Redirect binding and the HTTP POST binding. Message flows from the IDP to the service provider are supported via the HTTP POST binding. The package supports signed and encrypted SAML assertions. It does not support signed or encrypted requests. The *RelayState* parameter allows you to pass user state information across the authentication flow. The most common use for this is to allow a user to request a deep link into your site, be redirected through the SAML login flow, and upon successful completion, be directed to the originally requested link, rather than the root. Unfortunately, *RelayState* is less useful than it could be. Firstly, it is not authenticated, so anything you supply must be signed to avoid XSS or CSRF. Secondly, it is limited to 80 bytes in length, which precludes signing. (See section 3.6.3.1 of SAMLProfiles.) The SAML specification is a collection of PDFs (sadly): - [SAMLCore](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-core-2.0-os.pdf) defines data types. - [SAMLBindings](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-bindings-2.0-os.pdf) defines the details of the HTTP requests in play. - [SAMLProfiles](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-profiles-2.0-os.pdf) describes data flows. - [SAMLConformance](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-conformance-2.0-os.pdf) includes a support matrix for various parts of the protocol. [TestShib](https://www.testshib.org/) is a testing ground for SAML service and identity providers. Please do not report security issues in the issue tracker. Rather, please contact me directly at ross@kndr.org ([PGP Key `8EA205C01C425FF195A5E9A43FA0768F26FD2554`](https://keybase.io/crewjam)).

Package crypto11 enables access to cryptographic keys from PKCS#11 using Go crypto API. 1. Either write a configuration file (see ConfigureFromFile) or define a configuration in your application (see PKCS11Config and Configure). This will identify the PKCS#11 library and token to use, and contain the password (or "PIN" in PKCS#11 terminology) to use if the token requires login. 2. Create keys with GenerateDSAKeyPair, GenerateRSAKeyPair and GenerateECDSAKeyPair. The keys you get back implement the standard Go crypto.Signer interface (and crypto.Decrypter, for RSA). They are automatically persisted under random a randomly generated label and ID (use the Identify method to discover them). 3. Retrieve existing keys with FindKeyPair. The return value is a Go crypto.PrivateKey; it may be converted either to crypto.Signer or to *PKCS11PrivateKeyDSA, *PKCS11PrivateKeyECDSA or *PKCS11PrivateKeyRSA. Note that PKCS#11 session handles must not be used concurrently from multiple threads. Consumers of the Signer interface know nothing of this and expect to be able to sign from multiple threads without constraint. We address this as follows. 1. PKCS11Object captures both the object handle and the slot ID for an object. 2. For each slot we maintain a pool of read-write sessions. The pool expands dynamically up to an (undocumented) limit. 3. Each operation transiently takes a session from the pool. They have exclusive use of the session, meeting PKCS#11's concurrency requirements. The details are, partially, exposed in the API; since the target use case is PKCS#11-unaware operation it may be that the API as it stands isn't good enough for PKCS#11-aware applications. Feedback welcome. See also https://golang.org/pkg/crypto/ The PKCS1v15DecryptOptions SessionKeyLen field is not implemented and an error is returned if it is nonzero. The reason for this is that it is not possible for crypto11 to guarantee the constant-time behavior in the specification. See https://github.com/thalesignite/crypto11/issues/5 for further discussion. Symmetric crypto support via cipher.Block is very slow. You can use the BlockModeCloser API but you must call the Close() interface (not found in cipher.BlockMode). See https://github.com/ThalesIgnite/crypto11/issues/6 for further discussion.

Package oauth1 is a Go implementation of the OAuth1 spec RFC 5849. It allows end-users to authorize a client (consumer) to access protected resources on their behalf (e.g. login) and allows clients to make signed and authorized requests on behalf of a user (e.g. API calls). It takes design cues from golang.org/x/oauth2, providing an http.Client which handles request signing and authorization. Package oauth1 implements the OAuth1 authorization flow and provides an http.Client which can sign and authorize OAuth1 requests. To implement "Login with X", use the https://github.com/dghubble/gologin packages which provide login handlers for OAuth1 and OAuth2 providers. To call the Twitter, Digits, or Tumblr OAuth1 APIs, use the higher level Go API clients. * https://github.com/dghubble/go-twitter * https://github.com/dghubble/go-digits * https://github.com/benfb/go-tumblr Perform the OAuth 1 authorization flow to ask a user to grant an application access to his/her resources via an access token. 1. When a user performs an action (e.g. "Login with X" button calls "/login" route) get an OAuth1 request token (temporary credentials). 2. Obtain authorization from the user by redirecting them to the OAuth1 provider's authorization URL to grant the application access. Receive the callback from the OAuth1 provider in a handler. 3. Acquire the access token (token credentials) which can later be used to make requests on behalf of the user. Check the examples to see this authorization flow in action from the command line, with Twitter PIN-based login and Tumblr login. Use an access Token to make authorized requests on behalf of a user. Check the examples to see Twitter and Tumblr requests in action.

Package oauth1 is a Go implementation of the OAuth1 spec RFC 5849. It allows end-users to authorize a client (consumer) to access protected resources on their behalf (e.g. login) and allows clients to make signed and authorized requests on behalf of a user (e.g. API calls). It takes design cues from golang.org/x/oauth2, providing an http.Client which handles request signing and authorization. Package oauth1 implements the OAuth1 authorization flow and provides an http.Client which can sign and authorize OAuth1 requests. To implement "Login with X", use the https://github.com/dghubble/gologin packages which provide login handlers for OAuth1 and OAuth2 providers. To call the Twitter, Digits, or Tumblr OAuth1 APIs, use the higher level Go API clients. * https://github.com/dghubble/go-twitter * https://github.com/dghubble/go-digits * https://github.com/benfb/go-tumblr Perform the OAuth 1 authorization flow to ask a user to grant an application access to his/her resources via an access token. 1. When a user performs an action (e.g. "Login with X" button calls "/login" route) get an OAuth1 request token (temporary credentials). 2. Obtain authorization from the user by redirecting them to the OAuth1 provider's authorization URL to grant the application access. Receive the callback from the OAuth1 provider in a handler. 3. Acquire the access token (token credentials) which can later be used to make requests on behalf of the user. Check the examples to see this authorization flow in action from the command line, with Twitter PIN-based login and Tumblr login. Use an access Token to make authorized requests on behalf of a user. Check the examples to see Twitter and Tumblr requests in action.

Package hashauth provides a means of creating a cookie- and url-friendly token containing arbitrary encoded information, with an embedded authentication code that ensures that it was created by you (not forged) and is in its original form (not tampered with). Primary use-cases are login sessions, password reset tokens, and the like. Any situation where you need to provide to the user a token they can present back to you which contains a small amount of data and authentication guarantees. The package provides methods for Encoding, Validating, and Decoding tokens, and also a higher-level API for interacting with HTTP request and response cookies for sessions. Login session example:

Package rod is a high-level driver directly based on DevTools Protocol. This example opens https://github.com/, searches for "git", and then gets the header element which gives the description for Git. Rod use https://golang.org/pkg/context to handle cancelations for IO blocking operations, most times it's timeout. Context will be recursively passed to all sub-methods. For example, methods like Page.Context(ctx) will return a clone of the page with the ctx, all the methods of the returned page will use the ctx if they have IO blocking operations. Page.Timeout or Page.WithCancel is just a shortcut for Page.Context. Of course, Browser or Element works the same way. Shows how we can further customize the browser with the launcher library. Usually you use launcher lib to set the browser's command line flags (switches). Doc for flags: https://peter.sh/experiments/chromium-command-line-switches Shows how to change the retry/polling options that is used to query elements. This is useful when you want to customize the element query retry logic. When rod doesn't have a feature that you need. You can easily call the cdp to achieve it. List of cdp API: https://github.com/moredure/xrod/tree/master/lib/proto Shows how to disable headless mode and debug. Rod provides a lot of debug options, you can set them with setter methods or use environment variables. Doc for environment variables: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/moredure/xrod/lib/defaults We use "Must" prefixed functions to write example code. But in production you may want to use the no-prefix version of them. About why we use "Must" as the prefix, it's similar to https://golang.org/pkg/regexp/#MustCompile Shows how to share a remote object reference between two Eval Shows how to listen for events. Shows how to intercept requests and modify both the request and the response. The entire process of hijacking one request: The --req-> and --res-> are the parts that can be modified. Show how to handle multiple results of an action. Such as when you login a page, the result can be success or wrong password. Example_search shows how to use Search to get element inside nested iframes or shadow DOMs. It works the same as https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-devtools/dom#search Shows how to update the state of the current page. In this example we enable the network domain. Rod uses mouse cursor to simulate clicks, so if a button is moving because of animation, the click may not work as expected. We usually use WaitStable to make sure the target isn't changing anymore. When you want to wait for an ajax request to complete, this example will be useful.

Package saml contains a partial implementation of the SAML standard in golang. SAML is a standard for identity federation, i.e. either allowing a third party to authenticate your users or allowing third parties to rely on us to authenticate their users. In SAML parlance an Identity Provider (IDP) is a service that knows how to authenticate users. A Service Provider (SP) is a service that delegates authentication to an IDP. If you are building a service where users log in with someone else's credentials, then you are a Service Provider. This package supports implementing both service providers and identity providers. The core package contains the implementation of SAML. The package samlsp provides helper middleware suitable for use in Service Provider applications. The package samlidp provides a rudimentary IDP service that is useful for testing or as a starting point for other integrations. Note: between version 0.2.0 and the current master include changes to the API that will break your existing code a little. This change turned some fields from pointers to a single optional struct into the more correct slice of struct, and to pluralize the field name. For example, `IDPSSODescriptor *IDPSSODescriptor` has become `IDPSSODescriptors []IDPSSODescriptor`. This more accurately reflects the standard. The struct `Metadata` has been renamed to `EntityDescriptor`. In 0.2.0 and before, every struct derived from the standard has the same name as in the standard, *except* for `Metadata` which should always have been called `EntityDescriptor`. In various places `url.URL` is now used where `string` was used <= version 0.1.0. In various places where keys and certificates were modeled as `string` <= version 0.1.0 (what was I thinking?!) they are now modeled as `*rsa.PrivateKey`, `*x509.Certificate`, or `crypto.PrivateKey` as appropriate. Let us assume we have a simple web appliation to protect. We'll modify this application so it uses SAML to authenticate users. ```golang package main import "net/http" ``` Each service provider must have an self-signed X.509 key pair established. You can generate your own with something like this: We will use `samlsp.Middleware` to wrap the endpoint we want to protect. Middleware provides both an `http.Handler` to serve the SAML specific URLs and a set of wrappers to require the user to be logged in. We also provide the URL where the service provider can fetch the metadata from the IDP at startup. In our case, we'll use [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), an identity provider designed for testing. ```golang package main import ( ) ``` Next we'll have to register our service provider with the identiy provider to establish trust from the service provider to the IDP. For [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), you can do something like: Naviate to https://www.testshib.org/register.html and upload the file you fetched. Now you should be able to authenticate. The flow should look like this: 1. You browse to `localhost:8000/hello` 1. The middleware redirects you to `https://idp.testshib.org/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO` 1. testshib.org prompts you for a username and password. 1. testshib.org returns you an HTML document which contains an HTML form setup to POST to `localhost:8000/saml/acs`. The form is automatically submitted if you have javascript enabled. 1. The local service validates the response, issues a session cookie, and redirects you to the original URL, `localhost:8000/hello`. 1. This time when `localhost:8000/hello` is requested there is a valid session and so the main content is served. Please see `examples/idp/` for a substantially complete example of how to use the library and helpers to be an identity provider. The SAML standard is huge and complex with many dark corners and strange, unused features. This package implements the most commonly used subset of these features required to provide a single sign on experience. The package supports at least the subset of SAML known as [interoperable SAML](http://saml2int.org). This package supports the Web SSO profile. Message flows from the service provider to the IDP are supported using the HTTP Redirect binding and the HTTP POST binding. Message flows from the IDP to the service provider are supported via the HTTP POST binding. The package supports signed and encrypted SAML assertions. It does not support signed or encrypted requests. The *RelayState* parameter allows you to pass user state information across the authentication flow. The most common use for this is to allow a user to request a deep link into your site, be redirected through the SAML login flow, and upon successful completion, be directed to the originaly requested link, rather than the root. Unfortunately, *RelayState* is less useful than it could be. Firstly, it is not authenticated, so anything you supply must be signed to avoid XSS or CSRF. Secondly, it is limited to 80 bytes in length, which precludes signing. (See section 3.6.3.1 of SAMLProfiles.) The SAML specification is a collection of PDFs (sadly): - [SAMLCore](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-core-2.0-os.pdf) defines data types. - [SAMLBindings](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-bindings-2.0-os.pdf) defines the details of the HTTP requests in play. - [SAMLProfiles](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-profiles-2.0-os.pdf) describes data flows. - [SAMLConformance](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-conformance-2.0-os.pdf) includes a support matrix for various parts of the protocol. [TestShib](https://www.testshib.org/) is a testing ground for SAML service and identity providers. Please do not report security issues in the issue tracker. Rather, please contact me directly at ross@kndr.org ([PGP Key `8EA205C01C425FF195A5E9A43FA0768F26FD2554`](https://keybase.io/crewjam)).

Access cryptographic keys from PKCS#11 using Go crypto API. For simple use: 1. Either write a configuration file (see ConfigureFromFile) or define a configuration in your application (see PKCS11Config and Configure). This will identify the PKCS#11 library and token to use, and contain the password (or "PIN" in PKCS#11 terminology) to use if the token requires login. 2. Create keys with GenerateDSAKeyPair, GenerateRSAKeyPair and GenerateECDSAKeyPair. The keys you get back implement the standard Go crypto.Signer interface (and crypto.Decrypter, for RSA). They are automatically persisted under random a randomly generated label and ID (use the Identify method to discover them). 3. Retrieve existing keys with FindKeyPair. The return value is a Go crypto.PrivateKey; it may be converted either to crypto.Signer or to *PKCS11PrivateKeyDSA, *PKCS11PrivateKeyECDSA or *PKCS11PrivateKeyRSA. Sessions and concurrency: Note that PKCS#11 session handles must not be used concurrently from multiple threads. Consumers of the Signer interface know nothing of this and expect to be able to sign from multiple threads without constraint. We address this as follows. 1. PKCS11Object captures both the object handle and the slot ID for an object. 2. For each slot we maintain a pool of read-write sessions. The pool expands dynamically up to an (undocumented) limit. 3. Each operation transiently takes a session from the pool. They have exclusive use of the session, meeting PKCS#11's concurrency requirements. The details are, partially, exposed in the API; since the target use case is PKCS#11-unaware operation it may be that the API as it stands isn't good enough for PKCS#11-aware applications. Feedback welcome. See also https://golang.org/pkg/crypto/

Package winvault provides primitives for accessing the undocumented Windows Vault API. The package uses the functions exposed by the vaulcli.dll library to access Windows credential vaults. For example this includes the web-credentials vault that is used by Internet Explorer and Edge to store login form information. At the moment, the package provides read-only access to the vault data. As the Windows Vault API is not officially supported nor documented, the main concepts and function signatures have been taken from the following sources:

Package fbmsgr provides an API for interacting with Facebook Messenger. The first step is to create a new Messenger session. Do this as follows, replacing "USER" and "PASS" with your Facebook login credentials: Once you are done with a session you have allocated, you should call Close() on it to clear any resources (e.g. goroutines) that it is using. When sending a message, you specify a receiver by their FBID. The receiver may be another user, or it may be a group. For most methods related to message sending, there is one version of the method for a user and one for a group: To send or retract a typing notification, you might do: To send an attachment such as an image or a video, you can do the following: It is easy to receive events such as incoming messages using the ReadEvent method: With the EventStream API, you can get more fine-grained control over how you receive events. For example, you can read the next minute's worth of events like so: You can also create multiple EventStreams and read from different streams in different places. To list the threads (conversations) a user is in, you can use the Threads method to fetch a subset of threads at a time. For example, you can print out the IDs of every thread as follows:

Package gosnowflake is a pure Go Snowflake driver for the database/sql package. Clients can use the database/sql package directly. For example: Use the Open() function to create a database handle with connection parameters: The Go Snowflake Driver supports the following connection syntaxes (or data source name (DSN) formats): where all parameters must be escaped or use Config and DSN to construct a DSN string. For information about account identifiers, see the Snowflake documentation (https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/admin-account-identifier.html). The following example opens a database handle with the Snowflake account named "my_account" under the organization named "my_organization", where the username is "jsmith", password is "mypassword", database is "mydb", schema is "testschema", and warehouse is "mywh": The connection string (DSN) can contain both connection parameters (described below) and session parameters (https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/parameters.html). The following connection parameters are supported: account <string>: Specifies your Snowflake account, where "<string>" is the account identifier assigned to your account by Snowflake. For information about account identifiers, see the Snowflake documentation (https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide/admin-account-identifier.html). If you are using a global URL, then append the connection group and ".global" (e.g. "<account_identifier>-<connection_group>.global"). The account identifier and the connection group are separated by a dash ("-"), as shown above. This parameter is optional if your account identifier is specified after the "@" character in the connection string. region <string>: DEPRECATED. You may specify a region, such as "eu-central-1", with this parameter. However, since this parameter is deprecated, it is best to specify the region as part of the account parameter. For details, see the description of the account parameter. database: Specifies the database to use by default in the client session (can be changed after login). schema: Specifies the database schema to use by default in the client session (can be changed after login). warehouse: Specifies the virtual warehouse to use by default for queries, loading, etc. in the client session (can be changed after login). role: Specifies the role to use by default for accessing Snowflake objects in the client session (can be changed after login). passcode: Specifies the passcode provided by Duo when using multi-factor authentication (MFA) for login. passcodeInPassword: false by default. Set to true if the MFA passcode is embedded in the login password. Appends the MFA passcode to the end of the password. loginTimeout: Specifies the timeout, in seconds, for login. The default is 60 seconds. The login request gives up after the timeout length if the HTTP response is success. authenticator: Specifies the authenticator to use for authenticating user credentials: To use the internal Snowflake authenticator, specify snowflake (Default). To authenticate through Okta, specify https://<okta_account_name>.okta.com (URL prefix for Okta). To authenticate using your IDP via a browser, specify externalbrowser. To authenticate via OAuth, specify oauth and provide an OAuth Access Token (see the token parameter below). application: Identifies your application to Snowflake Support. insecureMode: false by default. Set to true to bypass the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) certificate revocation check. IMPORTANT: Change the default value for testing or emergency situations only. token: a token that can be used to authenticate. Should be used in conjunction with the "oauth" authenticator. client_session_keep_alive: Set to true have a heartbeat in the background every hour to keep the connection alive such that the connection session will never expire. Care should be taken in using this option as it opens up the access forever as long as the process is alive. ocspFailOpen: true by default. Set to false to make OCSP check fail closed mode. validateDefaultParameters: true by default. Set to false to disable checks on existence and privileges check for Database, Schema, Warehouse and Role when setting up the connection All other parameters are interpreted as session parameters (https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/parameters.html). For example, the TIMESTAMP_OUTPUT_FORMAT session parameter can be set by adding: A complete connection string looks similar to the following: Session-level parameters can also be set by using the SQL command "ALTER SESSION" (https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/alter-session.html). Alternatively, use OpenWithConfig() function to create a database handle with the specified Config. The Go Snowflake Driver honors the environment variables HTTP_PROXY, HTTPS_PROXY and NO_PROXY for the forward proxy setting. NO_PROXY specifies which hostname endings should be allowed to bypass the proxy server, e.g. no_proxy=.amazonaws.com means that Amazon S3 access does not need to go through the proxy. NO_PROXY does not support wildcards. Each value specified should be one of the following: The end of a hostname (or a complete hostname), for example: ".amazonaws.com" or "xy12345.snowflakecomputing.com". An IP address, for example "192.196.1.15". If more than one value is specified, values should be separated by commas, for example: By default, the driver's builtin logger is exposing logrus's FieldLogger and default at INFO level. Users can use SetLogger in driver.go to set a customized logger for gosnowflake package. In order to enable debug logging for the driver, user could use SetLogLevel("debug") in SFLogger interface as shown in demo code at cmd/logger.go. To redirect the logs SFlogger.SetOutput method could do the work. A specific query request ID can be set in the context and will be passed through in place of the default randomized request ID. For example: From 0.5.0, a signal handling responsibility has moved to the applications. If you want to cancel a query/command by Ctrl+C, add a os.Interrupt trap in context to execute methods that can take the context parameter (e.g. QueryContext, ExecContext). See cmd/selectmany.go for the full example. The Go Snowflake Driver now supports the Arrow data format for data transfers between Snowflake and the Golang client. The Arrow data format avoids extra conversions between binary and textual representations of the data. The Arrow data format can improve performance and reduce memory consumption in clients. Snowflake continues to support the JSON data format. The data format is controlled by the session-level parameter GO_QUERY_RESULT_FORMAT. To use JSON format, execute: The valid values for the parameter are: If the user attempts to set the parameter to an invalid value, an error is returned. The parameter name and the parameter value are case-insensitive. This parameter can be set only at the session level. Usage notes: The Arrow data format reduces rounding errors in floating point numbers. You might see slightly different values for floating point numbers when using Arrow format than when using JSON format. In order to take advantage of the increased precision, you must pass in the context.Context object provided by the WithHigherPrecision function when querying. Traditionally, the rows.Scan() method returned a string when a variable of types interface was passed in. Turning on the flag ENABLE_HIGHER_PRECISION via WithHigherPrecision will return the natural, expected data type as well. For some numeric data types, the driver can retrieve larger values when using the Arrow format than when using the JSON format. For example, using Arrow format allows the full range of SQL NUMERIC(38,0) values to be retrieved, while using JSON format allows only values in the range supported by the Golang int64 data type. Users should ensure that Golang variables are declared using the appropriate data type for the full range of values contained in the column. For an example, see below. When using the Arrow format, the driver supports more Golang data types and more ways to convert SQL values to those Golang data types. The table below lists the supported Snowflake SQL data types and the corresponding Golang data types. The columns are: The SQL data type. The default Golang data type that is returned when you use snowflakeRows.Scan() to read data from Arrow data format via an interface{}. The possible Golang data types that can be returned when you use snowflakeRows.Scan() to read data from Arrow data format directly. The default Golang data type that is returned when you use snowflakeRows.Scan() to read data from JSON data format via an interface{}. (All returned values are strings.) The standard Golang data type that is returned when you use snowflakeRows.Scan() to read data from JSON data format directly. Go Data Types for Scan() =================================================================================================================== | ARROW | JSON =================================================================================================================== SQL Data Type | Default Go Data Type | Supported Go Data | Default Go Data Type | Supported Go Data | for Scan() interface{} | Types for Scan() | for Scan() interface{} | Types for Scan() =================================================================================================================== BOOLEAN | bool | string | bool ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VARCHAR | string | string ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DOUBLE | float32, float64 [1] , [2] | string | float32, float64 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INTEGER that | int, int8, int16, int32, int64 | string | int, int8, int16, fits in int64 | [1] , [2] | | int32, int64 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INTEGER that doesn't | int, int8, int16, int32, int64, *big.Int | string | error fit in int64 | [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NUMBER(P, S) | float32, float64, *big.Float | string | float32, float64 where S > 0 | [1] , [2] , [3] , [5] | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATE | time.Time | string | time.Time ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TIME | time.Time | string | time.Time ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TIMESTAMP_LTZ | time.Time | string | time.Time ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TIMESTAMP_NTZ | time.Time | string | time.Time ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TIMESTAMP_TZ | time.Time | string | time.Time ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BINARY | []byte | string | []byte ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ARRAY | string | string ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OBJECT | string | string ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VARIANT | string | string [1] Converting from a higher precision data type to a lower precision data type via the snowflakeRows.Scan() method can lose low bits (lose precision), lose high bits (completely change the value), or result in error. [2] Attempting to convert from a higher precision data type to a lower precision data type via interface{} causes an error. [3] Higher precision data types like *big.Int and *big.Float can be accessed by querying with a context returned by WithHigherPrecision(). [4] You cannot directly Scan() into the alternative data types via snowflakeRows.Scan(), but can convert to those data types by using .Int64()/.String()/.Uint64() methods. For an example, see below. [5] You cannot directly Scan() into the alternative data types via snowflakeRows.Scan(), but can convert to those data types by using .Float32()/.String()/.Float64() methods. For an example, see below. Note: SQL NULL values are converted to Golang nil values, and vice-versa. The following example shows how to retrieve very large values using the math/big package. This example retrieves a large INTEGER value to an interface and then extracts a big.Int value from that interface. If the value fits into an int64, then the code also copies the value to a variable of type int64. Note that a context that enables higher precision must be passed in with the query. If the variable named "rows" is known to contain a big.Int, then you can use the following instead of scanning into an interface and then converting to a big.Int: If the variable named "rows" contains a big.Int, then each of the following fails: Similar code and rules also apply to big.Float values. If you are not sure what data type will be returned, you can use code similar to the following to check the data type of the returned value: Binding allows a SQL statement to use a value that is stored in a Golang variable. Without binding, a SQL statement specifies values by specifying literals inside the statement. For example, the following statement uses the literal value “42“ in an UPDATE statement: With binding, you can execute a SQL statement that uses a value that is inside a variable. For example: The “?“ inside the “VALUES“ clause specifies that the SQL statement uses the value from a variable. Binding data that involves time zones can require special handling. For details, see the section titled "Timestamps with Time Zones". Version 1.3.9 (and later) of the Go Snowflake Driver supports the ability to bind an array variable to a parameter in a SQL INSERT statement. You can use this technique to insert multiple rows in a single batch. As an example, the following code inserts rows into a table that contains integer, float, boolean, and string columns. The example binds arrays to the parameters in the INSERT statement. Note: For alternative ways to load data into the Snowflake database (including bulk loading using the COPY command), see Loading Data into Snowflake (https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide-data-load.html). When you use array binding to insert a large number of values, the driver can improve performance by streaming the data (without creating files on the local machine) to a temporary stage for ingestion. The driver automatically does this when the number of values exceeds a threshold (no changes are needed to user code). In order for the driver to send the data to a temporary stage, the user must have the following privilege on the schema: If the user does not have this privilege, the driver falls back to sending the data with the query to the Snowflake database. In addition, the current database and schema for the session must be set. If these are not set, the CREATE TEMPORARY STAGE command executed by the driver can fail with the following error: For alternative ways to load data into the Snowflake database (including bulk loading using the COPY command), see Loading Data into Snowflake (https://docs.snowflake.com/en/user-guide-data-load.html). Go's database/sql package supports the ability to bind a parameter in a SQL statement to a time.Time variable. However, when the client binds data to send to the server, the driver cannot determine the correct Snowflake date/timestamp data type to associate with the binding parameter. For example: To resolve this issue, a binding parameter flag is introduced that associates any subsequent time.Time type to the DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP_LTZ, TIMESTAMP_NTZ or BINARY data type. The above example could be rewritten as follows: The driver fetches TIMESTAMP_TZ (timestamp with time zone) data using the offset-based Location types, which represent a collection of time offsets in use in a geographical area, such as CET (Central European Time) or UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). The offset-based Location data is generated and cached when a Go Snowflake Driver application starts, and if the given offset is not in the cache, it is generated dynamically. Currently, Snowflake does not support the name-based Location types (e.g. "America/Los_Angeles"). For more information about Location types, see the Go documentation for https://golang.org/pkg/time/#Location. Internally, this feature leverages the []byte data type. As a result, BINARY data cannot be bound without the binding parameter flag. In the following example, sf is an alias for the gosnowflake package: The driver directly downloads a result set from the cloud storage if the size is large. It is required to shift workloads from the Snowflake database to the clients for scale. The download takes place by goroutine named "Chunk Downloader" asynchronously so that the driver can fetch the next result set while the application can consume the current result set. The application may change the number of result set chunk downloader if required. Note this does not help reduce memory footprint by itself. Consider Custom JSON Decoder. Custom JSON Decoder for Parsing Result Set (Experimental) The application may have the driver use a custom JSON decoder that incrementally parses the result set as follows. This option will reduce the memory footprint to half or even quarter, but it can significantly degrade the performance depending on the environment. The test cases running on Travis Ubuntu box show five times less memory footprint while four times slower. Be cautious when using the option. The Go Snowflake Driver supports JWT (JSON Web Token) authentication. To enable this feature, construct the DSN with fields "authenticator=SNOWFLAKE_JWT&privateKey=<your_private_key>", or using a Config structure specifying: The <your_private_key> should be a base64 URL encoded PKCS8 rsa private key string. One way to encode a byte slice to URL base 64 URL format is through the base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString() function. On the server side, you can alter the public key with the SQL command: The <your_public_key> should be a base64 Standard encoded PKI public key string. One way to encode a byte slice to base 64 Standard format is through the base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString() function. To generate the valid key pair, you can execute the following commands in the shell: Note: As of February 2020, Golang's official library does not support passcode-encrypted PKCS8 private key. For security purposes, Snowflake highly recommends that you store the passcode-encrypted private key on the disk and decrypt the key in your application using a library you trust. This feature is available in version 1.3.8 or later of the driver. By default, Snowflake returns an error for queries issued with multiple statements. This restriction helps protect against SQL Injection attacks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_injection). The multi-statement feature allows users skip this restriction and execute multiple SQL statements through a single Golang function call. However, this opens up the possibility for SQL injection, so it should be used carefully. The risk can be reduced by specifying the exact number of statements to be executed, which makes it more difficult to inject a statement by appending it. More details are below. The Go Snowflake Driver provides two functions that can execute multiple SQL statements in a single call: To compose a multi-statement query, simply create a string that contains all the queries, separated by semicolons, in the order in which the statements should be executed. To protect against SQL Injection attacks while using the multi-statement feature, pass a Context that specifies the number of statements in the string. For example: When multiple queries are executed by a single call to QueryContext(), multiple result sets are returned. After you process the first result set, get the next result set (for the next SQL statement) by calling NextResultSet(). The following pseudo-code shows how to process multiple result sets: The function db.ExecContext() returns a single result, which is the sum of the number of rows changed by each individual statement. For example, if your multi-statement query executed two UPDATE statements, each of which updated 10 rows, then the result returned would be 20. Individual row counts for individual statements are not available. The following code shows how to retrieve the result of a multi-statement query executed through db.ExecContext(): Note: Because a multi-statement ExecContext() returns a single value, you cannot detect offsetting errors. For example, suppose you expected the return value to be 20 because you expected each UPDATE statement to update 10 rows. If one UPDATE statement updated 15 rows and the other UPDATE statement updated only 5 rows, the total would still be 20. You would see no indication that the UPDATES had not functioned as expected. The ExecContext() function does not return an error if passed a query (e.g. a SELECT statement). However, it still returns only a single value, not a result set, so using it to execute queries (or a mix of queries and non-query statements) is impractical. The QueryContext() function does not return an error if passed non-query statements (e.g. DML). The function returns a result set for each statement, whether or not the statement is a query. For each non-query statement, the result set contains a single row that contains a single column; the value is the number of rows changed by the statement. If you want to execute a mix of query and non-query statements (e.g. a mix of SELECT and DML statements) in a multi-statement query, use QueryContext(). You can retrieve the result sets for the queries, and you can retrieve or ignore the row counts for the non-query statements. Note: PUT statements are not supported for multi-statement queries. If a SQL statement passed to ExecQuery() or QueryContext() fails to compile or execute, that statement is aborted, and subsequent statements are not executed. Any statements prior to the aborted statement are unaffected. For example, if the statements below are run as one multi-statement query, the multi-statement query fails on the third statement, and an exception is thrown. If you then query the contents of the table named "test", the values 1 and 2 would be present. When using the QueryContext() and ExecContext() functions, golang code can check for errors the usual way. For example: Preparing statements and using bind variables are also not supported for multi-statement queries. The Go Snowflake Driver supports asynchronous execution of SQL statements. Asynchronous execution allows you to start executing a statement and then retrieve the result later without being blocked while waiting. While waiting for the result of a SQL statement, you can perform other tasks, including executing other SQL statements. Most of the steps to execute an asynchronous query are the same as the steps to execute a synchronous query. However, there is an additional step, which is that you must call the WithAsyncMode() function to update your Context object to specify that asynchronous mode is enabled. In the code below, the call to "WithAsyncMode()" is specific to asynchronous mode. The rest of the code is compatible with both asynchronous mode and synchronous mode. The function db.QueryContext() returns an object of type snowflakeRows regardless of whether the query is synchronous or asynchronous. However: The call to the Next() function of snowflakeRows is always synchronous (i.e. blocking). If the query has not yet completed and the snowflakeRows object (named "rows" in this example) has not been filled in yet, then rows.Next() waits until the result set has been filled in. More generally, calls to any Golang SQL API function implemented in snowflakeRows or snowflakeResult are blocking calls, and wait if results are not yet available. (Examples of other synchronous calls include: snowflakeRows.Err(), snowflakeRows.Columns(), snowflakeRows.columnTypes(), snowflakeRows.Scan(), and snowflakeResult.RowsAffected().) Because the example code above executes only one query and no other activity, there is no significant difference in behavior between asynchronous and synchronous behavior. The differences become significant if, for example, you want to perform some other activity after the query starts and before it completes. The example code below starts multiple queries, which run in the background, and then retrieves the results later. This example uses small SELECT statements that do not retrieve enough data to require asynchronous handling. However, the technique works for larger data sets, and for situations where the programmer might want to do other work after starting the queries and before retrieving the results. The Go Snowflake Driver supports the PUT and GET commands. The PUT command copies a file from a local computer (the computer where the Golang client is running) to a stage on the cloud platform. The GET command copies data files from a stage on the cloud platform to a local computer. See the following for information on the syntax and supported parameters: The following example shows how to run a PUT command by passing a string to the db.Query() function: "<local_file>" should include the file path as well as the name. Snowflake recommends using an absolute path rather than a relative path. For example: Different client platforms (e.g. linux, Windows) have different path name conventions. Ensure that you specify path names appropriately. This is particularly important on Windows, which uses the backslash character as both an escape character and as a separator in path names. To send information from a stream (rather than a file) use code similar to the code below. (The ReplaceAll() function is needed on Windows to handle backslashes in the path to the file.) Note: PUT statements are not supported for multi-statement queries. The following example shows how to run a GET command by passing a string to the db.Query() function: "<local_file>" should include the file path as well as the name. Snowflake recommends using an absolute path rather than a relative path. For example:

Package oauth1 is a Go implementation of the OAuth1 spec RFC 5849. It allows end-users to authorize a client (consumer) to access protected resources on their behalf (e.g. login) and allows clients to make signed and authorized requests on behalf of a user (e.g. API calls). It takes design cues from golang.org/x/oauth2, providing an http.Client which handles request signing and authorization. Package oauth1 implements the OAuth1 authorization flow and provides an http.Client which can sign and authorize OAuth1 requests. To implement "Login with X", use the https://github.com/dghubble/gologin packages which provide login handlers for OAuth1 and OAuth2 providers. To call the Twitter, Digits, or Tumblr OAuth1 APIs, use the higher level Go API clients. * https://github.com/dghubble/go-twitter * https://github.com/dghubble/go-digits * https://github.com/benfb/go-tumblr Perform the OAuth 1 authorization flow to ask a user to grant an application access to his/her resources via an access token. 1. When a user performs an action (e.g. "Login with X" button calls "/login" route) get an OAuth1 request token (temporary credentials). 2. Obtain authorization from the user by redirecting them to the OAuth1 provider's authorization URL to grant the application access. Receive the callback from the OAuth1 provider in a handler. 3. Acquire the access token (token credentials) which can later be used to make requests on behalf of the user. Check the examples to see this authorization flow in action from the command line, with Twitter PIN-based login and Tumblr login. Use an access Token to make authorized requests on behalf of a user. Check the examples to see Twitter and Tumblr requests in action.

Package mwclient provides functionality for interacting with the MediaWiki API. go-mwclient is intended for users who are already familiar with (or are willing to learn) the MediaWiki API. It is intended to make dealing with the API more convenient, but not to hide it. go-mwclient v1 uses version 2 of the MW JSON API. In the example below, basic usage of go-mwclient is shown. Create a new Client object with the New() constructor, and then you are ready to start making requests to the API. If you wish to make requests to multiple MediaWiki sites, you must create a Client for each of them. go-mwclient offers a few methods for making arbitrary requests to the API: Get, GetRaw, Post, and PostRaw (see documentation for the methods for details). They all offer the same basic interface: pass a params.Values map (from the cgt.name/pkg/go-mwclient/params package), receive a response and an error. For convenience, go-mwclient offers several methods for making common requests (login, edit, etc.), but these methods are implemented using the same interface. params.Values params.Values is similar to (and a fork of) the standard library's net/url.Values. The reason why params.Values is used instead is that url.Values is based on a map[string][]string, rather than a map[string]string. This is because url.Values must support multiple keys with the same name. The literal syntax for a map[string][]string is rather cumbersome because the value is a slice rather than just a string, and the MediaWiki API actually does not use multiple keys when multiple values for the same key is required. Instead, one key is used and the values are separated by pipes (|). It is therefore very simple to write multi-value values in params.Values literals while params.Values makes it simple to write multi-value values in literals while avoiding the cumbersome []string literals for the most common case where the is only value. See documentation for the params package for more information. Because of the way type identity works in Go, it is possible for callers to pass a plain map[string]string rather than a params.Values. It is only necessary for users to use params.Values directly if they wish to use params.Values's methods. It makes no difference to go-mwclient. If an API call fails it will return an error. Many things can go wrong during an API call: the network could be down, the API could return an unexpected response (if the API was changed), or perhaps there's an error in your API request. If the error is an API error or warning (and you used the "non-Raw" Get and Post methods), then the error/warning(s) will be parsed and returned in either an APIError or an APIWarnings object, both of which implement the error interface. The "Raw" request methods do not check for API errors or warnings. For more information about API errors and warnings, please see https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Errors_and_warnings. If maxlag is enabled, it may be that the API has rejected the requests and the amount of retries (3 by default) have been tried unsuccessfully. In that case, the error will be the variable mwclient.ErrAPIBusy. Other methods than the core ones (i.e., other methods than Get and Post) may return other errors.

Package crypto11 enables access to cryptographic keys from PKCS#11 using Go crypto API. 1. Either write a configuration file (see ConfigureFromFile) or define a configuration in your application (see PKCS11Config and Configure). This will identify the PKCS#11 library and token to use, and contain the password (or "PIN" in PKCS#11 terminology) to use if the token requires login. 2. Create keys with GenerateDSAKeyPair, GenerateRSAKeyPair and GenerateECDSAKeyPair. The keys you get back implement the standard Go crypto.Signer interface (and crypto.Decrypter, for RSA). They are automatically persisted under random a randomly generated label and ID (use the Identify method to discover them). 3. Retrieve existing keys with FindKeyPair. The return value is a Go crypto.PrivateKey; it may be converted either to crypto.Signer or to *PKCS11PrivateKeyDSA, *PKCS11PrivateKeyECDSA or *PKCS11PrivateKeyRSA. Note that PKCS#11 session handles must not be used concurrently from multiple threads. Consumers of the Signer interface know nothing of this and expect to be able to sign from multiple threads without constraint. We address this as follows. 1. PKCS11Object captures both the object handle and the slot ID for an object. 2. For each slot we maintain a pool of read-write sessions. The pool expands dynamically up to an (undocumented) limit. 3. Each operation transiently takes a session from the pool. They have exclusive use of the session, meeting PKCS#11's concurrency requirements. The details are, partially, exposed in the API; since the target use case is PKCS#11-unaware operation it may be that the API as it stands isn't good enough for PKCS#11-aware applications. Feedback welcome. See also https://golang.org/pkg/crypto/ The PKCS1v15DecryptOptions SessionKeyLen field is not implemented and an error is returned if it is nonzero. The reason for this is that it is not possible for crypto11 to guarantee the constant-time behavior in the specification. See https://github.com/thalesignite/crypto11/issues/5 for further discussion. Symmetric crypto support via cipher.Block is very slow. You can use the BlockModeCloser API but you must call the Close() interface (not found in cipher.BlockMode). See https://github.com/ThalesIgnite/crypto11/issues/6 for further discussion.

Package oauth1 is a Go implementation of the OAuth1 spec RFC 5849. It allows end-users to authorize a client (consumer) to access protected resources on their behalf (e.g. login) and allows clients to make signed and authorized requests on behalf of a user (e.g. API calls). It takes design cues from golang.org/x/oauth2, providing an http.Client which handles request signing and authorization. Package oauth1 implements the OAuth1 authorization flow and provides an http.Client which can sign and authorize OAuth1 requests. To implement "Login with X", use the https://github.com/dghubble/gologin packages which provide login handlers for OAuth1 and OAuth2 providers. To call the Twitter, Digits, or Tumblr OAuth1 APIs, use the higher level Go API clients. * https://github.com/dghubble/go-twitter * https://github.com/dghubble/go-digits * https://github.com/benfb/go-tumblr Perform the OAuth 1 authorization flow to ask a user to grant an application access to his/her resources via an access token. 1. When a user performs an action (e.g. "Login with X" button calls "/login" route) get an OAuth1 request token (temporary credentials). 2. Obtain authorization from the user by redirecting them to the OAuth1 provider's authorization URL to grant the application access. Receive the callback from the OAuth1 provider in a handler. 3. Acquire the access token (token credentials) which can later be used to make requests on behalf of the user. Check the examples to see this authorization flow in action from the command line, with Twitter PIN-based login and Tumblr login. Use an access Token to make authorized requests on behalf of a user. Check the examples to see Twitter and Tumblr requests in action.

Package oauth1 is a Go implementation of the OAuth1 spec RFC 5849. It allows end-users to authorize a client (consumer) to access protected resources on their behalf (e.g. login) and allows clients to make signed and authorized requests on behalf of a user (e.g. API calls). It takes design cues from golang.org/x/oauth2, providing an http.Client which handles request signing and authorization. Package oauth1 implements the OAuth1 authorization flow and provides an http.Client which can sign and authorize OAuth1 requests. To implement "Login with X", use the https://github.com/dghubble/gologin packages which provide login handlers for OAuth1 and OAuth2 providers. To call the Twitter, Digits, or Tumblr OAuth1 APIs, use the higher level Go API clients. * https://github.com/dghubble/go-twitter * https://github.com/dghubble/go-digits * https://github.com/benfb/go-tumblr Perform the OAuth 1 authorization flow to ask a user to grant an application access to his/her resources via an access token. 1. When a user performs an action (e.g. "Login with X" button calls "/login" route) get an OAuth1 request token (temporary credentials). 2. Obtain authorization from the user by redirecting them to the OAuth1 provider's authorization URL to grant the application access. Receive the callback from the OAuth1 provider in a handler. 3. Acquire the access token (token credentials) which can later be used to make requests on behalf of the user. Check the examples to see this authorization flow in action from the command line, with Twitter PIN-based login and Tumblr login. Use an access Token to make authorized requests on behalf of a user. Check the examples to see Twitter and Tumblr requests in action.

Package oauth1 is a Go implementation of the OAuth1 spec RFC 5849. It allows end-users to authorize a client (consumer) to access protected resources on their behalf (e.g. login) and allows clients to make signed and authorized requests on behalf of a user (e.g. API calls). It takes design cues from golang.org/x/oauth2, providing an http.Client which handles request signing and authorization. Package oauth1 implements the OAuth1 authorization flow and provides an http.Client which can sign and authorize OAuth1 requests. To implement "Login with X", use the https://github.com/dghubble/gologin packages which provide login handlers for OAuth1 and OAuth2 providers. To call the Twitter, Digits, or Tumblr OAuth1 APIs, use the higher level Go API clients. * https://github.com/dghubble/go-twitter * https://github.com/dghubble/go-digits * https://github.com/benfb/go-tumblr Perform the OAuth 1 authorization flow to ask a user to grant an application access to his/her resources via an access token. 1. When a user performs an action (e.g. "Login with X" button calls "/login" route) get an OAuth1 request token (temporary credentials). 2. Obtain authorization from the user by redirecting them to the OAuth1 provider's authorization URL to grant the application access. Receive the callback from the OAuth1 provider in a handler. 3. Acquire the access token (token credentials) which can later be used to make requests on behalf of the user. Check the examples to see this authorization flow in action from the command line, with Twitter PIN-based login and Tumblr login. Use an access Token to make authorized requests on behalf of a user. Check the examples to see Twitter and Tumblr requests in action.

Package rod is a high-level driver directly based on DevTools Protocol. This example opens https://github.com/, searches for "git", and then gets the header element which gives the description for Git. Rod use https://golang.org/pkg/context to handle cancellations for IO blocking operations, most times it's timeout. Context will be recursively passed to all sub-methods. For example, methods like Page.Context(ctx) will return a clone of the page with the ctx, all the methods of the returned page will use the ctx if they have IO blocking operations. Page.Timeout or Page.WithCancel is just a shortcut for Page.Context. Of course, Browser or Element works the same way. Shows how we can further customize the browser with the launcher library. Usually you use launcher lib to set the browser's command line flags (switches). Doc for flags: https://peter.sh/experiments/chromium-command-line-switches Shows how to change the retry/polling options that is used to query elements. This is useful when you want to customize the element query retry logic. When rod doesn't have a feature that you need. You can easily call the cdp to achieve it. List of cdp API: https://github.com/apedem/rod/tree/master/lib/proto Shows how to disable headless mode and debug. Rod provides a lot of debug options, you can set them with setter methods or use environment variables. Doc for environment variables: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/apedem/rod/lib/defaults We use "Must" prefixed functions to write example code. But in production you may want to use the no-prefix version of them. About why we use "Must" as the prefix, it's similar to https://golang.org/pkg/regexp/#MustCompile Shows how to share a remote object reference between two Eval Shows how to listen for events. Shows how to intercept requests and modify both the request and the response. The entire process of hijacking one request: The --req-> and --res-> are the parts that can be modified. Show how to handle multiple results of an action. Such as when you login a page, the result can be success or wrong password. Example_search shows how to use Search to get element inside nested iframes or shadow DOMs. It works the same as https://developers.google.com/web/tools/chrome-devtools/dom#search Shows how to update the state of the current page. In this example we enable the network domain. Rod uses mouse cursor to simulate clicks, so if a button is moving because of animation, the click may not work as expected. We usually use WaitStable to make sure the target isn't changing anymore. When you want to wait for an ajax request to complete, this example will be useful.

Package vdlog is a simple and modular logger inspired by Winston for NodeJS (https://npmjs.org/package/winston). Package assumes that there are this event levels: - Error is a level for errors that can wake you on 4 hours past midnight - Warn is a level for an unexpected technical or business event happened, customers may be affected, but probably no immediate human intervention is required. On call people won't be called immediately, but support personnel will want to review these issues asap to understand what the impact is. Basically any issue that needs to be tracked but may not require immediate intervention. For example, CPU load is higher than usual, but bot critical. - Info are for things we want to see at high volume in case we need to forensically analyze an issue. System lifecycle events (system start, stop) go here. "Session" lifecycle events (login, logout, etc.) go here. Significant boundary events should be considered as well (e.g. database calls, remote API calls). Typical business exceptions can go here (e.g. login failed due to bad credentials). Any other event you think you'll need to see in production at high volume goes here. - Verbose just about everything that doesn't make the "info" cut... any message that is helpful in tracking the flow through the system and isolating issues, especially during the development and QA phases. We use "debug" level logs for entry/exit of most non-trivial methods and marking interesting events and decision points inside methods. - Debug is for extremely detailed and potentially high volume logs that you don't typically want enabled even during normal development. Examples include dumping a full object hierarchy, logging some state during every iteration of a large loop, etc. - Silly is putting every fart to log. After events emitted, they are all send to buffered channel called `spine`. Than, each event is processed via separate goroutines using Sink functions applied to this event. You can define sink function easily, see the source of `console.go` and `file.go` files. If Sink function returns error, it is processed by `BrokenSinkReporter` function. See minimal example for module usage: See full example for module usage: */

Package oauth1 is a Go implementation of the OAuth1 spec RFC 5849. It allows end-users to authorize a client (consumer) to access protected resources on their behalf (e.g. login) and allows clients to make signed and authorized requests on behalf of a user (e.g. API calls). It takes design cues from golang.org/x/oauth2, providing an http.Client which handles request signing and authorization. Package oauth1 implements the OAuth1 authorization flow and provides an http.Client which can sign and authorize OAuth1 requests. To implement "Login with X", use the https://github.com/dghubble/gologin packages which provide login handlers for OAuth1 and OAuth2 providers. To call the Twitter, Digits, or Tumblr OAuth1 APIs, use the higher level Go API clients. * https://github.com/dghubble/go-twitter * https://github.com/dghubble/go-digits * https://github.com/benfb/go-tumblr Perform the OAuth 1 authorization flow to ask a user to grant an application access to his/her resources via an access token. 1. When a user performs an action (e.g. "Login with X" button calls "/login" route) get an OAuth1 request token (temporary credentials). 2. Obtain authorization from the user by redirecting them to the OAuth1 provider's authorization URL to grant the application access. Receive the callback from the OAuth1 provider in a handler. 3. Acquire the access token (token credentials) which can later be used to make requests on behalf of the user. Check the examples to see this authorization flow in action from the command line, with Twitter PIN-based login and Tumblr login. Use an access Token to make authorized requests on behalf of a user. Check the examples to see Twitter and Tumblr requests in action.

Package saml contains a partial implementation of the SAML standard in golang. SAML is a standard for identity federation, i.e. either allowing a third party to authenticate your users or allowing third parties to rely on us to authenticate their users. In SAML parlance an Identity Provider (IDP) is a service that knows how to authenticate users. A Service Provider (SP) is a service that delegates authentication to an IDP. If you are building a service where users log in with someone else's credentials, then you are a Service Provider. This package supports implementing both service providers and identity providers. The core package contains the implementation of SAML. The package samlsp provides helper middleware suitable for use in Service Provider applications. The package samlidp provides a rudimentary IDP service that is useful for testing or as a starting point for other integrations. Note: between version 0.2.0 and the current master include changes to the API that will break your existing code a little. This change turned some fields from pointers to a single optional struct into the more correct slice of struct, and to pluralize the field name. For example, `IDPSSODescriptor *IDPSSODescriptor` has become `IDPSSODescriptors []IDPSSODescriptor`. This more accurately reflects the standard. The struct `Metadata` has been renamed to `EntityDescriptor`. In 0.2.0 and before, every struct derived from the standard has the same name as in the standard, *except* for `Metadata` which should always have been called `EntityDescriptor`. In various places `url.URL` is now used where `string` was used <= version 0.1.0. In various places where keys and certificates were modeled as `string` <= version 0.1.0 (what was I thinking?!) they are now modeled as `*rsa.PrivateKey`, `*x509.Certificate`, or `crypto.PrivateKey` as appropriate. Let us assume we have a simple web appliation to protect. We'll modify this application so it uses SAML to authenticate users. ```golang package main import "net/http" ``` Each service provider must have an self-signed X.509 key pair established. You can generate your own with something like this: We will use `samlsp.Middleware` to wrap the endpoint we want to protect. Middleware provides both an `http.Handler` to serve the SAML specific URLs and a set of wrappers to require the user to be logged in. We also provide the URL where the service provider can fetch the metadata from the IDP at startup. In our case, we'll use [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), an identity provider designed for testing. ```golang package main import ( ) ``` Next we'll have to register our service provider with the identiy provider to establish trust from the service provider to the IDP. For [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), you can do something like: Naviate to https://www.testshib.org/register.html and upload the file you fetched. Now you should be able to authenticate. The flow should look like this: 1. You browse to `localhost:8000/hello` 1. The middleware redirects you to `https://idp.testshib.org/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO` 1. testshib.org prompts you for a username and password. 1. testshib.org returns you an HTML document which contains an HTML form setup to POST to `localhost:8000/saml/acs`. The form is automatically submitted if you have javascript enabled. 1. The local service validates the response, issues a session cookie, and redirects you to the original URL, `localhost:8000/hello`. 1. This time when `localhost:8000/hello` is requested there is a valid session and so the main content is served. Please see `examples/idp/` for a substantially complete example of how to use the library and helpers to be an identity provider. The SAML standard is huge and complex with many dark corners and strange, unused features. This package implements the most commonly used subset of these features required to provide a single sign on experience. The package supports at least the subset of SAML known as [interoperable SAML](http://saml2int.org). This package supports the Web SSO profile. Message flows from the service provider to the IDP are supported using the HTTP Redirect binding and the HTTP POST binding. Message flows from the IDP to the service provider are supported via the HTTP POST binding. The package supports signed and encrypted SAML assertions. It does not support signed or encrypted requests. The *RelayState* parameter allows you to pass user state information across the authentication flow. The most common use for this is to allow a user to request a deep link into your site, be redirected through the SAML login flow, and upon successful completion, be directed to the originaly requested link, rather than the root. Unfortunately, *RelayState* is less useful than it could be. Firstly, it is not authenticated, so anything you supply must be signed to avoid XSS or CSRF. Secondly, it is limited to 80 bytes in length, which precludes signing. (See section 3.6.3.1 of SAMLProfiles.) The SAML specification is a collection of PDFs (sadly): - [SAMLCore](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-core-2.0-os.pdf) defines data types. - [SAMLBindings](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-bindings-2.0-os.pdf) defines the details of the HTTP requests in play. - [SAMLProfiles](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-profiles-2.0-os.pdf) describes data flows. - [SAMLConformance](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-conformance-2.0-os.pdf) includes a support matrix for various parts of the protocol. [TestShib](https://www.testshib.org/) is a testing ground for SAML service and identity providers. Please do not report security issues in the issue tracker. Rather, please contact me directly at ross@kndr.org ([PGP Key `8EA205C01C425FF195A5E9A43FA0768F26FD2554`](https://keybase.io/tbugai)).

Package saml contains a partial implementation of the SAML standard in golang. SAML is a standard for identity federation, i.e. either allowing a third party to authenticate your users or allowing third parties to rely on us to authenticate their users. In SAML parlance an Identity Provider (IDP) is a service that knows how to authenticate users. A Service Provider (SP) is a service that delegates authentication to an IDP. If you are building a service where users log in with someone else's credentials, then you are a Service Provider. This package supports implementing both service providers and identity providers. The core package contains the implementation of SAML. The package samlsp provides helper middleware suitable for use in Service Provider applications. The package samlidp provides a rudimentary IDP service that is useful for testing or as a starting point for other integrations. Note: between version 0.2.0 and the current master include changes to the API that will break your existing code a little. This change turned some fields from pointers to a single optional struct into the more correct slice of struct, and to pluralize the field name. For example, `IDPSSODescriptor *IDPSSODescriptor` has become `IDPSSODescriptors []IDPSSODescriptor`. This more accurately reflects the standard. The struct `Metadata` has been renamed to `EntityDescriptor`. In 0.2.0 and before, every struct derived from the standard has the same name as in the standard, *except* for `Metadata` which should always have been called `EntityDescriptor`. In various places `url.URL` is now used where `string` was used <= version 0.1.0. In various places where keys and certificates were modeled as `string` <= version 0.1.0 (what was I thinking?!) they are now modeled as `*rsa.PrivateKey`, `*x509.Certificate`, or `crypto.PrivateKey` as appropriate. Let us assume we have a simple web appliation to protect. We'll modify this application so it uses SAML to authenticate users. ```golang package main import "net/http" ``` Each service provider must have an self-signed X.509 key pair established. You can generate your own with something like this: We will use `samlsp.Middleware` to wrap the endpoint we want to protect. Middleware provides both an `http.Handler` to serve the SAML specific URLs and a set of wrappers to require the user to be logged in. We also provide the URL where the service provider can fetch the metadata from the IDP at startup. In our case, we'll use [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), an identity provider designed for testing. ```golang package main import ( ) ``` Next we'll have to register our service provider with the identiy provider to establish trust from the service provider to the IDP. For [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), you can do something like: Naviate to https://www.testshib.org/register.html and upload the file you fetched. Now you should be able to authenticate. The flow should look like this: 1. You browse to `localhost:8000/hello` 1. The middleware redirects you to `https://idp.testshib.org/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO` 1. testshib.org prompts you for a username and password. 1. testshib.org returns you an HTML document which contains an HTML form setup to POST to `localhost:8000/saml/acs`. The form is automatically submitted if you have javascript enabled. 1. The local service validates the response, issues a session cookie, and redirects you to the original URL, `localhost:8000/hello`. 1. This time when `localhost:8000/hello` is requested there is a valid session and so the main content is served. Please see `examples/idp/` for a substantially complete example of how to use the library and helpers to be an identity provider. The SAML standard is huge and complex with many dark corners and strange, unused features. This package implements the most commonly used subset of these features required to provide a single sign on experience. The package supports at least the subset of SAML known as [interoperable SAML](http://saml2int.org). This package supports the Web SSO profile. Message flows from the service provider to the IDP are supported using the HTTP Redirect binding and the HTTP POST binding. Message flows from the IDP to the service provider are supported via the HTTP POST binding. The package supports signed and encrypted SAML assertions. It does not support signed or encrypted requests. The *RelayState* parameter allows you to pass user state information across the authentication flow. The most common use for this is to allow a user to request a deep link into your site, be redirected through the SAML login flow, and upon successful completion, be directed to the originally requested link, rather than the root. Unfortunately, *RelayState* is less useful than it could be. Firstly, it is not authenticated, so anything you supply must be signed to avoid XSS or CSRF. Secondly, it is limited to 80 bytes in length, which precludes signing. (See section 3.6.3.1 of SAMLProfiles.) The SAML specification is a collection of PDFs (sadly): - [SAMLCore](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-core-2.0-os.pdf) defines data types. - [SAMLBindings](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-bindings-2.0-os.pdf) defines the details of the HTTP requests in play. - [SAMLProfiles](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-profiles-2.0-os.pdf) describes data flows. - [SAMLConformance](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-conformance-2.0-os.pdf) includes a support matrix for various parts of the protocol. [TestShib](https://www.testshib.org/) is a testing ground for SAML service and identity providers. Please do not report security issues in the issue tracker. Rather, please contact me directly at ross@kndr.org ([PGP Key `8EA205C01C425FF195A5E9A43FA0768F26FD2554`](https://keybase.io/crewjam)).

Package crypto11 enables access to cryptographic keys from PKCS#11 using Go crypto API. PKCS#11 tokens are accessed via Context objects. Each Context connects to one token. Context objects are created by calling Configure or ConfigureFromFile. In the latter case, the file should contain a JSON representation of a Config. There is support for generating DSA, RSA and ECDSA keys. These keys can be found later using FindKeyPair. All three key types implement the crypto.Signer interface and the RSA keys also implement crypto.Decrypter. RSA keys obtained through FindKeyPair will need a type assertion to be used for decryption. Assert either crypto.Decrypter or SignerDecrypter, as you prefer. Symmetric keys can also be generated. These are found later using FindKey. See the documentation for SecretKey for further information. Note that PKCS#11 session handles must not be used concurrently from multiple threads. Consumers of the Signer interface know nothing of this and expect to be able to sign from multiple threads without constraint. We address this as follows. 1. When a Context is created, a session is created and the user is logged in. This session remains open until the Context is closed, to ensure all object handles remain valid and to avoid repeatedly calling C_Login. 2. The Context also maintains a pool of read-write sessions. The pool expands dynamically as needed, but never beyond the maximum number of r/w sessions supported by the token (as reported by C_GetInfo). If other applications are using the token, a lower limit should be set in the Config. 3. Each operation transiently takes a session from the pool. They have exclusive use of the session, meeting PKCS#11's concurrency requirements. Sessions are returned to the pool afterwards and may be re-used. Behaviour of the pool can be tweaked via Config fields: - PoolWaitTimeout controls how long an operation can block waiting on a session from the pool. A zero value means there is no limit. Timeouts occur if the pool is fully used and additional operations are requested. - MaxSessions sets an upper bound on the number of sessions. If this value is zero, a default maximum is used (see DefaultMaxSessions). In every case the maximum supported sessions as reported by the token is obeyed. The PKCS1v15DecryptOptions SessionKeyLen field is not implemented and an error is returned if it is nonzero. The reason for this is that it is not possible for crypto11 to guarantee the constant-time behavior in the specification. See https://github.com/thalesignite/crypto11/issues/5 for further discussion. Symmetric crypto support via cipher.Block is very slow. You can use the BlockModeCloser API but you must call the Close() interface (not found in cipher.BlockMode). See https://github.com/ThalesIgnite/crypto11/issues/6 for further discussion.

Package main (doc.go) : This is a CLI tool to execute Google Apps Script (GAS) on a terminal. Will you want to develop GAS on your local PC? Generally, when we develop GAS, we have to login to Google using own browser and develop it on the Script Editor. Recently, I have wanted to have more convenient local-environment for developing GAS. So I created this "ggsrun". The main work is to execute GAS on local terminal and retrieve the results from Google. 1. Develops GAS using your terminal and text editor which got accustomed to using. 2. Executes GAS by giving values to your script. 3. Executes GAS made of CoffeeScript. 4. Downloads spreadsheet, document and presentation, while executes GAS, simultaneously. 5. Downloads files from Google Drive and Uploads files to Google Drive. 6. Downloads standalone script and bound script. 7. Downloads all files and folders in a specific folder. 8. Upload script files and create project as standalone script and container-bound script. 9. Update project. 10. Retrieve revision files of Google Docs and retrieve versions of projects. 11. Rearranges scripts in project. 12. Modifies Manifests in project. 13. Seach files in Google Drive using search query and regex. 14. Manage Permissions of files. 15. Get Drive Information. 16. ggsrun got to be able to be used by not only OAuth2, but also Service Account from v1.7.0. You can see the release page https://github.com/tanaikech/ggsrun/releases ggsrun uses Execution API, Web Apps and Drive API on Google. About how to install ggsrun, please check my github repository. https://github.com/tanaikech/ggsrun/ You can read the detail information there. --------------------------------------------------------------- # How to Execute Google Apps Script Using ggsrun When you have the configure file `ggsrun.cfg`, you can execute GAS. If you cannot find it, please download `client_secret.json` and run $ ggsrun auth In the case of using Execution API, $ ggsrun e1 -s sample.gs If you want to execute a function except for `main()` of default, you can use an option like `-f foo`. This command `exe1` can be used to execute a function on project. $ ggsrun e1 -f foo $ ggsrun e2 -s sample.gs At `e2`, you cannot select the executing function except for `main()` of default. `e1`, `e2` and `-s` mean using Execution API and GAS script file name, respectively. Sample codes which are shown here will be used Execution API. At this time, the executing function is `main()`, which is a default, in the script. In the case of using Web Apps, $ ggsrun w -s sample.gs -p password -u [ WebApps URL ] `w` and `-p` mean using Web Apps and password you set at the server side, respectively. Using `-u` it imports Web Apps URL like `-u https://script.google.com/macros/s/#####/exec`. --------------------------------------------------------------- Package main (ggsrun.go) : This file is included all commands and options. Package main (handler.go) : Handler for ggsrun Package main (init.go) : These methods are for reading and writing configuration file (ggsrun.cfg). Package main (materials.go) : Materials for ggsrun. Package main (oauth.go) : Get accesstoken using refreshtoken, and confirm condition of accesstoken. Package main (projectupdater.go) : These methods are for updating project. Package main (scriptrearrange.go) : These methods are for rearranging scripts in a project. Package main (sender.go) : These methods are for sending GAS scripts to Google Drive.

Package saml contains a partial implementation of the SAML standard in golang. SAML is a standard for identity federation, i.e. either allowing a third party to authenticate your users or allowing third parties to rely on us to authenticate their users. In SAML parlance an Identity Provider (IDP) is a service that knows how to authenticate users. A Service Provider (SP) is a service that delegates authentication to an IDP. If you are building a service where users log in with someone else's credentials, then you are a Service Provider. This package supports implementing both service providers and identity providers. The core package contains the implementation of SAML. The package samlsp provides helper middleware suitable for use in Service Provider applications. The package samlidp provides a rudimentary IDP service that is useful for testing or as a starting point for other integrations. Note: between version 0.2.0 and the current master include changes to the API that will break your existing code a little. This change turned some fields from pointers to a single optional struct into the more correct slice of struct, and to pluralize the field name. For example, `IDPSSODescriptor *IDPSSODescriptor` has become `IDPSSODescriptors []IDPSSODescriptor`. This more accurately reflects the standard. The struct `Metadata` has been renamed to `EntityDescriptor`. In 0.2.0 and before, every struct derived from the standard has the same name as in the standard, *except* for `Metadata` which should always have been called `EntityDescriptor`. In various places `url.URL` is now used where `string` was used <= version 0.1.0. In various places where keys and certificates were modeled as `string` <= version 0.1.0 (what was I thinking?!) they are now modeled as `*rsa.PrivateKey`, `*x509.Certificate`, or `crypto.PrivateKey` as appropriate. Let us assume we have a simple web appliation to protect. We'll modify this application so it uses SAML to authenticate users. ```golang package main import "net/http" ``` Each service provider must have an self-signed X.509 key pair established. You can generate your own with something like this: We will use `samlsp.Middleware` to wrap the endpoint we want to protect. Middleware provides both an `http.Handler` to serve the SAML specific URLs and a set of wrappers to require the user to be logged in. We also provide the URL where the service provider can fetch the metadata from the IDP at startup. In our case, we'll use [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), an identity provider designed for testing. ```golang package main import ( ) ``` Next we'll have to register our service provider with the identiy provider to establish trust from the service provider to the IDP. For [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), you can do something like: Naviate to https://www.testshib.org/register.html and upload the file you fetched. Now you should be able to authenticate. The flow should look like this: 1. You browse to `localhost:8000/hello` 1. The middleware redirects you to `https://idp.testshib.org/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO` 1. testshib.org prompts you for a username and password. 1. testshib.org returns you an HTML document which contains an HTML form setup to POST to `localhost:8000/saml/acs`. The form is automatically submitted if you have javascript enabled. 1. The local service validates the response, issues a session cookie, and redirects you to the original URL, `localhost:8000/hello`. 1. This time when `localhost:8000/hello` is requested there is a valid session and so the main content is served. Please see `examples/idp/` for a substantially complete example of how to use the library and helpers to be an identity provider. The SAML standard is huge and complex with many dark corners and strange, unused features. This package implements the most commonly used subset of these features required to provide a single sign on experience. The package supports at least the subset of SAML known as [interoperable SAML](http://saml2int.org). This package supports the Web SSO profile. Message flows from the service provider to the IDP are supported using the HTTP Redirect binding and the HTTP POST binding. Message flows from the IDP to the service provider are supported via the HTTP POST binding. The package supports signed and encrypted SAML assertions. It does not support signed or encrypted requests. The *RelayState* parameter allows you to pass user state information across the authentication flow. The most common use for this is to allow a user to request a deep link into your site, be redirected through the SAML login flow, and upon successful completion, be directed to the originaly requested link, rather than the root. Unfortunately, *RelayState* is less useful than it could be. Firstly, it is not authenticated, so anything you supply must be signed to avoid XSS or CSRF. Secondly, it is limited to 80 bytes in length, which precludes signing. (See section 3.6.3.1 of SAMLProfiles.) The SAML specification is a collection of PDFs (sadly): - [SAMLCore](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-core-2.0-os.pdf) defines data types. - [SAMLBindings](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-bindings-2.0-os.pdf) defines the details of the HTTP requests in play. - [SAMLProfiles](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-profiles-2.0-os.pdf) describes data flows. - [SAMLConformance](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-conformance-2.0-os.pdf) includes a support matrix for various parts of the protocol. [TestShib](https://www.testshib.org/) is a testing ground for SAML service and identity providers. Please do not report security issues in the issue tracker. Rather, please contact me directly at ross@kndr.org ([PGP Key `8EA205C01C425FF195A5E9A43FA0768F26FD2554`](https://keybase.io/crewjam)).

Package oauth1 is a Go implementation of the OAuth1 spec RFC 5849. It allows end-users to authorize a client (consumer) to access protected resources on their behalf (e.g. login) and allows clients to make signed and authorized requests on behalf of a user (e.g. API calls). It takes design cues from golang.org/x/oauth2, providing an http.Client which handles request signing and authorization. Package oauth1 implements the OAuth1 authorization flow and provides an http.Client which can sign and authorize OAuth1 requests. To implement "Login with X", use the https://github.com/dghubble/gologin packages which provide login handlers for OAuth1 and OAuth2 providers. To call the Twitter, Digits, or Tumblr OAuth1 APIs, use the higher level Go API clients. * https://github.com/dghubble/go-twitter * https://github.com/dghubble/go-digits * https://github.com/benfb/go-tumblr Perform the OAuth 1 authorization flow to ask a user to grant an application access to his/her resources via an access token. 1. When a user performs an action (e.g. "Login with X" button calls "/login" route) get an OAuth1 request token (temporary credentials). 2. Obtain authorization from the user by redirecting them to the OAuth1 provider's authorization URL to grant the application access. Receive the callback from the OAuth1 provider in a handler. 3. Acquire the access token (token credentials) which can later be used to make requests on behalf of the user. Check the examples to see this authorization flow in action from the command line, with Twitter PIN-based login and Tumblr login. Use an access Token to make authorized requests on behalf of a user. Check the examples to see Twitter and Tumblr requests in action.

Package oauth1 is a Go implementation of the OAuth1 spec RFC 5849. It allows end-users to authorize a client (consumer) to access protected resources on their behalf (e.g. login) and allows clients to make signed and authorized requests on behalf of a user (e.g. API calls). It takes design cues from golang.org/x/oauth2, providing an http.Client which handles request signing and authorization. Package oauth1 implements the OAuth1 authorization flow and provides an http.Client which can sign and authorize OAuth1 requests. To implement "Login with X", use the https://github.com/dghubble/gologin packages which provide login handlers for OAuth1 and OAuth2 providers. To call the Twitter, Digits, or Tumblr OAuth1 APIs, use the higher level Go API clients. * https://github.com/dghubble/go-twitter * https://github.com/dghubble/go-digits * https://github.com/benfb/go-tumblr Perform the OAuth 1 authorization flow to ask a user to grant an application access to his/her resources via an access token. 1. When a user performs an action (e.g. "Login with X" button calls "/login" route) get an OAuth1 request token (temporary credentials). 2. Obtain authorization from the user by redirecting them to the OAuth1 provider's authorization URL to grant the application access. Receive the callback from the OAuth1 provider in a handler. 3. Acquire the access token (token credentials) which can later be used to make requests on behalf of the user. Check the examples to see this authorization flow in action from the command line, with Twitter PIN-based login and Tumblr login. Use an access Token to make authorized requests on behalf of a user. Check the examples to see Twitter and Tumblr requests in action.

Package saml contains a partial implementation of the SAML standard in golang. SAML is a standard for identity federation, i.e. either allowing a third party to authenticate your users or allowing third parties to rely on us to authenticate their users. In SAML parlance an Identity Provider (IDP) is a service that knows how to authenticate users. A Service Provider (SP) is a service that delegates authentication to an IDP. If you are building a service where users log in with someone else's credentials, then you are a Service Provider. This package supports implementing both service providers and identity providers. The core package contains the implementation of SAML. The package samlsp provides helper middleware suitable for use in Service Provider applications. The package samlidp provides a rudimentary IDP service that is useful for testing or as a starting point for other integrations. Note: between version 0.2.0 and the current master include changes to the API that will break your existing code a little. This change turned some fields from pointers to a single optional struct into the more correct slice of struct, and to pluralize the field name. For example, `IDPSSODescriptor *IDPSSODescriptor` has become `IDPSSODescriptors []IDPSSODescriptor`. This more accurately reflects the standard. The struct `Metadata` has been renamed to `EntityDescriptor`. In 0.2.0 and before, every struct derived from the standard has the same name as in the standard, *except* for `Metadata` which should always have been called `EntityDescriptor`. In various places `url.URL` is now used where `string` was used <= version 0.1.0. In various places where keys and certificates were modeled as `string` <= version 0.1.0 (what was I thinking?!) they are now modeled as `*rsa.PrivateKey`, `*x509.Certificate`, or `crypto.PrivateKey` as appropriate. Let us assume we have a simple web appliation to protect. We'll modify this application so it uses SAML to authenticate users. ```golang package main import "net/http" ``` Each service provider must have an self-signed X.509 key pair established. You can generate your own with something like this: We will use `samlsp.Middleware` to wrap the endpoint we want to protect. Middleware provides both an `http.Handler` to serve the SAML specific URLs and a set of wrappers to require the user to be logged in. We also provide the URL where the service provider can fetch the metadata from the IDP at startup. In our case, we'll use [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), an identity provider designed for testing. ```golang package main import ( ) ``` Next we'll have to register our service provider with the identiy provider to establish trust from the service provider to the IDP. For [testshib.org](https://www.testshib.org/), you can do something like: Naviate to https://www.testshib.org/register.html and upload the file you fetched. Now you should be able to authenticate. The flow should look like this: 1. You browse to `localhost:8000/hello` 1. The middleware redirects you to `https://idp.testshib.org/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO` 1. testshib.org prompts you for a username and password. 1. testshib.org returns you an HTML document which contains an HTML form setup to POST to `localhost:8000/saml/acs`. The form is automatically submitted if you have javascript enabled. 1. The local service validates the response, issues a session cookie, and redirects you to the original URL, `localhost:8000/hello`. 1. This time when `localhost:8000/hello` is requested there is a valid session and so the main content is served. Please see `examples/idp/` for a substantially complete example of how to use the library and helpers to be an identity provider. The SAML standard is huge and complex with many dark corners and strange, unused features. This package implements the most commonly used subset of these features required to provide a single sign on experience. The package supports at least the subset of SAML known as [interoperable SAML](http://saml2int.org). This package supports the Web SSO profile. Message flows from the service provider to the IDP are supported using the HTTP Redirect binding and the HTTP POST binding. Message flows from the IDP to the service provider are supported via the HTTP POST binding. The package supports signed and encrypted SAML assertions. It does not support signed or encrypted requests. The *RelayState* parameter allows you to pass user state information across the authentication flow. The most common use for this is to allow a user to request a deep link into your site, be redirected through the SAML login flow, and upon successful completion, be directed to the originally requested link, rather than the root. Unfortunately, *RelayState* is less useful than it could be. Firstly, it is not authenticated, so anything you supply must be signed to avoid XSS or CSRF. Secondly, it is limited to 80 bytes in length, which precludes signing. (See section 3.6.3.1 of SAMLProfiles.) The SAML specification is a collection of PDFs (sadly): - [SAMLCore](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-core-2.0-os.pdf) defines data types. - [SAMLBindings](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-bindings-2.0-os.pdf) defines the details of the HTTP requests in play. - [SAMLProfiles](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-profiles-2.0-os.pdf) describes data flows. - [SAMLConformance](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-conformance-2.0-os.pdf) includes a support matrix for various parts of the protocol. [TestShib](https://www.testshib.org/) is a testing ground for SAML service and identity providers. Please do not report security issues in the issue tracker. Rather, please contact me directly at ross@kndr.org ([PGP Key `8EA205C01C425FF195A5E9A43FA0768F26FD2554`](https://keybase.io/crewjam)).