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modernc.org/tk9.0

Package tk9.0 is a CGo-free, cross platform GUI toolkit for Go. It is similar to Tkinter for Python. Also available in _examples/hello.go To execute the above program on any supported target issue something like The CGO_ENABLED=0 is optional and here it only demonstrates the program can be built - or cross-compiled - without CGo. Do I need to install the Tcl/Tk libraries on my system to use this package or programs that import it? No. You still have to have a desktop environment installed on systems where that is not necessarily the case by default. That means some of the unix-like systems. Usually installing any desktop environment, like Gnome, Xfce etc. provides all the required library (.so) files. The minimum is the X Window System and this package was tested to work there, although with all the limitations one can expect in this case. Windows: How to build an executable that doesn't open a console window when run? From the documentation for cmd/link: On Windows, -H windowsgui writes a "GUI binary" instead of a "console binary.". To pass the flag to the Go build system use 'go build -ldflags -H=windowsgui somefile.go', for example. How to set/get the text of a Entry/TEntry widget? Using Textvariable. See the _examples/entry.go example. What does CGo-free really mean? cgo is a tool used by the Go build system when Go code uses the pseudo-import "C". For technical details please see the link. For us it is important that using CGo ends up invoking a C compiler during building of a Go program/package. The C compiler is used to determine exact, possibly locally dependent, values of C preprocessor constants and other defines, as well as the exact layout of C structs. This enables the Go compiler to correctly handle things like, schematically `C.someStruct.someField` appearing in Go code. At runtime a Go program using CGo must switch stacks when calling into C. Additionally the runtime scheduler is made aware of such calls into C. The former is necessary, the later is not, but it is good to have as it improves performance and provides better resource management. There is an evironment variable defined, `CGO_ENABLED`. When the Go build system compiles Go code, it checks for the value of this env var. If it is not set or its value is "1", then CGo is enabled and used when 'import "C"' is encountered. If the env var contains "0", CGo is disabled and programs using 'import "C"' will not compile. After this longish intro we can finally get to the short answer: CGo-free means this package can be compiled with CGO_ENABLED=0. In other words, there's no 'import "C"' clause anywhere. The consequences of being CGo-free follows from the above. The Go build system does not need to invoke a C compiler when compiling this package. Hence users don't have to have a C compiler installed in their machines. There are advantages when a C compiler is not invoked during compilation/build of Go code. Programs can be installed on all targets supported by this package the easy way: '$ go install example.com/foo@latest' and programs for all supported targets can be cross-compiled on all Go-supported targets just by setting the respective env vars, like performing '$ GOOS=darwin GOARCH=arm64 go build' on a Windows/AMD64 machine, for example. How does this package achieve being CGo-free? The answer depends on the particular target in question. Targets supported by purego call into the Tcl/Tk C libraries without using CGo. See the source code at the link for how it is done. On other targets CGo is avoided by transpiling all the C libraries and their transitive dependencies to Go. In both cases the advantages are the same: CGo-free programs are go-installable and CGo-free programs can be cross-compiled without having a C compiler or a cross-C compiler tool chain installed. Does being CGo-free remove the overhead of crossing the Go-C boundary? For the purego targets, no. Only the C compiler is not involved anymore. For other supported targets the boundary for calling Tcl/Tk C API from Go is gone. No free lunches though, the transpilled code has to care about additional things the C code does not need to - with the respective performance penalties, now just in different places. Only selected releases appear here: Consider this program in _examples/debugging.go: Execute the program using the tags as indicated, then close the window or click the Hello button. With the tk.dmesg tag the package initialization prints the debug messages path. So we can view it, for example, like this: 18876 was the process PID in this particular run. Using the tags allows to inspect the Tcl/Tk code executed during the lifetime of the process. These combinations of GOOS and GOARCH are currently supported Specific to FreeBSD: When building with cross-compiling or CGO_ENABLED=0, add the following argument to `go` so that these symbols are defined by making fakecgo the Cgo. Specific to windows/386: There's an open Go issue 54187 that affects issue 54. This target is no more a first-class supported one. Moreover, Windows 11 do not support the 386 architecture at all, meaning Go will eventually stop supporting windows/386 as well. Builder results available at modern-c.appspot.com. At the moment the package is a MVP allowing to build at least some simple, yet useful programs. The full Tk API is not yet usable. Please report needed, but non-exposed Tk features at the issue tracker, thanks. Providing feedback about the missing building blocks, bugs and your user experience is invaluable in helping this package to eventually reach version 1. See also RERO. The ErrorMode variable selects the behaviour on errors for certain functions that do not return error. When ErrorMode is PanicOnError, the default, errors will panic, providing a stack trace. When ErrorMode is CollectErrors, errors will be recorded using errors.Join in the Error variable. Even if a function does not return error, it is still possible to handle errors in the usual way when needed, except that Error is now a static variable. That's a problem in the general case, but less so in this package that must be used from a single goroutine only, as documented elsewhere. This is obviously a compromise enabling to have a way to check for errors and, at the same time, the ability to write concise code like: There are altogether four different places where the call to the Button function can produce errors as additionally to the call itself, every of its three arguments can independently fail as well. Checking each and one of them separately is not always necessary in GUI code. But the explicit option in the first example is still available when needed. There is a centralized theme register in Themes. Theme providers can opt in to call RegisterTheme at package initialization to make themes discoverable at run-time. Clients can use ActivateTheme to apply a theme by name. Example in _examples/azure.go. There is a VNC over wbesockets functionality available for X11 backed hosts. See the tk9.0/vnc package for details. Package initialization is done lazily. This saves noticeable additional startup time and avoids screen flicker in hybrid programs that use the GUI only on demand. (For a hybrid example see _examples/ring.go.) Early package initialization can be enforced by Initialize. Initialization will fail if a Unix process starts on a machine with no X server or the process is started in a way that it has no access to the X server. On the other hand, this package may work on Unix machines with no X server if the process is started remotely using '$ ssh -X foo@bar' and the X forwarding is enabled/supported. Darwin port uses the macOS GUI API and does not use X11. Zero or more options can be specified when creating a widget. For example or Tcl/Tk uses widget pathnames, image and font names explicitly set by user code. This package generates those names automatically and they are not directly needed in code that uses this package. There is, for a example, a Tcl/tk 'text' widget and a '-text' option. This package exports the widget as type 'TextWidget', its constructor as function 'Text' and the option as function 'Txt'. The complete list is: This package should be used only from the same goroutine that initialized the Tcl/Tk system and performed os.LockOSThread before doing so. The initialization happens lazily on the first call to an Tcl/Tk API function or it can be forced by calling Initialize. Note that when running Go tests, the goroutine that executes TestMain is not the same goroutine that executes the Test* functions. The Command() and similar options expect an argument that must be one of: - An EventHandler or a function literal of the same signature. - A func(). This can be used when the handler does not need the associated Event instance. When passing an argument of type time.Durarion to a function accepting 'any', the duration is converted to an integer number of milliseconds. When passing an argument of type image.Image to a function accepting 'any', the image is converted to a encoding/base64 encoded string of the PNG representation of the image. When passing an argument of type []byte to a function accepting 'any', the byte slice is converted to a encoding/base64 encoded string. When passing an argument of type []FileType to a function accepting 'any', the slice is converted to the representation the Tcl/Tk -filetypes option expects. At least some minimal knowledge of reading Tcl/Tk code is probably required for using this package and/or using the related documentation. However you will not need to write any Tcl code and you do not need to care about the grammar of Tcl words/string literals and how it differs from Go. There are several Tcl/Tk tutorials available, for example at tutorialspoint. Merge requests for known issues are always welcome. Please send merge requests for new features/APIs after filling and discussing the additions/changes at the issue tracker first. Most of the documentation is generated directly from the Tcl/Tk documentation and may not be entirely correct for the Go package. Those parts hopefully still serve as a quick/offline Tcl/Tk reference. Parts of the documentation are copied and/or modified from the tcl.tk site, see the LICENSE-TCLTK file for details. Parts of the documentation are copied and/or modified from the tkinter.ttk site which is You can support the maintenance and further development of this package at jnml's LiberaPay (using PayPal). "Checkbutton.indicator" style element options: "Combobox.downarrow" style element options: "Menubutton.indicator" style element options: "Radiobutton.indicator" style element options: "Spinbox.downarrow" style element options: "Spinbox.uparrow" style element options: "Treeitem.indicator" style element options: "arrow" style element options: "border" style element options: "downarrow" style element options: "field" style element options: "leftarrow" style element options: "rightarrow" style element options: "slider" style element options: "thumb" style element options: "uparrow" style element options: "alt" theme style list Style map: -foreground {disabled #a3a3a3} -background {disabled #d9d9d9 active #ececec} -embossed {disabled 1} Layout: ComboboxPopdownFrame.border -sticky nswe Layout: Treeheading.cell -sticky nswe Treeheading.border -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.image -side right -sticky {} Treeheading.text -sticky we}} Layout: Treeitem.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeitem.indicator -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.image -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Button.border -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Button.focus -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -highlightcolor {alternate black} -relief { {pressed !disabled} sunken {active !disabled} raised } Layout: Checkbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Checkbutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Checkbutton.focus -side left -sticky w -children {Checkbutton.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -indicatorcolor {pressed #d9d9d9 alternate #aaaaaa disabled #d9d9d9} Layout: Combobox.field -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.downarrow -side right -sticky ns Combobox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -fieldbackground {readonly #d9d9d9 disabled #d9d9d9} -arrowcolor {disabled #a3a3a3} Layout: Entry.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Entry.padding -sticky nswe -children {Entry.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -fieldbackground {readonly #d9d9d9 disabled #d9d9d9} Layout: Labelframe.border -sticky nswe Layout: Menubutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.indicator -side right -sticky {} Menubutton.padding -sticky we -children {Menubutton.label -side left -sticky {}}}} Layout: Notebook.client -sticky nswe Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Style map: -expand {selected {1.5p 1.5p 0.75p 0}} -background {selected #d9d9d9} - Layout: Radiobutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Radiobutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Radiobutton.focus -side left -sticky {} -children {Radiobutton.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -indicatorcolor {pressed #d9d9d9 alternate #aaaaaa disabled #d9d9d9} - - Layout: Spinbox.field -side top -sticky we -children {null -side right -sticky {} -children {Spinbox.uparrow -side top -sticky e Spinbox.downarrow -side bottom -sticky e} Spinbox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Spinbox.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -fieldbackground {readonly #d9d9d9 disabled #d9d9d9} -arrowcolor {disabled #a3a3a3} Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Layout: Toolbutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.label -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -relief {disabled flat selected sunken pressed sunken active raised} -background {pressed #c3c3c3 active #ececec} Layout: Treeview.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Treeview.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeview.treearea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground {disabled #a3a3a3 selected #ffffff} -background {disabled #d9d9d9 selected #4a6984} Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe "Button.button" style element options: "Checkbutton.button" style element options: "Combobox.button" style element options: "DisclosureButton.button" style element options: "Entry.field" style element options: "GradientButton.button" style element options: "HelpButton.button" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.leftarrow" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.rightarrow" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.thumb" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.trough" style element options: "InlineButton.button" style element options: "Labelframe.border" style element options: "Menubutton.button" style element options: "Notebook.client" style element options: "Notebook.tab" style element options: "Progressbar.track" style element options: "Radiobutton.button" style element options: "RecessedButton.button" style element options: "RoundedRectButton.button" style element options: "Scale.slider" style element options: "Scale.trough" style element options: "Searchbox.field" style element options: "SidebarButton.button" style element options: "Spinbox.downarrow" style element options: "Spinbox.field" style element options: "Spinbox.uparrow" style element options: "Toolbar.background" style element options: "Toolbutton.border" style element options: "Treeheading.cell" style element options: "Treeitem.indicator" style element options: "Treeview.treearea" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.downarrow" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.thumb" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.trough" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.uparrow" style element options: "background" style element options: "field" style element options: "fill" style element options: "hseparator" style element options: "separator" style element options: "sizegrip" style element options: "vseparator" style element options: "aqua" theme style list Style map: -selectforeground { background systemSelectedTextColor !focus systemSelectedTextColor} -foreground { disabled systemDisabledControlTextColor background systemLabelColor} -selectbackground { background systemSelectedTextBackgroundColor !focus systemSelectedTextBackgroundColor} Layout: DisclosureButton.button -sticky nswe Layout: GradientButton.button -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}} Layout: Treeheading.cell -sticky nswe Treeheading.image -side right -sticky {} Treeheading.text -side top -sticky {} Layout: HelpButton.button -sticky nswe Layout: Horizontal.Scrollbar.trough -sticky we -children {Horizontal.Scrollbar.thumb -sticky nswe Horizontal.Scrollbar.rightarrow -side right -sticky {} Horizontal.Scrollbar.leftarrow -side right -sticky {}} Layout: Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe} Style map: -foreground { pressed systemLabelColor !pressed systemSecondaryLabelColor } Layout: InlineButton.button -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground { disabled systemWindowBackgroundColor } Layout: Treeitem.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeitem.indicator -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.image -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.text -side left -sticky {}} Layout: Label.fill -sticky nswe -children {Label.text -sticky nswe} Layout: RecessedButton.button -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -font { selected RecessedFont active RecessedFont pressed RecessedFont } -foreground { {disabled selected} systemWindowBackgroundColor3 {disabled !selected} systemDisabledControlTextColor selected systemTextBackgroundColor active white pressed white } Layout: RoundedRectButton.button -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}} Layout: Searchbox.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Entry.padding -sticky nswe -children {Entry.textarea -sticky nswe}} Layout: SidebarButton.button -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground { {disabled selected} systemWindowBackgroundColor3 {disabled !selected} systemDisabledControlTextColor selected systemTextColor active systemTextColor pressed systemTextColor } Layout: Button.button -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground { pressed white {alternate !pressed !background} white disabled systemDisabledControlTextColor} Layout: Checkbutton.button -sticky nswe -children {Checkbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Checkbutton.label -side left -sticky {}}} Layout: Combobox.button -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground { disabled systemDisabledControlTextColor } -selectbackground { !focus systemUnemphasizedSelectedTextBackgroundColor } Layout: Entry.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Entry.padding -sticky nswe -children {Entry.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground { disabled systemDisabledControlTextColor } -selectbackground { !focus systemUnemphasizedSelectedTextBackgroundColor } Layout: Labelframe.border -sticky nswe Layout: Label.fill -sticky nswe -children {Label.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Menubutton.button -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.label -side left -sticky {}}} Layout: Notebook.client -sticky nswe Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground { {background !selected} systemControlTextColor {background selected} black {!background selected} systemSelectedTabTextColor disabled systemDisabledControlTextColor} Layout: Progressbar.track -sticky nswe Layout: Radiobutton.button -sticky nswe -children {Radiobutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Radiobutton.label -side left -sticky {}}} - Layout: Spinbox.buttons -side right -sticky {} -children {Spinbox.uparrow -side top -sticky e Spinbox.downarrow -side bottom -sticky e} Spinbox.field -sticky we -children {Spinbox.textarea -sticky we} Style map: -foreground { disabled systemDisabledControlTextColor } -selectbackground { !focus systemUnemphasizedSelectedTextBackgroundColor } Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -sticky nswe}} Layout: Toolbar.background -sticky nswe Layout: Toolbutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.label -sticky nswe}}} Layout: Treeview.field -sticky nswe -children {Treeview.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeview.treearea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -background { selected systemSelectedTextBackgroundColor } Layout: Vertical.Scrollbar.trough -sticky ns -children {Vertical.Scrollbar.thumb -sticky nswe Vertical.Scrollbar.downarrow -side bottom -sticky {} Vertical.Scrollbar.uparrow -side bottom -sticky {}} "Checkbutton.indicator" style element options: "Combobox.field" style element options: "Radiobutton.indicator" style element options: "Spinbox.downarrow" style element options: "Spinbox.uparrow" style element options: "arrow" style element options: "bar" style element options: "border" style element options: "client" style element options: "downarrow" style element options: "field" style element options: "hgrip" style element options: "leftarrow" style element options: "pbar" style element options: "rightarrow" style element options: "slider" style element options: "tab" style element options: "thumb" style element options: "trough" style element options: "uparrow" style element options: "vgrip" style element options: "clam" theme style list Style map: -selectforeground {!focus white} -foreground {disabled #999999} -selectbackground {!focus #9e9a91} -background {disabled #dcdad5 active #eeebe7} Layout: ComboboxPopdownFrame.border -sticky nswe Layout: Treeheading.cell -sticky nswe Treeheading.border -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.image -side right -sticky {} Treeheading.text -sticky we}} Layout: Sash.hsash -sticky nswe -children {Sash.hgrip -sticky nswe} Layout: Treeitem.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeitem.indicator -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.image -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.text -sticky nswe} - Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Button.border -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Button.focus -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -lightcolor {pressed #bab5ab} -background {disabled #dcdad5 pressed #bab5ab active #eeebe7} -bordercolor {alternate #000000} -darkcolor {pressed #bab5ab} Layout: Checkbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Checkbutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Checkbutton.focus -side left -sticky w -children {Checkbutton.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -indicatorbackground {pressed #dcdad5 {!disabled alternate} #5895bc {disabled alternate} #a0a0a0 disabled #dcdad5} Layout: Combobox.downarrow -side right -sticky ns Combobox.field -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground {{readonly focus} #ffffff} -fieldbackground {{readonly focus} #4a6984 readonly #dcdad5} -background {active #eeebe7 pressed #eeebe7} -bordercolor {focus #4a6984} -arrowcolor {disabled #999999} Layout: Entry.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Entry.padding -sticky nswe -children {Entry.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -lightcolor {focus #6f9dc6} -background {readonly #dcdad5} -bordercolor {focus #4a6984} Layout: Labelframe.border -sticky nswe Layout: Menubutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.indicator -side right -sticky {} Menubutton.padding -sticky we -children {Menubutton.label -side left -sticky {}}}} Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Style map: -lightcolor {selected #eeebe7 {} #cfcdc8} -padding {selected {4.5p 3p 4.5p 1.5p}} -background {selected #dcdad5 {} #bab5ab} - Layout: Radiobutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Radiobutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Radiobutton.focus -side left -sticky {} -children {Radiobutton.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -indicatorbackground {pressed #dcdad5 {!disabled alternate} #5895bc {disabled alternate} #a0a0a0 disabled #dcdad5} - - Layout: Spinbox.field -side top -sticky we -children {null -side right -sticky {} -children {Spinbox.uparrow -side top -sticky e Spinbox.downarrow -side bottom -sticky e} Spinbox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Spinbox.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -background {readonly #dcdad5} -bordercolor {focus #4a6984} -arrowcolor {disabled #999999} Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Layout: Toolbutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.label -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -lightcolor {pressed #bab5ab} -relief {disabled flat selected sunken pressed sunken active raised} -background {disabled #dcdad5 pressed #bab5ab active #eeebe7} -darkcolor {pressed #bab5ab} Layout: Treeview.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Treeview.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeview.treearea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground {disabled #999999 selected #ffffff} -background {disabled #dcdad5 selected #4a6984} -bordercolor {focus #4a6984} Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Sash.vsash -sticky nswe -children {Sash.vgrip -sticky nswe} "Button.border" style element options: "Checkbutton.indicator" style element options: "Combobox.downarrow" style element options: "Menubutton.indicator" style element options: "Radiobutton.indicator" style element options: "Spinbox.downarrow" style element options: "Spinbox.uparrow" style element options: "arrow" style element options: "downarrow" style element options: "highlight" style element options: "hsash" style element options: "leftarrow" style element options: "rightarrow" style element options: "slider" style element options: "uparrow" style element options: "vsash" style element options: "classic" theme style list Style map: -highlightcolor {focus black} -foreground {disabled #a3a3a3} -background {disabled #d9d9d9 active #ececec} Layout: ComboboxPopdownFrame.border -sticky nswe Layout: Treeheading.cell -sticky nswe Treeheading.border -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.image -side right -sticky {} Treeheading.text -sticky we}} Layout: Horizontal.Scale.highlight -sticky nswe -children {Horizontal.Scale.trough -sticky nswe -children {Horizontal.Scale.slider -side left -sticky {}}} Layout: Treeitem.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeitem.indicator -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.image -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.text -sticky nswe} - Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Button.highlight -sticky nswe -children {Button.border -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -relief {{!disabled pressed} sunken} Layout: Checkbutton.highlight -sticky nswe -children {Checkbutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Checkbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Checkbutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Checkbutton.label -side left -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -indicatorrelief {alternate raised selected sunken pressed sunken} -indicatorcolor {pressed #d9d9d9 alternate #b05e5e selected #b03060} Layout: Combobox.highlight -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.field -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.downarrow -side right -sticky ns Combobox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.textarea -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -fieldbackground {readonly #d9d9d9 disabled #d9d9d9} Layout: Entry.highlight -sticky nswe -children {Entry.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Entry.padding -sticky nswe -children {Entry.textarea -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -fieldbackground {readonly #d9d9d9 disabled #d9d9d9} Layout: Labelframe.border -sticky nswe Layout: Menubutton.highlight -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.indicator -side right -sticky {} Menubutton.padding -sticky we -children {Menubutton.label -sticky {}}}} Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Style map: -background {selected #d9d9d9} - Layout: Radiobutton.highlight -sticky nswe -children {Radiobutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Radiobutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Radiobutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Radiobutton.label -side left -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -indicatorrelief {alternate raised selected sunken pressed sunken} -indicatorcolor {pressed #d9d9d9 alternate #b05e5e selected #b03060} Style map: -sliderrelief {{pressed !disabled} sunken} Style map: -relief {{pressed !disabled} sunken} Layout: Spinbox.highlight -sticky nswe -children {Spinbox.field -sticky nswe -children {null -side right -sticky {} -children {Spinbox.uparrow -side top -sticky e Spinbox.downarrow -side bottom -sticky e} Spinbox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Spinbox.textarea -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -fieldbackground {readonly #d9d9d9 disabled #d9d9d9} Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Layout: Toolbutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.label -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -relief {disabled flat selected sunken pressed sunken active raised} -background {pressed #b3b3b3 active #ececec} Layout: Treeview.highlight -sticky nswe -children {Treeview.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Treeview.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeview.treearea -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -foreground {disabled #a3a3a3 selected #000000} -background {disabled #d9d9d9 selected #c3c3c3} Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Vertical.Scale.highlight -sticky nswe -children {Vertical.Scale.trough -sticky nswe -children {Vertical.Scale.slider -side top -sticky {}}} "" style element options: "Checkbutton.indicator" style element options: "Combobox.downarrow" style element options: "Menubutton.indicator" style element options: "Radiobutton.indicator" style element options: "Spinbox.downarrow" style element options: "Spinbox.uparrow" style element options: "Treeheading.cell" style element options: "Treeitem.indicator" style element options: "Treeitem.row" style element options: "Treeitem.separator" style element options: "arrow" style element options: "background" style element options: "border" style element options: "client" style element options: "ctext" style element options: "downarrow" style element options: "field" style element options: "fill" style element options: "focus" style element options: "hsash" style element options: "hseparator" style element options: "image" style element options: "indicator" style element options: "label" style element options: "leftarrow" style element options: "padding" style element options: "pbar" style element options: "rightarrow" style element options: "separator" style element options: "sizegrip" style element options: "slider" style element options: "tab" style element options: "text" style element options: "textarea" style element options: "thumb" style element options: "treearea" style element options: "trough" style element options: "uparrow" style element options: "vsash" style element options: "vseparator" style element options: "default" theme style list Style map: -foreground {disabled #a3a3a3} -background {disabled #edeceb active #ececec} Layout: Treedata.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeitem.image -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.text -sticky nswe} Layout: ComboboxPopdownFrame.border -sticky nswe Layout: Treeheading.cell -sticky nswe Treeheading.border -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.image -side right -sticky {} Treeheading.text -sticky we}} Layout: Sash.hsash -sticky we Layout: Horizontal.Progressbar.trough -sticky nswe -children {Horizontal.Progressbar.pbar -side left -sticky ns Horizontal.Progressbar.ctext -side left -sticky {}} Layout: Horizontal.Scale.focus -sticky nswe -children {Horizontal.Scale.padding -sticky nswe -children {Horizontal.Scale.trough -sticky nswe -children {Horizontal.Scale.slider -side left -sticky {}}}} Layout: Horizontal.Scrollbar.trough -sticky we -children {Horizontal.Scrollbar.leftarrow -side left -sticky {} Horizontal.Scrollbar.rightarrow -side right -sticky {} Horizontal.Scrollbar.thumb -sticky nswe} Layout: Treeitem.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeitem.indicator -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.image -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Label.fill -sticky nswe -children {Label.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Treeitem.row -sticky nswe - Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Button.border -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Button.focus -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -relief {{!disabled pressed} sunken} Layout: Checkbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Checkbutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Checkbutton.focus -side left -sticky w -children {Checkbutton.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -indicatorbackground {{alternate disabled} #a3a3a3 {alternate pressed} #5895bc alternate #4a6984 {selected disabled} #a3a3a3 {selected pressed} #5895bc selected #4a6984 disabled #edeceb pressed #c3c3c3} Layout: Combobox.field -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.downarrow -side right -sticky ns Combobox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -fieldbackground {readonly #edeceb disabled #edeceb} -arrowcolor {disabled #a3a3a3} Layout: Entry.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Entry.padding -sticky nswe -children {Entry.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -fieldbackground {readonly #edeceb disabled #edeceb} Layout: Frame.border -sticky nswe Layout: Label.border -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Label.padding -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Label.label -sticky nswe}} Layout: Labelframe.border -sticky nswe Layout: Menubutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.indicator -side right -sticky {} Menubutton.padding -sticky we -children {Menubutton.label -side left -sticky {}}}} Style map: -arrowcolor {disabled #a3a3a3} Layout: Notebook.client -sticky nswe Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Style map: -highlightcolor {selected #4a6984} -highlight {selected 1} -background {selected #edeceb} Layout: Panedwindow.background -sticky {} - Layout: Radiobutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Radiobutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Radiobutton.focus -side left -sticky {} -children {Radiobutton.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -indicatorbackground {{alternate disabled} #a3a3a3 {alternate pressed} #5895bc alternate #4a6984 {selected disabled} #a3a3a3 {selected pressed} #5895bc selected #4a6984 disabled #edeceb pressed #c3c3c3} Style map: -outercolor {active #ececec} Style map: -arrowcolor {disabled #a3a3a3} Layout: Separator.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Sizegrip.sizegrip -side bottom -sticky se Layout: Spinbox.field -side top -sticky we -children {null -side right -sticky {} -children {Spinbox.uparrow -side top -sticky e Spinbox.downarrow -side bottom -sticky e} Spinbox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Spinbox.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -fieldbackground {readonly #edeceb disabled #edeceb} -arrowcolor {disabled #a3a3a3} Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Layout: Toolbutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.label -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -relief {disabled flat selected sunken pressed sunken active raised} -background {pressed #c3c3c3 active #ececec} Layout: Treeview.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Treeview.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeview.treearea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground {disabled #a3a3a3 selected #ffffff} -background {disabled #edeceb selected #4a6984} Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Sash.vsash -sticky ns Layout: Vertical.Progressbar.trough -sticky nswe -children {Vertical.Progressbar.pbar -side bottom -sticky we} Layout: Vertical.Scale.focus -sticky nswe -children {Vertical.Scale.padding -sticky nswe -children {Vertical.Scale.trough -sticky nswe -children {Vertical.Scale.slider -side top -sticky {}}}} Layout: Vertical.Scrollbar.trough -sticky ns -children {Vertical.Scrollbar.uparrow -side top -sticky {} Vertical.Scrollbar.downarrow -side bottom -sticky {} Vertical.Scrollbar.thumb -sticky nswe}PASS "Combobox.background" style element options: "Combobox.border" style element options: "Combobox.rightdownarrow" style element options: "ComboboxPopdownFrame.background" style element options: "Entry.background" style element options: "Entry.field" style element options: "Horizontal.Progressbar.pbar" style element options: "Horizontal.Scale.slider" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.grip" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.leftarrow" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.rightarrow" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.thumb" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.trough" style element options: "Menubutton.dropdown" style element options: "Spinbox.background" style element options: "Spinbox.downarrow" style element options: "Spinbox.field" style element options: "Spinbox.innerbg" style element options: "Spinbox.uparrow" style element options: "Vertical.Progressbar.pbar" style element options: "Vertical.Scale.slider" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.downarrow" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.grip" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.thumb" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.trough" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.uparrow" style element options: "vista" theme style list Style map: -foreground {disabled SystemGrayText} Layout: ComboboxPopdownFrame.background -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {ComboboxPopdownFrame.padding -sticky nswe} Layout: Treeheading.cell -sticky nswe Treeheading.border -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.image -side right -sticky {} Treeheading.text -sticky we}} Layout: Horizontal.Progressbar.trough -sticky nswe -children {Horizontal.Progressbar.pbar -side left -sticky ns Horizontal.Progressbar.ctext -sticky nswe} Layout: Scale.focus -sticky nswe -children {Horizontal.Scale.trough -sticky nswe -children {Horizontal.Scale.track -sticky we Horizontal.Scale.slider -side left -sticky {}}} Layout: Treeitem.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeitem.indicator -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.image -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Label.fill -sticky nswe -children {Label.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Button.button -sticky nswe -children {Button.focus -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}}} Layout: Checkbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Checkbutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Checkbutton.focus -side left -sticky w -children {Checkbutton.label -sticky nswe}} Layout: Combobox.border -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.rightdownarrow -side right -sticky ns Combobox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.background -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.focus -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.textarea -sticky nswe}}}} Style map: -focusfill {{readonly focus} SystemHighlight} -foreground {disabled SystemGrayText {readonly focus} SystemHighlightText} -selectforeground {!focus SystemWindowText} -selectbackground {!focus SystemWindow} Layout: Entry.field -sticky nswe -children {Entry.background -sticky nswe -children {Entry.padding -sticky nswe -children {Entry.textarea -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -selectforeground {!focus SystemWindowText} -selectbackground {!focus SystemWindow} Layout: Label.fill -sticky nswe -children {Label.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Menubutton.dropdown -side right -sticky ns Menubutton.button -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.padding -sticky we -children {Menubutton.label -sticky {}}} Layout: Notebook.client -sticky nswe Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Style map: -expand {selected {2 2 2 2}} - Layout: Radiobutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Radiobutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Radiobutton.focus -side left -sticky {} -children {Radiobutton.label -sticky nswe}} - Layout: Spinbox.field -sticky nswe -children {Spinbox.background -sticky nswe -children {Spinbox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Spinbox.innerbg -sticky nswe -children {Spinbox.textarea -sticky nswe}} Spinbox.uparrow -side top -sticky nse Spinbox.downarrow -side bottom -sticky nse}} Style map: -selectforeground {!focus SystemWindowText} -selectbackground {!focus SystemWindow} Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Layout: Toolbutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.label -sticky nswe}}} Layout: Treeview.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Treeview.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeview.treearea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground {disabled SystemGrayText selected SystemHighlightText} -background {disabled SystemButtonFace selected SystemHighlight} Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Vertical.Progressbar.trough -sticky nswe -children {Vertical.Progressbar.pbar -side bottom -sticky we} Layout: Scale.focus -sticky nswe -children {Vertical.Scale.trough -sticky nswe -children {Vertical.Scale.track -sticky ns Vertical.Scale.slider -side top -sticky {}}} "Button.border" style element options: "Checkbutton.indicator" style element options: "Combobox.focus" style element options: "ComboboxPopdownFrame.border" style element options: "Radiobutton.indicator" style element options: "Scrollbar.trough" style element options: "Spinbox.downarrow" style element options: "Spinbox.uparrow" style element options: "border" style element options: "client" style element options: "downarrow" style element options: "field" style element options: "focus" style element options: "leftarrow" style element options: "rightarrow" style element options: "sizegrip" style element options: "slider" style element options: "tab" style element options: "thumb" style element options: "uparrow" style element options: "winnative" theme style list Style map: -foreground {disabled SystemGrayText} -embossed {disabled 1} Layout: ComboboxPopdownFrame.border -sticky nswe Layout: Treeheading.cell -sticky nswe Treeheading.border -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.image -side right -sticky {} Treeheading.text -sticky we}} Layout: Treeitem.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeitem.indicator -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.image -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Label.fill -sticky nswe -children {Label.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Button.border -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}} Style map: -relief {{!disabled pressed} sunken} Layout: Checkbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Checkbutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Checkbutton.focus -side left -sticky w -children {Checkbutton.label -sticky nswe}} Layout: Combobox.field -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.downarrow -side right -sticky ns Combobox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.focus -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.textarea -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -focusfill {{readonly focus} SystemHighlight} -foreground {disabled SystemGrayText {readonly focus} SystemHighlightText} -selectforeground {!focus SystemWindowText} -fieldbackground {readonly SystemButtonFace disabled SystemButtonFace} -selectbackground {!focus SystemWindow} Layout: Entry.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Entry.padding -sticky nswe -children {Entry.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -selectforeground {!focus SystemWindowText} -selectbackground {!focus SystemWindow} -fieldbackground {readonly SystemButtonFace disabled SystemButtonFace} Layout: Labelframe.border -sticky nswe Layout: Label.fill -sticky nswe -children {Label.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Menubutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.indicator -side right -sticky {} Menubutton.padding -sticky we -children {Menubutton.label -side left -sticky {}}}} Layout: Notebook.client -sticky nswe Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Style map: -expand {selected {2 2 2 0}} - Layout: Radiobutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Radiobutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Radiobutton.focus -side left -sticky {} -children {Radiobutton.label -sticky nswe}} - Layout: Spinbox.field -side top -sticky we -children {null -side right -sticky {} -children {Spinbox.uparrow -side top -sticky e Spinbox.downarrow -side bottom -sticky e} Spinbox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Spinbox.textarea -sticky nswe}} Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Layout: Toolbutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.label -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -relief {disabled flat selected sunken pressed sunken active raised} Layout: Treeview.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Treeview.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeview.treearea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground {disabled SystemGrayText selected SystemHighlightText} -background {disabled SystemButtonFace selected SystemHighlight} Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe "Button.button" style element options: "Checkbutton.indicator" style element options: "Combobox.downarrow" style element options: "Combobox.field" style element options: "Entry.field" style element options: "Horizontal.Progressbar.pbar" style element options: "Horizontal.Progressbar.trough" style element options: "Horizontal.Scale.slider" style element options: "Horizontal.Scale.track" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.grip" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.thumb" style element options: "Horizontal.Scrollbar.trough" style element options: "Labelframe.border" style element options: "Menubutton.button" style element options: "Menubutton.dropdown" style element options: "NotebookPane.background" style element options: "Radiobutton.indicator" style element options: "Scale.trough" style element options: "Scrollbar.downarrow" style element options: "Scrollbar.leftarrow" style element options: "Scrollbar.rightarrow" style element options: "Scrollbar.uparrow" style element options: "Spinbox.downarrow" style element options: "Spinbox.field" style element options: "Spinbox.uparrow" style element options: "Toolbutton.border" style element options: "Treeheading.border" style element options: "Treeitem.indicator" style element options: "Treeview.field" style element options: "Vertical.Progressbar.pbar" style element options: "Vertical.Progressbar.trough" style element options: "Vertical.Scale.slider" style element options: "Vertical.Scale.track" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.grip" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.thumb" style element options: "Vertical.Scrollbar.trough" style element options: "client" style element options: "sizegrip" style element options: "tab" style element options: "xpnative" theme style list Style map: -foreground {disabled SystemGrayText} Layout: Treeheading.cell -sticky nswe Treeheading.border -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeheading.image -side right -sticky {} Treeheading.text -sticky we}} Layout: Scale.focus -sticky nswe -children {Horizontal.Scale.trough -sticky nswe -children {Horizontal.Scale.track -sticky we Horizontal.Scale.slider -side left -sticky {}}} Layout: Horizontal.Scrollbar.trough -sticky we -children {Horizontal.Scrollbar.leftarrow -side left -sticky {} Horizontal.Scrollbar.rightarrow -side right -sticky {} Horizontal.Scrollbar.thumb -sticky nswe -unit 1 -children {Horizontal.Scrollbar.grip -sticky {}}} Layout: Treeitem.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeitem.indicator -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.image -side left -sticky {} Treeitem.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Label.fill -sticky nswe -children {Label.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Button.button -sticky nswe -children {Button.focus -sticky nswe -children {Button.padding -sticky nswe -children {Button.label -sticky nswe}}} Layout: Checkbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Checkbutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Checkbutton.focus -side left -sticky w -children {Checkbutton.label -sticky nswe}} Layout: Combobox.field -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.downarrow -side right -sticky ns Combobox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.focus -sticky nswe -children {Combobox.textarea -sticky nswe}}} Style map: -focusfill {{readonly focus} SystemHighlight} -foreground {disabled SystemGrayText {readonly focus} SystemHighlightText} -selectforeground {!focus SystemWindowText} -selectbackground {!focus SystemWindow} Layout: Entry.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Entry.padding -sticky nswe -children {Entry.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -selectforeground {!focus SystemWindowText} -selectbackground {!focus SystemWindow} Layout: Label.fill -sticky nswe -children {Label.text -sticky nswe} Layout: Menubutton.dropdown -side right -sticky ns Menubutton.button -sticky nswe -children {Menubutton.padding -sticky we -children {Menubutton.label -sticky {}}} Layout: Notebook.client -sticky nswe Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Style map: -expand {selected {2 2 2 2}} - Layout: Radiobutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Radiobutton.indicator -side left -sticky {} Radiobutton.focus -side left -sticky {} -children {Radiobutton.label -sticky nswe}} - - Layout: Spinbox.field -side top -sticky we -children {null -side right -sticky {} -children {Spinbox.uparrow -side top -sticky e Spinbox.downarrow -side bottom -sticky e} Spinbox.padding -sticky nswe -children {Spinbox.textarea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -selectforeground {!focus SystemWindowText} -selectbackground {!focus SystemWindow} Layout: Notebook.tab -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.padding -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.focus -side top -sticky nswe -children {Notebook.label -side top -sticky {}}}} Layout: Toolbutton.border -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.focus -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.padding -sticky nswe -children {Toolbutton.label -sticky nswe}}} Layout: Treeview.field -sticky nswe -border 1 -children {Treeview.padding -sticky nswe -children {Treeview.treearea -sticky nswe}} Style map: -foreground {disabled SystemGrayText selected SystemHighlightText} -background {disabled SystemButtonFace selected SystemHighlight} Layout: Treeitem.separator -sticky nswe Layout: Scale.focus -sticky nswe -children {Vertical.Scale.trough -sticky nswe -children {Vertical.Scale.track -sticky ns Vertical.Scale.slider -side top -sticky {}}} Layout: Vertical.Scrollbar.trough -sticky ns -children {Vertical.Scrollbar.uparrow -side top -sticky {} Vertical.Scrollbar.downarrow -side bottom -sticky {} Vertical.Scrollbar.thumb -sticky nswe -unit 1 -children {Vertical.Scrollbar.grip -sticky {}}}PASS

v0.70.5 • 2 months ago

github.com/rana/ora

Package ora implements an Oracle database driver. ### Golang Oracle Database Driver ### #### TL;DR; just use it #### Call stored procedure with OUT parameters: An Oracle database may be accessed through the database/sql(http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql) package or through the ora package directly. database/sql offers connection pooling, thread safety, a consistent API to multiple database technologies and a common set of Go types. The ora package offers additional features including pointers, slices, nullable types, numerics of various sizes, Oracle-specific types, Go return type configuration, and Oracle abstractions such as environment, server and session. The ora package is written with the Oracle Call Interface (OCI) C-language libraries provided by Oracle. The OCI libraries are a standard for client application communication and driver communication with Oracle databases. The ora package has been verified to work with: * Oracle Standard 11g (11.2.0.4.0), Linux x86_64 (RHEL6) * Oracle Enterprise 12c (12.1.0.1.0), Windows 8.1 and AMD64. --- * [Installation](https://github.com/rana/ora#installation) * [Data Types](https://github.com/rana/ora#data-types) * [SQL Placeholder Syntax](https://github.com/rana/ora#sql-placeholder-syntax) * [Working With The Sql Package](https://github.com/rana/ora#working-with-the-sql-package) * [Working With The Oracle Package Directly](https://github.com/rana/ora#working-with-the-oracle-package-directly) * [Logging](https://github.com/rana/ora#logging) * [Test Database Setup](https://github.com/rana/ora#test-database-setup) * [Limitations](https://github.com/rana/ora#limitations) * [License](https://github.com/rana/ora#license) * [API Reference](http://godoc.org/github.com/rana/ora#pkg-index) * [Examples](./examples) --- Minimum requirements are Go 1.3 with CGO enabled, a GCC C compiler, and Oracle 11g (11.2.0.4.0) or Oracle Instant Client (11.2.0.4.0). Install Oracle or Oracle Instant Client. Copy the [oci8.pc](contrib/oci8.pc) from the `contrib` folder (or the one for your system, maybe tailored to your specific locations) to a folder in `$PKG_CONFIG_PATH` or a system folder, such as The ora package has no external Go dependencies and is available on GitHub and gopkg.in: *WARNING*: If you have Oracle Instant Client 11.2, you'll need to add "=lnnz11" to the list of linked libs! Otherwise, you may encounter "undefined reference to `nzosSCSP_SetCertSelectionParams' " errors. Oracle Instant Client 12.1 does not need this. The ora package supports all built-in Oracle data types. The supported Oracle built-in data types are NUMBER, BINARY_DOUBLE, BINARY_FLOAT, FLOAT, DATE, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE, INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH, INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND, CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR2, LONG, CLOB, NCLOB, BLOB, LONG RAW, RAW, ROWID and BFILE. SYS_REFCURSOR is also supported. Oracle does not provide a built-in boolean type. Oracle provides a single-byte character type. A common practice is to define two single-byte characters which represent true and false. The ora package adopts this approach. The oracle package associates a Go bool value to a Go rune and sends and receives the rune to a CHAR(1 BYTE) column or CHAR(1 CHAR) column. The default false rune is zero '0'. The default true rune is one '1'. The bool rune association may be configured or disabled when directly using the ora package but not with the database/sql package. Within a SQL string a placeholder may be specified to indicate where a Go variable is placed. The SQL placeholder is an Oracle identifier, from 1 to 30 characters, prefixed with a colon (:). For example: Placeholders within a SQL statement are bound by position. The actual name is not used by the ora package driver e.g., placeholder names :c1, :1, or :xyz are treated equally. The `database/sql` package provides a LastInsertId method to return the last inserted row's id. Oracle does not provide such functionality, but if you append `... RETURNING col /*LastInsertId*/` to your SQL, then it will be presented as LastInsertId. Note that you have to mark with a `/*LastInsertId*/` (case insensitive) your `RETURNING` part, to allow ora to return the last column as `LastInsertId()`. That column must fit in `int64`, though! You may access an Oracle database through the database/sql package. The database/sql package offers a consistent API across different databases, connection pooling, thread safety and a set of common Go types. database/sql makes working with Oracle straight-forward. The ora package implements interfaces in the database/sql/driver package enabling database/sql to communicate with an Oracle database. Using database/sql ensures you never have to call the ora package directly. When using database/sql, the mapping between Go types and Oracle types may be changed slightly. The database/sql package has strict expectations on Go return types. The Go-to-Oracle type mapping for database/sql is: The "ora" driver is automatically registered for use with sql.Open, but you can call ora.SetCfg to set the used configuration options including statement configuration and Rset configuration. When configuring the driver for use with database/sql, keep in mind that database/sql has strict Go type-to-Oracle type mapping expectations. The ora package allows programming with pointers, slices, nullable types, numerics of various sizes, Oracle-specific types, Go return type configuration, and Oracle abstractions such as environment, server and session. When working with the ora package directly, the API is slightly different than database/sql. When using the ora package directly, the mapping between Go types and Oracle types may be changed. The Go-to-Oracle type mapping for the ora package is: An example of using the ora package directly: Pointers may be used to capture out-bound values from a SQL statement such as an insert or stored procedure call. For example, a numeric pointer captures an identity value: A string pointer captures an out parameter from a stored procedure: Slices may be used to insert multiple records with a single insert statement: The ora package provides nullable Go types to support DML operations such as insert and select. The nullable Go types provided by the ora package are Int64, Int32, Int16, Int8, Uint64, Uint32, Uint16, Uint8, Float64, Float32, Time, IntervalYM, IntervalDS, String, Bool, Binary and Bfile. For example, you may insert nullable Strings and select nullable Strings: The `Stmt.Prep` method is variadic accepting zero or more `GoColumnType` which define a Go return type for a select-list column. For example, a Prep call can be configured to return an int64 and a nullable Int64 from the same column: Go numerics of various sizes are supported in DML operations. The ora package supports int64, int32, int16, int8, uint64, uint32, uint16, uint8, float64 and float32. For example, you may insert a uint16 and select numerics of various sizes: If a non-nullable type is defined for a nullable column returning null, the Go type's zero value is returned. GoColumnTypes defined by the ora package are: When Stmt.Prep doesn't receive a GoColumnType, or receives an incorrect GoColumnType, the default value defined in RsetCfg is used. EnvCfg, SrvCfg, SesCfg, StmtCfg and RsetCfg are the main configuration structs. EnvCfg configures aspects of an Env. SrvCfg configures aspects of a Srv. SesCfg configures aspects of a Ses. StmtCfg configures aspects of a Stmt. RsetCfg configures aspects of Rset. StmtCfg and RsetCfg have the most options to configure. RsetCfg defines the default mapping between an Oracle select-list column and a Go type. StmtCfg may be set in an EnvCfg, SrvCfg, SesCfg and StmtCfg. RsetCfg may be set in a Stmt. EnvCfg.StmtCfg, SrvCfg.StmtCfg, SesCfg.StmtCfg may optionally be specified to configure a statement. If StmtCfg isn't specified default values are applied. EnvCfg.StmtCfg, SrvCfg.StmtCfg, SesCfg.StmtCfg cascade to new descendent structs. When ora.OpenEnv() is called a specified EnvCfg is used or a default EnvCfg is created. Creating a Srv with env.OpenSrv() will use SrvCfg.StmtCfg if it is specified; otherwise, EnvCfg.StmtCfg is copied by value to SrvCfg.StmtCfg. Creating a Ses with srv.OpenSes() will use SesCfg.StmtCfg if it is specified; otherwise, SrvCfg.StmtCfg is copied by value to SesCfg.StmtCfg. Creating a Stmt with ses.Prep() will use SesCfg.StmtCfg if it is specified; otherwise, a new StmtCfg with default values is set on the Stmt. Call Stmt.Cfg() to change a Stmt's configuration. An Env may contain multiple Srv. A Srv may contain multiple Ses. A Ses may contain multiple Stmt. A Stmt may contain multiple Rset. Setting a RsetCfg on a StmtCfg does not cascade through descendent structs. Configuration of Stmt.Cfg takes effect prior to calls to Stmt.Exe and Stmt.Qry; consequently, any updates to Stmt.Cfg after a call to Stmt.Exe or Stmt.Qry are not observed. One configuration scenario may be to set a server's select statements to return nullable Go types by default: Another scenario may be to configure the runes mapped to bool values: Oracle-specific types offered by the ora package are ora.Rset, ora.IntervalYM, ora.IntervalDS, ora.Raw, ora.Lob and ora.Bfile. ora.Rset represents an Oracle SYS_REFCURSOR. ora.IntervalYM represents an Oracle INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH. ora.IntervalDS represents an Oracle INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND. ora.Raw represents an Oracle RAW or LONG RAW. ora.Lob may represent an Oracle BLOB or Oracle CLOB. And ora.Bfile represents an Oracle BFILE. ROWID columns are returned as strings and don't have a unique Go type. #### LOBs The default for SELECTing [BC]LOB columns is a safe Bin or S, which means all the contents of the LOB is slurped into memory and returned as a []byte or string. The DefaultLOBFetchLen says LOBs are prefetched only a minimal way, to minimize extra memory usage - you can override this using `stmt.SetCfg(stmt.Cfg().SetLOBFetchLen(100))`. If you want more control, you can use ora.L in Prep, Qry or `ses.SetCfg(ses.Cfg().SetBlob(ora.L))`. But keep in mind that Oracle restricts the use of LOBs: it is forbidden to do ANYTHING while reading the LOB! No another query, no exec, no close of the Rset - even *advance* to the next record in the result set is forbidden! Failing to adhere these rules results in "Invalid handle" and ORA-03127 errors. You cannot start reading another LOB till you haven't finished reading the previous LOB, not even in the same row! Failing this results in ORA-24804! For examples, see [z_lob_test.go](z_lob_test.go). #### Rset Rset is used to obtain Go values from a SQL select statement. Methods Rset.Next, Rset.NextRow, and Rset.Len are available. Fields Rset.Row, Rset.Err, Rset.Index, and Rset.ColumnNames are also available. The Next method attempts to load data from an Oracle buffer into Row, returning true when successful. When no data is available, or if an error occurs, Next returns false setting Row to nil. Any error in Next is assigned to Err. Calling Next increments Index and method Len returns the total number of rows processed. The NextRow method is convenient for returning a single row. NextRow calls Next and returns Row. ColumnNames returns the names of columns defined by the SQL select statement. Rset has two usages. Rset may be returned from Stmt.Qry when prepared with a SQL select statement: Or, *Rset may be passed to Stmt.Exe when prepared with a stored procedure accepting an OUT SYS_REFCURSOR parameter: Stored procedures with multiple OUT SYS_REFCURSOR parameters enable a single Exe call to obtain multiple Rsets: The types of values assigned to Row may be configured in StmtCfg.Rset. For configuration to take effect, assign StmtCfg.Rset prior to calling Stmt.Qry or Stmt.Exe. Rset prefetching may be controlled by StmtCfg.PrefetchRowCount and StmtCfg.PrefetchMemorySize. PrefetchRowCount works in coordination with PrefetchMemorySize. When PrefetchRowCount is set to zero only PrefetchMemorySize is used; otherwise, the minimum of PrefetchRowCount and PrefetchMemorySize is used. The default uses a PrefetchMemorySize of 134MB. Opening and closing Rsets is managed internally. Rset does not have an Open method or Close method. IntervalYM may be be inserted and selected: IntervalDS may be be inserted and selected: Transactions on an Oracle server are supported. DML statements auto-commit unless a transaction has started: Ses.PrepAndExe, Ses.PrepAndQry, Ses.Ins, Ses.Upd, and Ses.Sel are convenient one-line methods. Ses.PrepAndExe offers a convenient one-line call to Ses.Prep and Stmt.Exe. Ses.PrepAndQry offers a convenient one-line call to Ses.Prep and Stmt.Qry. Ses.Ins composes, prepares and executes a sql INSERT statement. Ses.Ins is useful when you have to create and maintain a simple INSERT statement with a long list of columns. As table columns are added and dropped over the lifetime of a table Ses.Ins is easy to read and revise. Ses.Upd composes, prepares and executes a sql UPDATE statement. Ses.Upd is useful when you have to create and maintain a simple UPDATE statement with a long list of columns. As table columns are added and dropped over the lifetime of a table Ses.Upd is easy to read and revise. Ses.Sel composes, prepares and queries a sql SELECT statement. Ses.Sel is useful when you have to create and maintain a simple SELECT statement with a long list of columns that have non-default GoColumnTypes. As table columns are added and dropped over the lifetime of a table Ses.Sel is easy to read and revise. The Ses.Ping method checks whether the client's connection to an Oracle server is valid. A call to Ping requires an open Ses. Ping will return a nil error when the connection is fine: The Srv.Version method is available to obtain the Oracle server version. A call to Version requires an open Ses: Further code examples are available in the [example file](https://github.com/rana/ora/blob/master/z_example_test.go), test files and [samples folder](https://github.com/rana/ora/tree/master/samples). The ora package provides a simple ora.Logger interface for logging. Logging is disabled by default. Specify one of three optional built-in logging packages to enable logging; or, use your own logging package. ora.Cfg().Log offers various options to enable or disable logging of specific ora driver methods. For example: To use the standard Go log package: which produces a sample log of: Messages are prefixed with 'ORA I' for information or 'ORA E' for an error. The log package is configured to write to os.Stderr by default. Use the ora/lg.Std type to configure an alternative io.Writer. To use the glog package: which produces a sample log of: To use the log15 package: which produces a sample log of: See https://github.com/rana/ora/tree/master/samples/lg15/main.go for sample code which uses the log15 package. Tests are available and require some setup. Setup varies depending on whether the Oracle server is configured as a container database or non-container database. It's simpler to setup a non-container database. An example for each setup is explained. Non-container test database setup steps: Container test database setup steps: Some helpful SQL maintenance statements: Run the tests. database/sql method Stmt.QueryRow is not supported. Go 1.6 introduced stricter cgo (call C from Go) rules, and introduced runtime checks. This is good, as the possibility of C code corrupting Go code is almost completely eliminated, but it also means a severe call overhead grow. [Sometimes](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/golang-nuts/ccMkPG6Bi5k) this can be 22x the go 1.5.3 call time! So if you need performance more than correctness, start your programs with "GODEBUG=cgocheck=0" environment setting. Copyright 2017 Rana Ian, Tamás Gulácsi. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by The MIT License found in the accompanying LICENSE file.

v4.1.15+incompatible • 8 years ago

github.com/ajstarks/decksh

Package decksh is a little language that generates deck markup assignments Package decksh is a little language that generates deck markup conditional processing ```decksh``` is a domain-specific language (DSL) for generating [```deck```](https://github.com/ajstarks/deck/blob/master/README.md) markup. ## References and Examples * [```decksh``` overview](https://speakerdeck.com/ajstarks/decksh-a-little-language-for-decks) * [```decksh``` object reference](https://speakerdeck.com/ajstarks/decksh-object-reference) * [Repository of decksh projects and visualizations](https://github.com/ajstarks/deckviz) ## Package use There is a simple method ```Process``` that reads decksh commands from an ```io.Reader``` and writes deck markup to an ```io.Writer```, returning an error. ## Running This repository also contains ```cmd/decksh```, a client decksh command: ```decksh``` reads from the specified input, and writes deck markup to the specified output destination: Typically, ```decksh``` acts as the head of a rendering pipeline: ## Example input This deck script: Text, font, color, caption and link arguments follow Go convetions (surrounded by double quotes). Colors formats are: * rgb format "rgb(n,n,n)", for example "```"rgb(128,0,128)"``` * hex "#rrggbb", for example ```"#aa00aa"```, or * [SVG color names](https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/types.html#ColorKeywords). Color gradients (used for slide backgrounds and rectangle and square fills) are specified as color1/color2/percent, for example, ```"blue/white/90"``` Coordinates, dimensions, scales and opacities are floating point numbers ranging from from 0-100 (representing percentages of the canvas width and percent opacity). Some arguments are optional, and if omitted defaults are applied (black for text, gray for graphics, 100% opacity). Canvas size and image dimensions are in pixels. ## Begin or end a deck. ## Begin, end a slide with optional background and text colors. ## Specify the size of the canvas. ## Simple assignments ```id=<number>``` defines a constant, which may be then subtitited. For example: ## Assignment operations ```id+=<number>``` increment the value of ```id``` by ```<number>``` ```id-=<number>``` decrement the value of ```id``` by ```<number>``` ```id*=<number>``` multiply the value of ```id``` by ```<number>``` ```id*=<number>``` divide the value of ```id``` by ```<number>``` ## Binary operations Addition ```id=<id> + number or <id>``` Subtraction ```id=<id> - number or <id>``` Muliplication ```id=<id> * number or <id>``` Division ```id=<id> / number or <id>``` ## Coordinate assignments Assign (x,y) coordinates to the specified identifier. The x coordinate is ```id_x``` and the y coordinate is ```id_y```. The expression with the parentheses may be a constant, variable or binary expression. This code: makes this: ## Polar Coordinates Return the polar coordinate given the center at ```(cx, cy)```, radius ```r```, and angle ```theta``` (in degrees) ## Polar Coordinates (composite) Return the polar coordinates ```(p_x)``` and ```(p_y)``` given the center at ```(cx, cy)```, radius ```r```, and angle ```theta``` (in degrees) ## Area return the circular area, ```a``` for the diameter ```d```. ## Formatted Text Assign a string variable with formatted text (using package fmt floating point format strings) ## Random Number assign a random number in the specified range ## Square Root return the square root of the number of expression (```id``` or binary operation) ## Mapping For value ```v```, map the range ```vmin-vmax``` to ```min-max```. ## Loops Loop over ```statements```, with ```x``` starting at ```begin```, ending at ```end``` with an optional ```increment``` (if omitted the increment is 1). Substitution of ```x``` will occur in statements. Loop over ```statements```, with ```x``` ranging over the contents of items within ```[]```. Substitution of ```x``` will occur in statements. Loop over ```statements```, with ```x``` ranging over the contents ```"file"```. Substitution of ```x``` will occur in statements. ## Include decksh markup from a file places the contents of ```"file"``` inline. ## Functions Functions have a defined ```name``` and arguments, and are specifed with statements between the ```def``` and ```edef``` keywords ## Importing function defintions Functions may be imported once, and then called by name. For example, given a file ```redcircle.dsh```: which is referenced: Functions may also be called with the ```func``` keyword: For example, given a file "ftest.dsh" calling the function: produces: ## Data: Make a file makes a file named ```foo.d``` with the lines between ```data``` and ```edata```. ## Grid: Place objects on a grid The first file argument (```"file.dsh"``` above) specifies a file with decksh commands; each item in the file must include the arguments "x" and "y". Normal variable substitution occurs for other arguments. For example if the contents of ```file.dsh``` has six items: The line: creates two rows: three circles and then three squares ```x, y``` specify the beginning location of the items, ```xskip``` is the horizontal spacing between items. ```yinternal``` is the vertical spacing between items and ```limit``` the the horizontal limit. When the ```limit``` is reached, a new row is created. ## Text Left, centered, end, or block-aligned text or file contents (```x``` and ```y``` are the text's reference point), with optional font ("sans", "serif", "mono", or "symbol"), color and opacity. Text rotated along the specified angle (in degrees) Text on an arc centered at ```(x,y)```, with specified radius, between begin and ending angles (in degrees). if the beginning angle is less than the ending angle the text is rendered counter-clockwise. if the beginning angle is greater than the ending angle, the text is rendered clockwise. Place the contents of "filename" at (x,y). Place the contents of "filename" in gray box, using a monospaced font. ## Images Plain and captioned, with optional scales, links and caption size. ```(x, y)``` is the center of the image, and ```width``` and ```height``` are the image dimensions in pixels. ## Lists (plain, bulleted, numbered, centered). Optional arguments specify the color, opacity, line spacing, link and rotation (degrees) ### list items, and ending the list ## Graphics Rectangles, ellipses, squares, circles: specify the center location ```(x, y)``` and dimensions ```(w,h)``` with optional color and opacity. The default color and opacity is gray, 100%. In the case of the ```acircle``` keyword, the ```a``` argument is the area, not the diameter. Rounded rectangles are similar, with the added radius for the corners: (solid colors only) For polygons, specify the x and y coordinates as a series of numbers, with optional color and opacity. Note that the coordinates may be either discrete: or use substitution: A combination of constants and substitution is also allowed. For lines, specify the coordinates for the beginning ```(x1,y1)``` and end points ```(x2, y2)```. For horizontal and vertical lines specify the initial point and the length. Line thickness, color and opacity are optional, with defaults (0.2, gray, 100%). A "pill" shape has is a horizontal line with rounded ends. Curve is a quadratic Bezier curve: specify the beginning location ```(bx, by)```, the control point ```(cx, cy)```, and ending location ```(ex, ey)```. For arcs, specify the location of the center point ```(x,y)```, the width and height, and the beginning and ending angles (in degrees). Line thickness, color and opacity are optional, with defaults (0.2, gray, 100%). To make n-sided stars, use the "star" keyword: ```(x,y)``` is the center of the star, ```np``` is the number of points, and ```inner``` and ```outer``` are the sizes of the inner and outer points, respectively. ## Arrows Arrows with optional linewidth, width, height, color, and opacity. Default linewidth is 0.2, default arrow width and height is 3, default color and opacity is gray, 100%. The curve variants use the same syntax for specifying curves. ## Braces Left, right, up and down-facing braces. (x, y) is the location of the point of the brace, (aw, ah) are width and height of the braces's end curves; ```linewidth```, ```color``` and ```opacity``` are optional (defaults are 0.2, gray, 100%) ## Brackets Left, right, up and down-facing brackets. (x, y) is the location of the center of the bracket. For left and right-facing brackets, ```width``` is the size of the top and bottom portions, and ```height``` is the span of the bracket. For upward and downward-facing brackets, ```width``` is the span of of bracket, and ```height``` is the size of the left and right portions. ```linewidth```, ```color``` and ```opacity``` are optional (defaults are 0.2, gray, 100%) ## Charts Run the dchart(https://github.com/ajstarks/dchart/blob/master/README.md) command with the specified arguments. ## Legend Show a colored legend Package decksh is a little language that generates deck markup code generation Package decksh is a little language that generates deck markup geo data processing Package decksh is a little language that generates deck markup loops Package decksh is a little language that generates deck markup parsing

v0.0.0-20230930161435-d781e8dad001 • 2 years ago

gitlab.com/cznic/ql

Package ql implements a pure Go embedded SQL database engine. QL is a member of the SQL family of languages. It is less complex and less powerful than SQL (whichever specification SQL is considered to be). 2018-11-04: Back end file format V2 is now released. To use the new format for newly created databases set the FileFormat field in *Options passed to OpenFile to value 2 or use the driver named "ql2" instead of "ql". - Both the old and new driver will properly open and use, read and write the old (V1) or new file (V2) format of an existing database. - V1 format has a record size limit of ~64 kB. V2 format record size limit is math.MaxInt32. - V1 format uncommitted transaction size is limited by memory resources. V2 format uncommitted transaction is limited by free disk space. - A direct consequence of the previous is that small transactions perform better using V1 format and big transactions perform better using V2 format. - V2 format uses substantially less memory. 2018-08-02: Release v1.2.0 adds initial support for Go modules. 2017-01-10: Release v1.1.0 fixes some bugs and adds a configurable WAL headroom. 2016-07-29: Release v1.0.6 enables alternatively using = instead of == for equality operation. 2016-07-11: Release v1.0.5 undoes vendoring of lldb. QL now uses stable lldb (modernc.org/lldb). 2016-07-06: Release v1.0.4 fixes a panic when closing the WAL file. 2016-04-03: Release v1.0.3 fixes a data race. 2016-03-23: Release v1.0.2 vendors gitlab.com/cznic/exp/lldb and github.com/camlistore/go4/lock. 2016-03-17: Release v1.0.1 adjusts for latest goyacc. Parser error messages are improved and changed, but their exact form is not considered a API change. 2016-03-05: The current version has been tagged v1.0.0. 2015-06-15: To improve compatibility with other SQL implementations, the count built-in aggregate function now accepts * as its argument. 2015-05-29: The execution planner was rewritten from scratch. It should use indices in all places where they were used before plus in some additional situations. It is possible to investigate the plan using the newly added EXPLAIN statement. The QL tool is handy for such analysis. If the planner would have used an index, but no such exists, the plan includes hints in form of copy/paste ready CREATE INDEX statements. The planner is still quite simple and a lot of work on it is yet ahead. You can help this process by filling an issue with a schema and query which fails to use an index or indices when it should, in your opinion. Bonus points for including output of `ql 'explain <query>'`. 2015-05-09: The grammar of the CREATE INDEX statement now accepts an expression list instead of a single expression, which was further limited to just a column name or the built-in id(). As a side effect, composite indices are now functional. However, the values in the expression-list style index are not yet used by other statements or the statement/query planner. The composite index is useful while having UNIQUE clause to check for semantically duplicate rows before they get added to the table or when such a row is mutated using the UPDATE statement and the expression-list style index tuple of the row is thus recomputed. 2015-05-02: The Schema field of table __Table now correctly reflects any column constraints and/or defaults. Also, the (*DB).Info method now has that information provided in new ColumInfo fields NotNull, Constraint and Default. 2015-04-20: Added support for {LEFT,RIGHT,FULL} [OUTER] JOIN. 2015-04-18: Column definitions can now have constraints and defaults. Details are discussed in the "Constraints and defaults" chapter below the CREATE TABLE statement documentation. 2015-03-06: New built-in functions formatFloat and formatInt. Thanks urandom! (https://github.com/urandom) 2015-02-16: IN predicate now accepts a SELECT statement. See the updated "Predicates" section. 2015-01-17: Logical operators || and && have now alternative spellings: OR and AND (case insensitive). AND was a keyword before, but OR is a new one. This can possibly break existing queries. For the record, it's a good idea to not use any name appearing in, for example, [7] in your queries as the list of QL's keywords may expand for gaining better compatibility with existing SQL "standards". 2015-01-12: ACID guarantees were tightened at the cost of performance in some cases. The write collecting window mechanism, a formerly used implementation detail, was removed. Inserting rows one by one in a transaction is now slow. I mean very slow. Try to avoid inserting single rows in a transaction. Instead, whenever possible, perform batch updates of tens to, say thousands of rows in a single transaction. See also: http://www.sqlite.org/faq.html#q19, the discussed synchronization principles involved are the same as for QL, modulo minor details. Note: A side effect is that closing a DB before exiting an application, both for the Go API and through database/sql driver, is no more required, strictly speaking. Beware that exiting an application while there is an open (uncommitted) transaction in progress means losing the transaction data. However, the DB will not become corrupted because of not closing it. Nor that was the case before, but formerly failing to close a DB could have resulted in losing the data of the last transaction. 2014-09-21: id() now optionally accepts a single argument - a table name. 2014-09-01: Added the DB.Flush() method and the LIKE pattern matching predicate. 2014-08-08: The built in functions max and min now accept also time values. Thanks opennota! (https://github.com/opennota) 2014-06-05: RecordSet interface extended by new methods FirstRow and Rows. 2014-06-02: Indices on id() are now used by SELECT statements. 2014-05-07: Introduction of Marshal, Schema, Unmarshal. 2014-04-15: Added optional IF NOT EXISTS clause to CREATE INDEX and optional IF EXISTS clause to DROP INDEX. 2014-04-12: The column Unique in the virtual table __Index was renamed to IsUnique because the old name is a keyword. Unfortunately, this is a breaking change, sorry. 2014-04-11: Introduction of LIMIT, OFFSET. 2014-04-10: Introduction of query rewriting. 2014-04-07: Introduction of indices. QL imports zappy[8], a block-based compressor, which speeds up its performance by using a C version of the compression/decompression algorithms. If a CGO-free (pure Go) version of QL, or an app using QL, is required, please include 'purego' in the -tags option of go {build,get,install}. For example: If zappy was installed before installing QL, it might be necessary to rebuild zappy first (or rebuild QL with all its dependencies using the -a option): The syntax is specified using Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) Lower-case production names are used to identify lexical tokens. Non-terminals are in CamelCase. Lexical tokens are enclosed in double quotes "" or back quotes “. The form a … b represents the set of characters from a through b as alternatives. The horizontal ellipsis … is also used elsewhere in the spec to informally denote various enumerations or code snippets that are not further specified. QL source code is Unicode text encoded in UTF-8. The text is not canonicalized, so a single accented code point is distinct from the same character constructed from combining an accent and a letter; those are treated as two code points. For simplicity, this document will use the unqualified term character to refer to a Unicode code point in the source text. Each code point is distinct; for instance, upper and lower case letters are different characters. Implementation restriction: For compatibility with other tools, the parser may disallow the NUL character (U+0000) in the statement. Implementation restriction: A byte order mark is disallowed anywhere in QL statements. The following terms are used to denote specific character classes The underscore character _ (U+005F) is considered a letter. Lexical elements are comments, tokens, identifiers, keywords, operators and delimiters, integer, floating-point, imaginary, rune and string literals and QL parameters. Line comments start with the character sequence // or -- and stop at the end of the line. A line comment acts like a space. General comments start with the character sequence /* and continue through the character sequence */. A general comment acts like a space. Comments do not nest. Tokens form the vocabulary of QL. There are four classes: identifiers, keywords, operators and delimiters, and literals. White space, formed from spaces (U+0020), horizontal tabs (U+0009), carriage returns (U+000D), and newlines (U+000A), is ignored except as it separates tokens that would otherwise combine into a single token. The formal grammar uses semicolons ";" as separators of QL statements. A single QL statement or the last QL statement in a list of statements can have an optional semicolon terminator. (Actually a separator from the following empty statement.) Identifiers name entities such as tables or record set columns. An identifier is a sequence of one or more letters and digits. The first character in an identifier must be a letter. For example No identifiers are predeclared, however note that no keyword can be used as an identifier. Identifiers starting with two underscores are used for meta data virtual tables names. For forward compatibility, users should generally avoid using any identifiers starting with two underscores. For example The following keywords are reserved and may not be used as identifiers. Keywords are not case sensitive. The following character sequences represent operators, delimiters, and other special tokens Operators consisting of more than one character are referred to by names in the rest of the documentation An integer literal is a sequence of digits representing an integer constant. An optional prefix sets a non-decimal base: 0 for octal, 0x or 0X for hexadecimal. In hexadecimal literals, letters a-f and A-F represent values 10 through 15. For example A floating-point literal is a decimal representation of a floating-point constant. It has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and an exponent part. The integer and fractional part comprise decimal digits; the exponent part is an e or E followed by an optionally signed decimal exponent. One of the integer part or the fractional part may be elided; one of the decimal point or the exponent may be elided. For example An imaginary literal is a decimal representation of the imaginary part of a complex constant. It consists of a floating-point literal or decimal integer followed by the lower-case letter i. For example A rune literal represents a rune constant, an integer value identifying a Unicode code point. A rune literal is expressed as one or more characters enclosed in single quotes. Within the quotes, any character may appear except single quote and newline. A single quoted character represents the Unicode value of the character itself, while multi-character sequences beginning with a backslash encode values in various formats. The simplest form represents the single character within the quotes; since QL statements are Unicode characters encoded in UTF-8, multiple UTF-8-encoded bytes may represent a single integer value. For instance, the literal 'a' holds a single byte representing a literal a, Unicode U+0061, value 0x61, while 'ä' holds two bytes (0xc3 0xa4) representing a literal a-dieresis, U+00E4, value 0xe4. Several backslash escapes allow arbitrary values to be encoded as ASCII text. There are four ways to represent the integer value as a numeric constant: \x followed by exactly two hexadecimal digits; \u followed by exactly four hexadecimal digits; \U followed by exactly eight hexadecimal digits, and a plain backslash \ followed by exactly three octal digits. In each case the value of the literal is the value represented by the digits in the corresponding base. Although these representations all result in an integer, they have different valid ranges. Octal escapes must represent a value between 0 and 255 inclusive. Hexadecimal escapes satisfy this condition by construction. The escapes \u and \U represent Unicode code points so within them some values are illegal, in particular those above 0x10FFFF and surrogate halves. After a backslash, certain single-character escapes represent special values All other sequences starting with a backslash are illegal inside rune literals. For example A string literal represents a string constant obtained from concatenating a sequence of characters. There are two forms: raw string literals and interpreted string literals. Raw string literals are character sequences between back quotes “. Within the quotes, any character is legal except back quote. The value of a raw string literal is the string composed of the uninterpreted (implicitly UTF-8-encoded) characters between the quotes; in particular, backslashes have no special meaning and the string may contain newlines. Carriage returns inside raw string literals are discarded from the raw string value. Interpreted string literals are character sequences between double quotes "". The text between the quotes, which may not contain newlines, forms the value of the literal, with backslash escapes interpreted as they are in rune literals (except that \' is illegal and \" is legal), with the same restrictions. The three-digit octal (\nnn) and two-digit hexadecimal (\xnn) escapes represent individual bytes of the resulting string; all other escapes represent the (possibly multi-byte) UTF-8 encoding of individual characters. Thus inside a string literal \377 and \xFF represent a single byte of value 0xFF=255, while ÿ, \u00FF, \U000000FF and \xc3\xbf represent the two bytes 0xc3 0xbf of the UTF-8 encoding of character U+00FF. For example These examples all represent the same string If the statement source represents a character as two code points, such as a combining form involving an accent and a letter, the result will be an error if placed in a rune literal (it is not a single code point), and will appear as two code points if placed in a string literal. Literals are assigned their values from the respective text representation at "compile" (parse) time. QL parameters provide the same functionality as literals, but their value is assigned at execution time from an expression list passed to DB.Run or DB.Execute. Using '?' or '$' is completely equivalent. For example Keywords 'false' and 'true' (not case sensitive) represent the two possible constant values of type bool (also not case sensitive). Keyword 'NULL' (not case sensitive) represents an untyped constant which is assignable to any type. NULL is distinct from any other value of any type. A type determines the set of values and operations specific to values of that type. A type is specified by a type name. Named instances of the boolean, numeric, and string types are keywords. The names are not case sensitive. Note: The blob type is exchanged between the back end and the API as []byte. On 32 bit platforms this limits the size which the implementation can handle to 2G. A boolean type represents the set of Boolean truth values denoted by the predeclared constants true and false. The predeclared boolean type is bool. A duration type represents the elapsed time between two instants as an int64 nanosecond count. The representation limits the largest representable duration to approximately 290 years. A numeric type represents sets of integer or floating-point values. The predeclared architecture-independent numeric types are The value of an n-bit integer is n bits wide and represented using two's complement arithmetic. Conversions are required when different numeric types are mixed in an expression or assignment. A string type represents the set of string values. A string value is a (possibly empty) sequence of bytes. The case insensitive keyword for the string type is 'string'. The length of a string (its size in bytes) can be discovered using the built-in function len. A time type represents an instant in time with nanosecond precision. Each time has associated with it a location, consulted when computing the presentation form of the time. The following functions are implicitly declared An expression specifies the computation of a value by applying operators and functions to operands. Operands denote the elementary values in an expression. An operand may be a literal, a (possibly qualified) identifier denoting a constant or a function or a table/record set column, or a parenthesized expression. A qualified identifier is an identifier qualified with a table/record set name prefix. For example Primary expression are the operands for unary and binary expressions. For example A primary expression of the form denotes the element of a string indexed by x. Its type is byte. The value x is called the index. The following rules apply - The index x must be of integer type except bigint or duration; it is in range if 0 <= x < len(s), otherwise it is out of range. - A constant index must be non-negative and representable by a value of type int. - A constant index must be in range if the string a is a literal. - If x is out of range at run time, a run-time error occurs. - s[x] is the byte at index x and the type of s[x] is byte. If s is NULL or x is NULL then the result is NULL. Otherwise s[x] is illegal. For a string, the primary expression constructs a substring. The indices low and high select which elements appear in the result. The result has indices starting at 0 and length equal to high - low. For convenience, any of the indices may be omitted. A missing low index defaults to zero; a missing high index defaults to the length of the sliced operand The indices low and high are in range if 0 <= low <= high <= len(a), otherwise they are out of range. A constant index must be non-negative and representable by a value of type int. If both indices are constant, they must satisfy low <= high. If the indices are out of range at run time, a run-time error occurs. Integer values of type bigint or duration cannot be used as indices. If s is NULL the result is NULL. If low or high is not omitted and is NULL then the result is NULL. Given an identifier f denoting a predeclared function, calls f with arguments a1, a2, … an. Arguments are evaluated before the function is called. The type of the expression is the result type of f. In a function call, the function value and arguments are evaluated in the usual order. After they are evaluated, the parameters of the call are passed by value to the function and the called function begins execution. The return value of the function is passed by value when the function returns. Calling an undefined function causes a compile-time error. Operators combine operands into expressions. Comparisons are discussed elsewhere. For other binary operators, the operand types must be identical unless the operation involves shifts or untyped constants. For operations involving constants only, see the section on constant expressions. Except for shift operations, if one operand is an untyped constant and the other operand is not, the constant is converted to the type of the other operand. The right operand in a shift expression must have unsigned integer type or be an untyped constant that can be converted to unsigned integer type. If the left operand of a non-constant shift expression is an untyped constant, the type of the constant is what it would be if the shift expression were replaced by its left operand alone. Expressions of the form yield a boolean value true if expr2, a regular expression, matches expr1 (see also [6]). Both expression must be of type string. If any one of the expressions is NULL the result is NULL. Predicates are special form expressions having a boolean result type. Expressions of the form are equivalent, including NULL handling, to The types of involved expressions must be comparable as defined in "Comparison operators". Another form of the IN predicate creates the expression list from a result of a SelectStmt. The SelectStmt must select only one column. The produced expression list is resource limited by the memory available to the process. NULL values produced by the SelectStmt are ignored, but if all records of the SelectStmt are NULL the predicate yields NULL. The select statement is evaluated only once. If the type of expr is not the same as the type of the field returned by the SelectStmt then the set operation yields false. The type of the column returned by the SelectStmt must be one of the simple (non blob-like) types: Expressions of the form are equivalent, including NULL handling, to The types of involved expressions must be ordered as defined in "Comparison operators". Expressions of the form yield a boolean value true if expr does not have a specific type (case A) or if expr has a specific type (case B). In other cases the result is a boolean value false. Unary operators have the highest precedence. There are five precedence levels for binary operators. Multiplication operators bind strongest, followed by addition operators, comparison operators, && (logical AND), and finally || (logical OR) Binary operators of the same precedence associate from left to right. For instance, x / y * z is the same as (x / y) * z. Note that the operator precedence is reflected explicitly by the grammar. Arithmetic operators apply to numeric values and yield a result of the same type as the first operand. The four standard arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /) apply to integer, rational, floating-point, and complex types; + also applies to strings; +,- also applies to times. All other arithmetic operators apply to integers only. sum integers, rationals, floats, complex values, strings difference integers, rationals, floats, complex values, times product integers, rationals, floats, complex values / quotient integers, rationals, floats, complex values % remainder integers & bitwise AND integers | bitwise OR integers ^ bitwise XOR integers &^ bit clear (AND NOT) integers << left shift integer << unsigned integer >> right shift integer >> unsigned integer Strings can be concatenated using the + operator String addition creates a new string by concatenating the operands. A value of type duration can be added to or subtracted from a value of type time. Times can subtracted from each other producing a value of type duration. For two integer values x and y, the integer quotient q = x / y and remainder r = x % y satisfy the following relationships with x / y truncated towards zero ("truncated division"). As an exception to this rule, if the dividend x is the most negative value for the int type of x, the quotient q = x / -1 is equal to x (and r = 0). If the divisor is a constant expression, it must not be zero. If the divisor is zero at run time, a run-time error occurs. If the dividend is non-negative and the divisor is a constant power of 2, the division may be replaced by a right shift, and computing the remainder may be replaced by a bitwise AND operation The shift operators shift the left operand by the shift count specified by the right operand. They implement arithmetic shifts if the left operand is a signed integer and logical shifts if it is an unsigned integer. There is no upper limit on the shift count. Shifts behave as if the left operand is shifted n times by 1 for a shift count of n. As a result, x << 1 is the same as x*2 and x >> 1 is the same as x/2 but truncated towards negative infinity. For integer operands, the unary operators +, -, and ^ are defined as follows For floating-point and complex numbers, +x is the same as x, while -x is the negation of x. The result of a floating-point or complex division by zero is not specified beyond the IEEE-754 standard; whether a run-time error occurs is implementation-specific. Whenever any operand of any arithmetic operation, unary or binary, is NULL, as well as in the case of the string concatenating operation, the result is NULL. For unsigned integer values, the operations +, -, *, and << are computed modulo 2n, where n is the bit width of the unsigned integer's type. Loosely speaking, these unsigned integer operations discard high bits upon overflow, and expressions may rely on “wrap around”. For signed integers with a finite bit width, the operations +, -, *, and << may legally overflow and the resulting value exists and is deterministically defined by the signed integer representation, the operation, and its operands. No exception is raised as a result of overflow. An evaluator may not optimize an expression under the assumption that overflow does not occur. For instance, it may not assume that x < x + 1 is always true. Integers of type bigint and rationals do not overflow but their handling is limited by the memory resources available to the program. Comparison operators compare two operands and yield a boolean value. In any comparison, the first operand must be of same type as is the second operand, or vice versa. The equality operators == and != apply to operands that are comparable. The ordering operators <, <=, >, and >= apply to operands that are ordered. These terms and the result of the comparisons are defined as follows - Boolean values are comparable. Two boolean values are equal if they are either both true or both false. - Complex values are comparable. Two complex values u and v are equal if both real(u) == real(v) and imag(u) == imag(v). - Integer values are comparable and ordered, in the usual way. Note that durations are integers. - Floating point values are comparable and ordered, as defined by the IEEE-754 standard. - Rational values are comparable and ordered, in the usual way. - String and Blob values are comparable and ordered, lexically byte-wise. - Time values are comparable and ordered. Whenever any operand of any comparison operation is NULL, the result is NULL. Note that slices are always of type string. Logical operators apply to boolean values and yield a boolean result. The right operand is evaluated conditionally. The truth tables for logical operations with NULL values Conversions are expressions of the form T(x) where T is a type and x is an expression that can be converted to type T. A constant value x can be converted to type T in any of these cases: - x is representable by a value of type T. - x is a floating-point constant, T is a floating-point type, and x is representable by a value of type T after rounding using IEEE 754 round-to-even rules. The constant T(x) is the rounded value. - x is an integer constant and T is a string type. The same rule as for non-constant x applies in this case. Converting a constant yields a typed constant as result. A non-constant value x can be converted to type T in any of these cases: - x has type T. - x's type and T are both integer or floating point types. - x's type and T are both complex types. - x is an integer, except bigint or duration, and T is a string type. Specific rules apply to (non-constant) conversions between numeric types or to and from a string type. These conversions may change the representation of x and incur a run-time cost. All other conversions only change the type but not the representation of x. A conversion of NULL to any type yields NULL. For the conversion of non-constant numeric values, the following rules apply 1. When converting between integer types, if the value is a signed integer, it is sign extended to implicit infinite precision; otherwise it is zero extended. It is then truncated to fit in the result type's size. For example, if v == uint16(0x10F0), then uint32(int8(v)) == 0xFFFFFFF0. The conversion always yields a valid value; there is no indication of overflow. 2. When converting a floating-point number to an integer, the fraction is discarded (truncation towards zero). 3. When converting an integer or floating-point number to a floating-point type, or a complex number to another complex type, the result value is rounded to the precision specified by the destination type. For instance, the value of a variable x of type float32 may be stored using additional precision beyond that of an IEEE-754 32-bit number, but float32(x) represents the result of rounding x's value to 32-bit precision. Similarly, x + 0.1 may use more than 32 bits of precision, but float32(x + 0.1) does not. In all non-constant conversions involving floating-point or complex values, if the result type cannot represent the value the conversion succeeds but the result value is implementation-dependent. 1. Converting a signed or unsigned integer value to a string type yields a string containing the UTF-8 representation of the integer. Values outside the range of valid Unicode code points are converted to "\uFFFD". 2. Converting a blob to a string type yields a string whose successive bytes are the elements of the blob. 3. Converting a value of a string type to a blob yields a blob whose successive elements are the bytes of the string. 4. Converting a value of a bigint type to a string yields a string containing the decimal decimal representation of the integer. 5. Converting a value of a string type to a bigint yields a bigint value containing the integer represented by the string value. A prefix of “0x” or “0X” selects base 16; the “0” prefix selects base 8, and a “0b” or “0B” prefix selects base 2. Otherwise the value is interpreted in base 10. An error occurs if the string value is not in any valid format. 6. Converting a value of a rational type to a string yields a string containing the decimal decimal representation of the rational in the form "a/b" (even if b == 1). 7. Converting a value of a string type to a bigrat yields a bigrat value containing the rational represented by the string value. The string can be given as a fraction "a/b" or as a floating-point number optionally followed by an exponent. An error occurs if the string value is not in any valid format. 8. Converting a value of a duration type to a string returns a string representing the duration in the form "72h3m0.5s". Leading zero units are omitted. As a special case, durations less than one second format using a smaller unit (milli-, micro-, or nanoseconds) to ensure that the leading digit is non-zero. The zero duration formats as 0, with no unit. 9. Converting a string value to a duration yields a duration represented by the string. A duration string is a possibly signed sequence of decimal numbers, each with optional fraction and a unit suffix, such as "300ms", "-1.5h" or "2h45m". Valid time units are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h". 10. Converting a time value to a string returns the time formatted using the format string When evaluating the operands of an expression or of function calls, operations are evaluated in lexical left-to-right order. For example, in the evaluation of the function calls and evaluation of c happen in the order h(), i(), j(), c. Floating-point operations within a single expression are evaluated according to the associativity of the operators. Explicit parentheses affect the evaluation by overriding the default associativity. In the expression x + (y + z) the addition y + z is performed before adding x. Statements control execution. The empty statement does nothing. Alter table statements modify existing tables. With the ADD clause it adds a new column to the table. The column must not exist. With the DROP clause it removes an existing column from a table. The column must exist and it must be not the only (last) column of the table. IOW, there cannot be a table with no columns. For example When adding a column to a table with existing data, the constraint clause of the ColumnDef cannot be used. Adding a constrained column to an empty table is fine. Begin transactions statements introduce a new transaction level. Every transaction level must be eventually balanced by exactly one of COMMIT or ROLLBACK statements. Note that when a transaction is roll-backed because of a statement failure then no explicit balancing of the respective BEGIN TRANSACTION is statement is required nor permitted. Failure to properly balance any opened transaction level may cause dead locks and/or lose of data updated in the uppermost opened but never properly closed transaction level. For example A database cannot be updated (mutated) outside of a transaction. Statements requiring a transaction A database is effectively read only outside of a transaction. Statements not requiring a transaction The commit statement closes the innermost transaction nesting level. If that's the outermost level then the updates to the DB made by the transaction are atomically made persistent. For example Create index statements create new indices. Index is a named projection of ordered values of a table column to the respective records. As a special case the id() of the record can be indexed. Index name must not be the same as any of the existing tables and it also cannot be the same as of any column name of the table the index is on. For example Now certain SELECT statements may use the indices to speed up joins and/or to speed up record set filtering when the WHERE clause is used; or the indices might be used to improve the performance when the ORDER BY clause is present. The UNIQUE modifier requires the indexed values tuple to be index-wise unique or have all values NULL. The optional IF NOT EXISTS clause makes the statement a no operation if the index already exists. A simple index consists of only one expression which must be either a column name or the built-in id(). A more complex and more general index is one that consists of more than one expression or its single expression does not qualify as a simple index. In this case the type of all expressions in the list must be one of the non blob-like types. Note: Blob-like types are blob, bigint, bigrat, time and duration. Create table statements create new tables. A column definition declares the column name and type. Table names and column names are case sensitive. Neither a table or an index of the same name may exist in the DB. For example The optional IF NOT EXISTS clause makes the statement a no operation if the table already exists. The optional constraint clause has two forms. The first one is found in many SQL dialects. This form prevents the data in column DepartmentName to be NULL. The second form allows an arbitrary boolean expression to be used to validate the column. If the value of the expression is true then the validation succeeded. If the value of the expression is false or NULL then the validation fails. If the value of the expression is not of type bool an error occurs. The optional DEFAULT clause is an expression which, if present, is substituted instead of a NULL value when the colum is assigned a value. Note that the constraint and/or default expressions may refer to other columns by name: When a table row is inserted by the INSERT INTO statement or when a table row is updated by the UPDATE statement, the order of operations is as follows: 1. The new values of the affected columns are set and the values of all the row columns become the named values which can be referred to in default expressions evaluated in step 2. 2. If any row column value is NULL and the DEFAULT clause is present in the column's definition, the default expression is evaluated and its value is set as the respective column value. 3. The values, potentially updated, of row columns become the named values which can be referred to in constraint expressions evaluated during step 4. 4. All row columns which definition has the constraint clause present will have that constraint checked. If any constraint violation is detected, the overall operation fails and no changes to the table are made. Delete from statements remove rows from a table, which must exist. For example If the WHERE clause is not present then all rows are removed and the statement is equivalent to the TRUNCATE TABLE statement. Drop index statements remove indices from the DB. The index must exist. For example The optional IF EXISTS clause makes the statement a no operation if the index does not exist. Drop table statements remove tables from the DB. The table must exist. For example The optional IF EXISTS clause makes the statement a no operation if the table does not exist. Insert into statements insert new rows into tables. New rows come from literal data, if using the VALUES clause, or are a result of select statement. In the later case the select statement is fully evaluated before the insertion of any rows is performed, allowing to insert values calculated from the same table rows are to be inserted into. If the ColumnNameList part is omitted then the number of values inserted in the row must be the same as are columns in the table. If the ColumnNameList part is present then the number of values per row must be same as the same number of column names. All other columns of the record are set to NULL. The type of the value assigned to a column must be the same as is the column's type or the value must be NULL. For example If any of the columns of the table were defined using the optional constraints clause or the optional defaults clause then those are processed on a per row basis. The details are discussed in the "Constraints and defaults" chapter below the CREATE TABLE statement documentation. Explain statement produces a recordset consisting of lines of text which describe the execution plan of a statement, if any. For example, the QL tool treats the explain statement specially and outputs the joined lines: The explanation may aid in uderstanding how a statement/query would be executed and if indices are used as expected - or which indices may possibly improve the statement performance. The create index statements above were directly copy/pasted in the terminal from the suggestions provided by the filter recordset pipeline part returned by the explain statement. If the statement has nothing special in its plan, the result is the original statement. To get an explanation of the select statement of the IN predicate, use the EXPLAIN statement with that particular select statement. The rollback statement closes the innermost transaction nesting level discarding any updates to the DB made by it. If that's the outermost level then the effects on the DB are as if the transaction never happened. For example The (temporary) record set from the last statement is returned and can be processed by the client. In this case the rollback is the same as 'DROP TABLE tmp;' but it can be a more complex operation. Select from statements produce recordsets. The optional DISTINCT modifier ensures all rows in the result recordset are unique. Either all of the resulting fields are returned ('*') or only those named in FieldList. RecordSetList is a list of table names or parenthesized select statements, optionally (re)named using the AS clause. The result can be filtered using a WhereClause and orderd by the OrderBy clause. For example If Recordset is a nested, parenthesized SelectStmt then it must be given a name using the AS clause if its field are to be accessible in expressions. A field is an named expression. Identifiers, not used as a type in conversion or a function name in the Call clause, denote names of (other) fields, values of which should be used in the expression. The expression can be named using the AS clause. If the AS clause is not present and the expression consists solely of a field name, then that field name is used as the name of the resulting field. Otherwise the field is unnamed. For example The SELECT statement can optionally enumerate the desired/resulting fields in a list. No two identical field names can appear in the list. When more than one record set is used in the FROM clause record set list, the result record set field names are rewritten to be qualified using the record set names. If a particular record set doesn't have a name, its respective fields became unnamed. The optional JOIN clause, for example is mostly equal to except that the rows from a which, when they appear in the cross join, never made expr to evaluate to true, are combined with a virtual row from b, containing all nulls, and added to the result set. For the RIGHT JOIN variant the discussed rules are used for rows from b not satisfying expr == true and the virtual, all-null row "comes" from a. The FULL JOIN adds the respective rows which would be otherwise provided by the separate executions of the LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN variants. For more thorough OUTER JOIN discussion please see the Wikipedia article at [10]. Resultins rows of a SELECT statement can be optionally ordered by the ORDER BY clause. Collating proceeds by considering the expressions in the expression list left to right until a collating order is determined. Any possibly remaining expressions are not evaluated. All of the expression values must yield an ordered type or NULL. Ordered types are defined in "Comparison operators". Collating of elements having a NULL value is different compared to what the comparison operators yield in expression evaluation (NULL result instead of a boolean value). Below, T denotes a non NULL value of any QL type. NULL collates before any non NULL value (is considered smaller than T). Two NULLs have no collating order (are considered equal). The WHERE clause restricts records considered by some statements, like SELECT FROM, DELETE FROM, or UPDATE. It is an error if the expression evaluates to a non null value of non bool type. Another form of the WHERE clause is an existence predicate of a parenthesized select statement. The EXISTS form evaluates to true if the parenthesized SELECT statement produces a non empty record set. The NOT EXISTS form evaluates to true if the parenthesized SELECT statement produces an empty record set. The parenthesized SELECT statement is evaluated only once (TODO issue #159). The GROUP BY clause is used to project rows having common values into a smaller set of rows. For example Using the GROUP BY without any aggregate functions in the selected fields is in certain cases equal to using the DISTINCT modifier. The last two examples above produce the same resultsets. The optional OFFSET clause allows to ignore first N records. For example The above will produce only rows 11, 12, ... of the record set, if they exist. The value of the expression must a non negative integer, but not bigint or duration. The optional LIMIT clause allows to ignore all but first N records. For example The above will return at most the first 10 records of the record set. The value of the expression must a non negative integer, but not bigint or duration. The LIMIT and OFFSET clauses can be combined. For example Considering table t has, say 10 records, the above will produce only records 4 - 8. After returning record #8, no more result rows/records are computed. 1. The FROM clause is evaluated, producing a Cartesian product of its source record sets (tables or nested SELECT statements). 2. If present, the JOIN cluase is evaluated on the result set of the previous evaluation and the recordset specified by the JOIN clause. (... JOIN Recordset ON ...) 3. If present, the WHERE clause is evaluated on the result set of the previous evaluation. 4. If present, the GROUP BY clause is evaluated on the result set of the previous evaluation(s). 5. The SELECT field expressions are evaluated on the result set of the previous evaluation(s). 6. If present, the DISTINCT modifier is evaluated on the result set of the previous evaluation(s). 7. If present, the ORDER BY clause is evaluated on the result set of the previous evaluation(s). 8. If present, the OFFSET clause is evaluated on the result set of the previous evaluation(s). The offset expression is evaluated once for the first record produced by the previous evaluations. 9. If present, the LIMIT clause is evaluated on the result set of the previous evaluation(s). The limit expression is evaluated once for the first record produced by the previous evaluations. Truncate table statements remove all records from a table. The table must exist. For example Update statements change values of fields in rows of a table. For example Note: The SET clause is optional. If any of the columns of the table were defined using the optional constraints clause or the optional defaults clause then those are processed on a per row basis. The details are discussed in the "Constraints and defaults" chapter below the CREATE TABLE statement documentation. To allow to query for DB meta data, there exist specially named tables, some of them being virtual. Note: Virtual system tables may have fake table-wise unique but meaningless and unstable record IDs. Do not apply the built-in id() to any system table. The table __Table lists all tables in the DB. The schema is The Schema column returns the statement to (re)create table Name. This table is virtual. The table __Colum lists all columns of all tables in the DB. The schema is The Ordinal column defines the 1-based index of the column in the record. This table is virtual. The table __Colum2 lists all columns of all tables in the DB which have the constraint NOT NULL or which have a constraint expression defined or which have a default expression defined. The schema is It's possible to obtain a consolidated recordset for all properties of all DB columns using The Name column is the column name in TableName. The table __Index lists all indices in the DB. The schema is The IsUnique columns reflects if the index was created using the optional UNIQUE clause. This table is virtual. Built-in functions are predeclared. The built-in aggregate function avg returns the average of values of an expression. Avg ignores NULL values, but returns NULL if all values of a column are NULL or if avg is applied to an empty record set. The column values must be of a numeric type. The built-in function contains returns true if substr is within s. If any argument to contains is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in aggregate function count returns how many times an expression has a non NULL values or the number of rows in a record set. Note: count() returns 0 for an empty record set. For example Date returns the time corresponding to in the appropriate zone for that time in the given location. The month, day, hour, min, sec, and nsec values may be outside their usual ranges and will be normalized during the conversion. For example, October 32 converts to November 1. A daylight savings time transition skips or repeats times. For example, in the United States, March 13, 2011 2:15am never occurred, while November 6, 2011 1:15am occurred twice. In such cases, the choice of time zone, and therefore the time, is not well-defined. Date returns a time that is correct in one of the two zones involved in the transition, but it does not guarantee which. A location maps time instants to the zone in use at that time. Typically, the location represents the collection of time offsets in use in a geographical area, such as "CEST" and "CET" for central Europe. "local" represents the system's local time zone. "UTC" represents Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). The month specifies a month of the year (January = 1, ...). If any argument to date is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function day returns the day of the month specified by t. If the argument to day is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function formatTime returns a textual representation of the time value formatted according to layout, which defines the format by showing how the reference time, would be displayed if it were the value; it serves as an example of the desired output. The same display rules will then be applied to the time value. If any argument to formatTime is NULL the result is NULL. NOTE: The string value of the time zone, like "CET" or "ACDT", is dependent on the time zone of the machine the function is run on. For example, if the t value is in "CET", but the machine is in "ACDT", instead of "CET" the result is "+0100". This is the same what Go (time.Time).String() returns and in fact formatTime directly calls t.String(). returns on a machine in the CET time zone, but may return on a machine in the ACDT zone. The time value is in both cases the same so its ordering and comparing is correct. Only the display value can differ. The built-in functions formatFloat and formatInt format numbers to strings using go's number format functions in the `strconv` package. For all three functions, only the first argument is mandatory. The default values of the rest are shown in the examples. If the first argument is NULL, the result is NULL. returns returns returns Unlike the `strconv` equivalent, the formatInt function handles all integer types, both signed and unsigned. The built-in function hasPrefix tests whether the string s begins with prefix. If any argument to hasPrefix is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function hasSuffix tests whether the string s ends with suffix. If any argument to hasSuffix is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function hour returns the hour within the day specified by t, in the range [0, 23]. If the argument to hour is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function hours returns the duration as a floating point number of hours. If the argument to hours is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function id takes zero or one arguments. If no argument is provided, id() returns a table-unique automatically assigned numeric identifier of type int. Ids of deleted records are not reused unless the DB becomes completely empty (has no tables). For example If id() without arguments is called for a row which is not a table record then the result value is NULL. For example If id() has one argument it must be a table name of a table in a cross join. For example The built-in function len takes a string argument and returns the lentgh of the string in bytes. The expression len(s) is constant if s is a string constant. If the argument to len is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in aggregate function max returns the largest value of an expression in a record set. Max ignores NULL values, but returns NULL if all values of a column are NULL or if max is applied to an empty record set. The expression values must be of an ordered type. For example The built-in aggregate function min returns the smallest value of an expression in a record set. Min ignores NULL values, but returns NULL if all values of a column are NULL or if min is applied to an empty record set. For example The column values must be of an ordered type. The built-in function minute returns the minute offset within the hour specified by t, in the range [0, 59]. If the argument to minute is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function minutes returns the duration as a floating point number of minutes. If the argument to minutes is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function month returns the month of the year specified by t (January = 1, ...). If the argument to month is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function nanosecond returns the nanosecond offset within the second specified by t, in the range [0, 999999999]. If the argument to nanosecond is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function nanoseconds returns the duration as an integer nanosecond count. If the argument to nanoseconds is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function now returns the current local time. The built-in function parseTime parses a formatted string and returns the time value it represents. The layout defines the format by showing how the reference time, would be interpreted if it were the value; it serves as an example of the input format. The same interpretation will then be made to the input string. Elements omitted from the value are assumed to be zero or, when zero is impossible, one, so parsing "3:04pm" returns the time corresponding to Jan 1, year 0, 15:04:00 UTC (note that because the year is 0, this time is before the zero Time). Years must be in the range 0000..9999. The day of the week is checked for syntax but it is otherwise ignored. In the absence of a time zone indicator, parseTime returns a time in UTC. When parsing a time with a zone offset like -0700, if the offset corresponds to a time zone used by the current location, then parseTime uses that location and zone in the returned time. Otherwise it records the time as being in a fabricated location with time fixed at the given zone offset. When parsing a time with a zone abbreviation like MST, if the zone abbreviation has a defined offset in the current location, then that offset is used. The zone abbreviation "UTC" is recognized as UTC regardless of location. If the zone abbreviation is unknown, Parse records the time as being in a fabricated location with the given zone abbreviation and a zero offset. This choice means that such a time can be parses and reformatted with the same layout losslessly, but the exact instant used in the representation will differ by the actual zone offset. To avoid such problems, prefer time layouts that use a numeric zone offset. If any argument to parseTime is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function second returns the second offset within the minute specified by t, in the range [0, 59]. If the argument to second is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function seconds returns the duration as a floating point number of seconds. If the argument to seconds is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function since returns the time elapsed since t. It is shorthand for now()-t. If the argument to since is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in aggregate function sum returns the sum of values of an expression for all rows of a record set. Sum ignores NULL values, but returns NULL if all values of a column are NULL or if sum is applied to an empty record set. The column values must be of a numeric type. The built-in function timeIn returns t with the location information set to loc. For discussion of the loc argument please see date(). If any argument to timeIn is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function weekday returns the day of the week specified by t. Sunday == 0, Monday == 1, ... If the argument to weekday is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function year returns the year in which t occurs. If the argument to year is NULL the result is NULL. The built-in function yearDay returns the day of the year specified by t, in the range [1,365] for non-leap years, and [1,366] in leap years. If the argument to yearDay is NULL the result is NULL. Three functions assemble and disassemble complex numbers. The built-in function complex constructs a complex value from a floating-point real and imaginary part, while real and imag extract the real and imaginary parts of a complex value. The type of the arguments and return value correspond. For complex, the two arguments must be of the same floating-point type and the return type is the complex type with the corresponding floating-point constituents: complex64 for float32, complex128 for float64. The real and imag functions together form the inverse, so for a complex value z, z == complex(real(z), imag(z)). If the operands of these functions are all constants, the return value is a constant. If any argument to any of complex, real, imag functions is NULL the result is NULL. For the numeric types, the following sizes are guaranteed Portions of this specification page are modifications based on work[2] created and shared by Google[3] and used according to terms described in the Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution License[4]. This specification is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, and code is licensed under a BSD license[5]. Links from the above documentation This section is not part of the specification. WARNING: The implementation of indices is new and it surely needs more time to become mature. Indices are used currently used only by the WHERE clause. The following expression patterns of 'WHERE expression' are recognized and trigger index use. The relOp is one of the relation operators <, <=, ==, >=, >. For the equality operator both operands must be of comparable types. For all other operators both operands must be of ordered types. The constant expression is a compile time constant expression. Some constant folding is still a TODO. Parameter is a QL parameter ($1 etc.). Consider tables t and u, both with an indexed field f. The WHERE expression doesn't comply with the above simple detected cases. However, such query is now automatically rewritten to which will use both of the indices. The impact of using the indices can be substantial (cf. BenchmarkCrossJoin*) if the resulting rows have low "selectivity", ie. only few rows from both tables are selected by the respective WHERE filtering. Note: Existing QL DBs can be used and indices can be added to them. However, once any indices are present in the DB, the old QL versions cannot work with such DB anymore. Running a benchmark with -v (-test.v) outputs information about the scale used to report records/s and a brief description of the benchmark. For example Running the full suite of benchmarks takes a lot of time. Use the -timeout flag to avoid them being killed after the default time limit (10 minutes).

v1.4.16 • 2 months ago

github.com/horriblename/lf

lf is a terminal file manager. Source code can be found in the repository at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf This documentation can either be read from terminal using 'lf -doc' or online at https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gokcehan/lf You can also use 'doc' command (default '<f-1>') inside lf to view the documentation in a pager. A man page with the same content is also available in the repository at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/lf.1 You can run 'lf -help' to see descriptions of command line options. The following commands are provided by lf: The following command line commands are provided by lf: The following options can be used to customize the behavior of lf: The following environment variables are exported for shell commands: The following special shell commands are used to customize the behavior of lf when defined: The following commands/keybindings are provided by default: The following additional keybindings are provided by default: If the 'mouse' option is enabled, mouse buttons have the following default effects: Configuration files should be located at: Colors file should be located at: Icons file should be located at: Selection file should be located at: Marks file should be located at: Tags file should be located at: History file should be located at: You can configure these locations with the following variables given with their order of precedences and their default values: A sample configuration file can be found at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/etc/lfrc.example This section shows information about builtin commands. Modal commands do not take any arguments, but instead change the operation mode to read their input conveniently, and so they are meant to be assigned to keybindings. Quit lf and return to the shell. Move/scroll the current file selection upwards/downwards by one/half a page/full page. Change the current working directory to the parent directory. If the current file is a directory, then change the current directory to it, otherwise, execute the 'open' command. A default 'open' command is provided to call the default system opener asynchronously with the current file as the argument. A custom 'open' command can be defined to override this default. Change the current working directory to the next/previous jumplist item. Move the current file selection to the top/bottom of the directory. A count can be specified to move to a specific line, for example use `3G` to move to the third line. Move the current file selection to the high/middle/low of the screen. Toggle the selection of the current file or files given as arguments. Reverse the selection of all files in the current directory (i.e. 'toggle' all files). Selections in other directories are not effected by this command. You can define a new command to select all files in the directory by combining 'invert' with 'unselect' (i.e. 'cmd select-all :unselect; invert'), though this will also remove selections in other directories. Reverse the selection (i.e. 'toggle') of all files at or after the current file in the current directory. To select a contiguous block of files, use this command on the first file you want to select. Then, move down to the first file you do *not* want to select (the one after the end of the desired selection) and use this command again. This achieves an effect similar to the visual mode in vim. This command is experimental and may be removed once a better replacement for the visual mode is implemented in 'lf'. If you'd like to experiment with using this command, you should bind it to a key (e.g. 'V') for a better experience. Remove the selection of all files in all directories. Select/unselect files that match the given glob. Calculate the total size for each of the selected directories. Option 'info' should include 'size' and option 'dircounts' should be disabled to show this size. If the total size of a directory is not calculated, it will be shown as '-'. Remove all keybindings associated with the `map` command. This command can be used in the config file to remove the default keybindings. For safety purposes, `:` is left mapped to the `read` command, and `cmap` keybindings are retained so that it is still possible to exit `lf` using `:quit`. If there are no selections, save the path of the current file to the copy buffer, otherwise, copy the paths of selected files. If there are no selections, save the path of the current file to the cut buffer, otherwise, copy the paths of selected files. Copy/Move files in copy/cut buffer to the current working directory. A custom 'paste' command can be defined to override this default. Clear file paths in copy/cut buffer. Synchronize copied/cut files with server. This command is automatically called when required. Draw the screen. This command is automatically called when required. Synchronize the terminal and redraw the screen. Load modified files and directories. This command is automatically called when required. Flush the cache and reload all files and directories. Print given arguments to the message line at the bottom. Print given arguments to the message line at the bottom and also to the log file. Print given arguments to the message line at the bottom as 'errorfmt' and also to the log file. Change the working directory to the given argument. Change the current file selection to the given argument. Remove the current file or selected file(s). A custom 'delete' command can be defined to override this default. Rename the current file using the builtin method. A custom 'rename' command can be defined to override this default. Read the configuration file given in the argument. Simulate key pushes given in the argument. Read a command to evaluate. Read a shell command to execute. Read a shell command to execute piping its standard I/O to the bottom statline. Read a shell command to execute and wait for a key press in the end. Read a shell command to execute asynchronously without standard I/O. Read key(s) to find the appropriate file name match in the forward/backward direction and jump to the next/previous match. Read a pattern to search for a file name match in the forward/backward direction and jump to the next/previous match. Command 'filter' reads a pattern to filter out and only view files matching the pattern. Command 'setfilter' does the same but uses an argument to set the filter immediately. You can supply an argument to 'filter', in order to use that as the starting prompt. Save the current directory as a bookmark assigned to the given key. Change the current directory to the bookmark assigned to the given key. A special bookmark "'" holds the previous directory after a 'mark-load', 'cd', or 'select' command. Remove a bookmark assigned to the given key. Tag a file with '*' or a single width character given in the argument. You can define a new tag clearing command by combining 'tag' with 'tag-toggle' (i.e. 'cmd tag-clear :tag; tag-toggle'). Tag a file with '*' or a single width character given in the argument if the file is untagged, otherwise remove the tag. The prompt character specifies which of the several command-line modes you are in. For example, the 'read' command takes you to the ':' mode. When the cursor is at the first character in ':' mode, pressing one of the keys '!', '$', '%', or '&' takes you to the corresponding mode. You can go back with 'cmd-delete-back' ('<backspace>' by default). The command line commands should be mostly compatible with readline keybindings. A character refers to a unicode code point, a word consists of letters and digits, and a unix word consists of any non-blank characters. Quit command line mode and return to normal mode. Autocomplete the current word. Autocomplete the current word with menu selection. You need to assign keys to these commands (e.g. 'cmap <tab> cmd-menu-complete; cmap <backtab> cmd-menu-complete-back'). You can use the assigned keys assigned to display the menu and then cycle through completion options. Accept the currently selected match in menu completion and close the menu. Execute the current line. Interrupt the current shell-pipe command and return to the normal mode. Go to next/previous item in the history. Move the cursor to the left/right. Move the cursor to the beginning/end of line. Delete the next character. Delete the previous character. When at the beginning of a prompt, returns either to normal mode or to ':' mode. Delete everything up to the beginning/end of line. Delete the previous unix word. Paste the buffer content containing the last deleted item. Transpose the positions of last two characters/words. Move the cursor by one word in forward/backward direction. Delete the next word in forward direction. Capitalize/uppercase/lowercase the current word and jump to the next word. List all key mappings in normal mode or command-line editing mode. List all custom commands defined using the `cmd` command List the contents of the jump list, in order of the most recently visited locations. Each location is marked with the count that can be used with the `jump-prev` and `jump-next` commands (e.g. use `3[` to move three spaces backwards in the jump list). A '>' is used to mark the current location in the jump list. This section shows information about options to customize the behavior. Character ':' is used as the separator for list options '[]int' and '[]string'. When this option is enabled, find command starts matching patterns from the beginning of file names, otherwise, it can match at an arbitrary position. Automatically quit server when there are no clients left connected. Format string of the box drawing characters enabled by the `drawbox` option. Set the path of a cleaner file. The file should be executable. This file is called if previewing is enabled, the previewer is set, and the previously selected file had its preview cache disabled. The following arguments are passed to the file, (1) current file name, (2) width, (3) height, (4) horizontal position, (5) vertical position of preview pane and (6) next file name to be previewed respectively. Preview cleaning is disabled when the value of this option is left empty. Format strings for highlighting the cursor. `cursoractivefmt` applies in the current directory pane, `cursorparentfmt` applies in panes that show parents of the current directory, and `cursorpreviewfmt` applies in panes that preview directories. The default is to make the active cursor and the parent directory cursor inverted. The preview cursor is underlined. Some other possibilities to consider for the preview or parent cursors: an empty string for no cursor, "\033[7;2m" for dimmed inverted text (visibility varies by terminal), "\033[7;90m" for inverted text with grey (aka "brightblack") background. If the format string contains the characters `%s`, it is interpreted as a format string for `fmt.Sprintf`. Such a string should end with the terminal reset sequence. For example, "\033[4m%s\033[0m" has the same effect as "\033[4m". Cache directory contents. When this option is enabled, directory sizes show the number of items inside instead of the total size of the directory, which needs to be calculated for each directory using 'calcdirsize'. This information needs to be calculated by reading the directory and counting the items inside. Therefore, this option is disabled by default for performance reasons. This option only has an effect when 'info' has a 'size' field and the pane is wide enough to show the information. 999 items are counted per directory at most, and bigger directories are shown as '999+'. Show directories first above regular files. Show only directories. If enabled, directories will also be passed to the previewer script. This allows custom previews for directories. Draw boxes around panes with box drawing characters. Format string of file name when creating duplicate files. With the default format, copying a file `abc.txt` to the same directory will result in a duplicate file called `abc.txt.~1~`. Special expansions are provided, '%f' as the file name, '%b' for basename (file name without extension), '%e' as the extension (including the dot) and '%n' as the number of duplicates. Format string of error messages shown in the bottom message line. If the format string contains the characters `%s`, it is interpreted as a format string for `fmt.Sprintf`. Such a string should end with the terminal reset sequence. For example, "\033[4m%s\033[0m" has the same effect as "\033[4m". File separator used in environment variables 'fs' and 'fx'. Number of characters prompted for the find command. When this value is set to 0, find command prompts until there is only a single match left. When this option is enabled, search command patterns are considered as globs, otherwise they are literals. With globbing, '*' matches any sequence, '?' matches any character, and '[...]' or '[^...]' matches character sets or ranges. Otherwise, these characters are interpreted as they are. Show hidden files. On Unix systems, hidden files are determined by the value of 'hiddenfiles'. On Windows, only files with hidden attributes are considered hidden files. List of hidden file glob patterns. Patterns can be given as relative or absolute paths. Globbing supports the usual special characters, '*' to match any sequence, '?' to match any character, and '[...]' or '[^...]' to match character sets or ranges. In addition, if a pattern starts with '!', then its matches are excluded from hidden files. To add multiple patterns, use ':' as a separator. Example: '.*:lost+found:*.bak' Save command history. Show icons before each item in the list. Sets 'IFS' variable in shell commands. It works by adding the assignment to the beginning of the command string as "IFS='...'; ...". The reason is that 'IFS' variable is not inherited by the shell for security reasons. This method assumes a POSIX shell syntax and so it can fail for non-POSIX shells. This option has no effect when the value is left empty. This option does not have any effect on Windows. Ignore case in sorting and search patterns. Ignore diacritics in sorting and search patterns. Jump to the first match after each keystroke during searching. Apply filter pattern after each keystroke during filtering. List of information shown for directory items at the right side of pane. Currently supported information types are 'size', 'time', 'atime', and 'ctime'. Information is only shown when the pane width is more than twice the width of information. Format string of the file time shown in the info column when it matches this year. Format string of the file time shown in the info column when it doesn't match this year. Send mouse events as input. Show the position number for directory items at the left side of pane. When 'relativenumber' option is enabled, only the current line shows the absolute position and relative positions are shown for the rest. Format string of the position number for each line. Set the interval in seconds for periodic checks of directory updates. This works by periodically calling the 'load' command. Note that directories are already updated automatically in many cases. This option can be useful when there is an external process changing the displayed directory and you are not doing anything in lf. Periodic checks are disabled when the value of this option is set to zero. List of attributes that are preserved when copying files. Currently supported attributes are 'mode' (i.a. access mode) and 'timestamps' (i.e. modification time and access time). Note: Preserving other attribute like ownership of change/birth timestamp is desireable, but not portably supported in go. Show previews of files and directories at the right most pane. If the file has more lines than the preview pane, rest of the lines are not read. Files containing the null character (U+0000) in the read portion are considered binary files and displayed as 'binary'. Set the path of a previewer file to filter the content of regular files for previewing. The file should be executable. The following arguments are passed to the file, (1) current file name, (2) width, (3) height, (4) horizontal position, and (5) vertical position of preview pane respectively. SIGPIPE signal is sent when enough lines are read. If the previewer returns a non-zero exit code, then the preview cache for the given file is disabled. This means that if the file is selected in the future, the previewer is called once again. Preview filtering is disabled and files are displayed as they are when the value of this option is left empty. Format string of the prompt shown in the top line. Special expansions are provided, '%u' as the user name, '%h' as the host name, '%w' as the working directory, '%d' as the working directory with a trailing path separator, '%f' as the file name, and '%F' as the current filter. '%S' may be used once and will provide a spacer so that the following parts are right aligned on the screen. Home folder is shown as '~' in the working directory expansion. Directory names are automatically shortened to a single character starting from the left most parent when the prompt does not fit to the screen. List of ratios of pane widths. Number of items in the list determines the number of panes in the ui. When 'preview' option is enabled, the right most number is used for the width of preview pane. Show the position number relative to the current line. When 'number' is enabled, current line shows the absolute position, otherwise nothing is shown. Reverse the direction of sort. List of information shown in status line ruler. Currently supported information types are 'acc', 'progress', 'selection', 'filter', 'ind', 'df' and names starting with 'lf_'. `acc` shows the pressed keys (e.g. for bindings with multiple key presses or counts given to bindings). `progress` shows the progress of file operations (e.g. copying a large directory). `selection` shows the number of files that are selected, or designated for being cut/copied. `filter` shows 'F' if a filter is currently being applied. `ind` shows the current position of the cursor as well as the number of files in the current directory. `df` shows the amount of free disk space remaining. Names starting with `lf_` show the value of environment variables exported by lf. This is useful for displaying the current settings (e.g. `lf_selmode` displays the current setting for the `selmode` option). User defined options starting with `lf_user_` are also supported, so it is possible to display information set from external sources. Selection mode for commands. When set to 'all' it will use the selected files from all directories. When set to 'dir' it will only use the selected files in the current directory. Minimum number of offset lines shown at all times in the top and the bottom of the screen when scrolling. The current line is kept in the middle when this option is set to a large value that is bigger than the half of number of lines. A smaller offset can be used when the current file is close to the beginning or end of the list to show the maximum number of items. Shell executable to use for shell commands. Shell commands are executed as 'shell shellopts shellflag command -- arguments'. Command line flag used to pass shell commands. List of shell options to pass to the shell executable. Override 'ignorecase' option when the pattern contains an uppercase character. This option has no effect when 'ignorecase' is disabled. Override 'ignoredia' option when the pattern contains a character with diacritic. This option has no effect when 'ignoredia' is disabled. Sort type for directories. Currently supported sort types are 'natural', 'name', 'size', 'time', 'ctime', 'atime', and 'ext'. Format string of the file info shown in the bottom left corner. Special expansions are provided, '%p' as the file permissions, '%c' as the link count, '%u' as the user, '%g' as the group, '%s' as the file size, '%t' as the last modified time, and '%l' as the link target. The `|` character splits the format string into sections. Any section containing a failed expansion (result is a blank string) is discarded and not shown. Number of space characters to show for horizontal tabulation (U+0009) character. Format string of the tags. If the format string contains the characters `%s`, it is interpreted as a format string for `fmt.Sprintf`. Such a string should end with the terminal reset sequence. For example, "\033[4m%s\033[0m" has the same effect as "\033[4m". Marks to be considered temporary (e.g. 'abc' refers to marks 'a', 'b', and 'c'). These marks are not synced to other clients and they are not saved in the bookmarks file. Note that the special bookmark "'" is always treated as temporary and it does not need to be specified. Format string of the file modification time shown in the bottom line. Truncate character shown at the end when the file name does not fit to the pane. When a filename is too long to be shown completely, the available space is partitioned in two pieces. truncatepct defines a fraction (in percent between 0 and 100) for the size of the first piece, which will show the beginning of the filename. The second piece will show the end of the filename and will use the rest of the available space. Both pieces are separated by the truncation character (truncatechar). A value of 100 will only show the beginning of the filename, while a value of 0 will only show the end of the filename, e.g.: - `set truncatepct 100` -> "very-long-filename-tr~" (default) - `set truncatepct 50` -> "very-long-f~-truncated" - `set truncatepct 0` -> "~ng-filename-truncated" String shown after commands of shell-wait type. Searching can wrap around the file list. Scrolling can wrap around the file list. Any option that is prefixed with 'user_' is a user defined option and can be set to any string. Inside a user defined command the value will be provided in the `lf_user_{option}` environment variable. These options are not used by lf and are not persisted. The following variables are exported for shell commands: These are referred with a '$' prefix on POSIX shells (e.g. '$f'), between '%' characters on Windows cmd (e.g. '%f%'), and with a '$env:' prefix on Windows powershell (e.g. '$env:f'). Current file selection as a full path. Selected file(s) separated with the value of 'filesep' option as full path(s). Selected file(s) (i.e. 'fs') if there are any selected files, otherwise current file selection (i.e. 'f'). Id of the running client. Present working directory. Initial working directory. The value of this variable is set to the current nesting level when you run lf from a shell spawned inside lf. You can add the value of this variable to your shell prompt to make it clear that your shell runs inside lf. For example, with POSIX shells, you can use '[ -n "$LF_LEVEL" ] && PS1="$PS1""(lf level: $LF_LEVEL) "' in your shell configuration file (e.g. '~/.bashrc'). If this variable is set in the environment, use the same value. Otherwise, this is set to 'start' in Windows, 'open' in MacOS, 'xdg-open' in others. If VISUAL is set in the environment, use its value. Otherwise, use the value of the environment variable EDITOR. If neither variable is set, this is set to 'vi' on Unix, 'notepad' in Windows. If this variable is set in the environment, use the same value. Otherwise, this is set to 'less' on Unix, 'more' in Windows. If this variable is set in the environment, use the same value. Otherwise, this is set to 'sh' on Unix, 'cmd' in Windows. Absolute path to the currently running lf binary, if it can be found. Otherwise, this is set to the string 'lf'. Value of the {option}. Value of the user_{option}. Width/Height of the terminal. Value of the count associated with the current command. This section shows information about special shell commands. This shell command can be defined to override the default 'open' command when the current file is not a directory. This shell command can be defined to override the default 'paste' command. This shell command can be defined to override the default 'rename' command. This shell command can be defined to override the default 'delete' command. This shell command can be defined to be executed before changing a directory. This shell command can be defined to be executed after changing a directory. This shell command can be defined to be executed after the selection changes. This shell command can be defined to be executed before quit. The following command prefixes are used by lf: The same evaluator is used for the command line and the configuration file for read and shell commands. The difference is that prefixes are not necessary in the command line. Instead, different modes are provided to read corresponding commands. These modes are mapped to the prefix keys above by default. Characters from '#' to newline are comments and ignored: There are four special commands ('set', 'map', 'cmap', and 'cmd') for configuration. Command 'set' is used to set an option which can be boolean, integer, or string: Command 'map' is used to bind a key to a command which can be builtin command, custom command, or shell command: Command 'cmap' is used to bind a key on the command line to a command line command or any other command: You can delete an existing binding by leaving the expression empty: Command 'cmd' is used to define a custom command: You can delete an existing command by leaving the expression empty: If there is no prefix then ':' is assumed: An explicit ':' can be provided to group statements until a newline which is especially useful for 'map' and 'cmd' commands: If you need multiline you can wrap statements in '{{' and '}}' after the proper prefix. Regular keys are assigned to a command with the usual syntax: Keys combined with the shift key simply use the uppercase letter: Special keys are written in between '<' and '>' characters and always use lowercase letters: Angle brackets can be assigned with their special names: Function keys are prefixed with 'f' character: Keys combined with the control key are prefixed with 'c' character: Keys combined with the alt key are assigned in two different ways depending on the behavior of your terminal. Older terminals (e.g. xterm) may set the 8th bit of a character when the alt key is pressed. On these terminals, you can use the corresponding byte for the mapping: Newer terminals (e.g. gnome-terminal) may prefix the key with an escape key when the alt key is pressed. lf uses the escape delaying mechanism to recognize alt keys in these terminals (delay is 100ms). On these terminals, keys combined with the alt key are prefixed with 'a' character: It is possible to combine special keys with modifiers: WARNING: Some key combinations will likely be intercepted by your OS, window manager, or terminal. Other key combinations cannot be recognized by lf due to the way terminals work (e.g. `Ctrl+h` combination sends a backspace key instead). The easiest way to find out the name of a key combination and whether it will work on your system is to press the key while lf is running and read the name from the "unknown mapping" error. Mouse buttons are prefixed with 'm' character: Mouse wheel events are also prefixed with 'm' character: The usual way to map a key sequence is to assign it to a named or unnamed command. While this provides a clean way to remap builtin keys as well as other commands, it can be limiting at times. For this reason 'push' command is provided by lf. This command is used to simulate key pushes given as its arguments. You can 'map' a key to a 'push' command with an argument to create various keybindings. This is mainly useful for two purposes. First, it can be used to map a command with a command count: Second, it can be used to avoid typing the name when a command takes arguments: One thing to be careful is that since 'push' command works with keys instead of commands it is possible to accidentally create recursive bindings: These types of bindings create a deadlock when executed. Regular shell commands are the most basic command type that is useful for many purposes. For example, we can write a shell command to move selected file(s) to trash. A first attempt to write such a command may look like this: We check '$fs' to see if there are any selected files. Otherwise we just delete the current file. Since this is such a common pattern, a separate '$fx' variable is provided. We can use this variable to get rid of the conditional: The trash directory is checked each time the command is executed. We can move it outside of the command so it would only run once at startup: Since these are one liners, we can drop '{{' and '}}': Finally note that we set 'IFS' variable manually in these commands. Instead we could use the 'ifs' option to set it for all shell commands (i.e. 'set ifs "\n"'). This can be especially useful for interactive use (e.g. '$rm $f' or '$rm $fs' would simply work). This option is not set by default as it can behave unexpectedly for new users. However, use of this option is highly recommended and it is assumed in the rest of the documentation. Regular shell commands have some limitations in some cases. When an output or error message is given and the command exits afterwards, the ui is immediately resumed and there is no way to see the message without dropping to shell again. Also, even when there is no output or error, the ui still needs to be paused while the command is running. This can cause flickering on the screen for short commands and similar distractions for longer commands. Instead of pausing the ui, piping shell commands connects stdin, stdout, and stderr of the command to the statline in the bottom of the ui. This can be useful for programs following the Unix philosophy to give no output in the success case, and brief error messages or prompts in other cases. For example, following rename command prompts for overwrite in the statline if there is an existing file with the given name: You can also output error messages in the command and it will show up in the statline. For example, an alternative rename command may look like this: Note that input is line buffered and output and error are byte buffered. Waiting shell commands are similar to regular shell commands except that they wait for a key press when the command is finished. These can be useful to see the output of a program before the ui is resumed. Waiting shell commands are more appropriate than piping shell commands when the command is verbose and the output is best displayed as multiline. Asynchronous shell commands are used to start a command in the background and then resume operation without waiting for the command to finish. Stdin, stdout, and stderr of the command is neither connected to the terminal nor to the ui. One of the more advanced features in lf is remote commands. All clients connect to a server on startup. It is possible to send commands to all or any of the connected clients over the common server. This is used internally to notify file selection changes to other clients. To use this feature, you need to use a client which supports communicating with a Unix domain socket. OpenBSD implementation of netcat (nc) is one such example. You can use it to send a command to the socket file: Since such a client may not be available everywhere, lf comes bundled with a command line flag to be used as such. When using lf, you do not need to specify the address of the socket file. This is the recommended way of using remote commands since it is shorter and immune to socket file address changes: In this command 'send' is used to send the rest of the string as a command to all connected clients. You can optionally give it an id number to send a command to a single client: All clients have a unique id number but you may not be aware of the id number when you are writing a command. For this purpose, an '$id' variable is exported to the environment for shell commands. The value of this variable is set to the process id of the client. You can use it to send a remote command from a client to the server which in return sends a command back to itself. So now you can display a message in the current client by calling the following in a shell command: Since lf does not have control flow syntax, remote commands are used for such needs. For example, you can configure the number of columns in the ui with respect to the terminal width as follows: Besides 'send' command, there is a 'quit' command to quit the server when there are no connected clients left, and a 'quit!' command to force quit the server by closing client connections first: Lastly, there is a 'conn' command to connect the server as a client. This should not be needed for users. lf uses its own builtin copy and move operations by default. These are implemented as asynchronous operations and progress is shown in the bottom ruler. These commands do not overwrite existing files or directories with the same name. Instead, a suffix that is compatible with '--backup=numbered' option in GNU cp is added to the new files or directories. Only file modes and (some) timestamps can be preserved (see `preserve` option), all other attributes are ignored including ownership, context, and xattr. Special files such as character and block devices, named pipes, and sockets are skipped and links are not followed. Moving is performed using the rename operation of the underlying OS. For cross-device moving, lf falls back to copying and then deletes the original files if there are no errors. Operation errors are shown in the message line as well as the log file and they do not preemptively finish the corresponding file operation. File operations can be performed on the current selected file or alternatively on multiple files by selecting them first. When you 'copy' a file, lf doesn't actually copy the file on the disk, but only records its name to a file. The actual file copying takes place when you 'paste'. Similarly 'paste' after a 'cut' operation moves the file. You can customize copy and move operations by defining a 'paste' command. This is a special command that is called when it is defined instead of the builtin implementation. You can use the following example as a starting point: Some useful things to be considered are to use the backup ('--backup') and/or preserve attributes ('-a') options with 'cp' and 'mv' commands if they support it (i.e. GNU implementation), change the command type to asynchronous, or use 'rsync' command with progress bar option for copying and feed the progress to the client periodically with remote 'echo' calls. By default, lf does not assign 'delete' command to a key to protect new users. You can customize file deletion by defining a 'delete' command. You can also assign a key to this command if you like. An example command to move selected files to a trash folder and remove files completely after a prompt are provided in the example configuration file. There are two mechanisms implemented in lf to search a file in the current directory. Searching is the traditional method to move the selection to a file matching a given pattern. Finding is an alternative way to search for a pattern possibly using fewer keystrokes. Searching mechanism is implemented with commands 'search' (default '/'), 'search-back' (default '?'), 'search-next' (default 'n'), and 'search-prev' (default 'N'). You can enable 'globsearch' option to match with a glob pattern. Globbing supports '*' to match any sequence, '?' to match any character, and '[...]' or '[^...] to match character sets or ranges. You can enable 'incsearch' option to jump to the current match at each keystroke while typing. In this mode, you can either use 'cmd-enter' to accept the search or use 'cmd-escape' to cancel the search. You can also map some other commands with 'cmap' to accept the search and execute the command immediately afterwards. For example, you can use the right arrow key to finish the search and open the selected file with the following mapping: Finding mechanism is implemented with commands 'find' (default 'f'), 'find-back' (default 'F'), 'find-next' (default ';'), 'find-prev' (default ','). You can disable 'anchorfind' option to match a pattern at an arbitrary position in the filename instead of the beginning. You can set the number of keys to match using 'findlen' option. If you set this value to zero, then the the keys are read until there is only a single match. Default values of these two options are set to jump to the first file with the given initial. Some options effect both searching and finding. You can disable 'wrapscan' option to prevent searches to wrap around at the end of the file list. You can disable 'ignorecase' option to match cases in the pattern and the filename. This option is already automatically overridden if the pattern contains upper case characters. You can disable 'smartcase' option to disable this behavior. Two similar options 'ignoredia' and 'smartdia' are provided to control matching diacritics in latin letters. You can define a an 'open' command (default 'l' and '<right>') to configure file opening. This command is only called when the current file is not a directory, otherwise the directory is entered instead. You can define it just as you would define any other command: It is possible to use different command types: You may want to use either file extensions or mime types from 'file' command: You may want to use 'setsid' before your opener command to have persistent processes that continue to run after lf quits. Regular shell commands (i.e. '$') drop to terminal which results in a flicker for commands that finishes immediately (e.g. 'xdg-open' in the above example). If you want to use asynchronous shell commands (i.e. '&') but also want to use the terminal when necessary (e.g. 'vi' in the above exxample), you can use a remote command: Note, asynchronous shell commands run in their own process group by default so they do not require the manual use of 'setsid'. Following command is provided by default: You may also use any other existing file openers as you like. Possible options are 'libfile-mimeinfo-perl' (executable name is 'mimeopen'), 'rifle' (ranger's default file opener), or 'mimeo' to name a few. lf previews files on the preview pane by printing the file until the end or the preview pane is filled. This output can be enhanced by providing a custom preview script for filtering. This can be used to highlight source codes, list contents of archive files or view pdf or image files to name a few. For coloring lf recognizes ansi escape codes. In order to use this feature you need to set the value of 'previewer' option to the path of an executable file. Five arguments are passed to the file, (1) current file name, (2) width, (3) height, (4) horizontal position, and (5) vertical position of preview pane respectively. Output of the execution is printed in the preview pane. You may also want to use the same script in your pager mapping as well: For 'less' pager, you may instead utilize 'LESSOPEN' mechanism so that useful information about the file such as the full path of the file can still be displayed in the statusline below: Since this script is called for each file selection change it needs to be as efficient as possible and this responsibility is left to the user. You may use file extensions to determine the type of file more efficiently compared to obtaining mime types from 'file' command. Extensions can then be used to match cleanly within a conditional: Another important consideration for efficiency is the use of programs with short startup times for preview. For this reason, 'highlight' is recommended over 'pygmentize' for syntax highlighting. Besides, it is also important that the application is processing the file on the fly rather than first reading it to the memory and then do the processing afterwards. This is especially relevant for big files. lf automatically closes the previewer script output pipe with a SIGPIPE when enough lines are read. When everything else fails, you can make use of the height argument to only feed the first portion of the file to a program for preview. Note that some programs may not respond well to SIGPIPE to exit with a non-zero return code and avoid caching. You may add a trailing '|| true' command to avoid such errors: You may also use an existing preview filter as you like. Your system may already come with a preview filter named 'lesspipe'. These filters may have a mechanism to add user customizations as well. See the related documentations for more information. lf changes the working directory of the process to the current directory so that shell commands always work in the displayed directory. After quitting, it returns to the original directory where it is first launched like all shell programs. If you want to stay in the current directory after quitting, you can use one of the example lfcd wrapper shell scripts provided in the repository at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/tree/master/etc There is a special command 'on-cd' that runs a shell command when it is defined and the directory is changed. You can define it just as you would define any other command: If you want to print escape sequences, you may redirect 'printf' output to '/dev/tty'. The following xterm specific escape sequence sets the terminal title to the working directory: This command runs whenever you change directory but not on startup. You can add an extra call to make it run on startup as well: Note that all shell commands are possible but '%' and '&' are usually more appropriate as '$' and '!' causes flickers and pauses respectively. There is also a 'pre-cd' command, that works like 'on-cd', but is run before the directory is actually changed. lf tries to automatically adapt its colors to the environment. It starts with a default colorscheme and updates colors using values of existing environment variables possibly by overwriting its previous values. Colors are set in the following order: Please refer to the corresponding man pages for more information about 'LSCOLORS' and 'LS_COLORS'. 'LF_COLORS' is provided with the same syntax as 'LS_COLORS' in case you want to configure colors only for lf but not ls. This can be useful since there are some differences between ls and lf, though one should expect the same behavior for common cases. Colors file is provided for easier configuration without environment variables. This file should consist of whitespace separated pairs with '#' character to start comments until the end of line. You can configure lf colors in two different ways. First, you can only configure 8 basic colors used by your terminal and lf should pick up those colors automatically. Depending on your terminal, you should be able to select your colors from a 24-bit palette. This is the recommended approach as colors used by other programs will also match each other. Second, you can set the values of environment variables or colors file mentioned above for fine grained customization. Note that 'LS_COLORS/LF_COLORS' are more powerful than 'LSCOLORS' and they can be used even when GNU programs are not installed on the system. You can combine this second method with the first method for best results. Lastly, you may also want to configure the colors of the prompt line to match the rest of the colors. Colors of the prompt line can be configured using the 'promptfmt' option which can include hardcoded colors as ansi escapes. See the default value of this option to have an idea about how to color this line. It is worth noting that lf uses as many colors advertised by your terminal's entry in terminfo or infocmp databases on your system. If an entry is not present, it falls back to an internal database. If your terminal supports 24-bit colors but either does not have a database entry or does not advertise all capabilities, you can enable support by setting the '$COLORTERM' variable to 'truecolor' or ensuring '$TERM' is set to a value that ends with '-truecolor'. Default lf colors are mostly taken from GNU dircolors defaults. These defaults use 8 basic colors and bold attribute. Default dircolors entries with background colors are simplified to avoid confusion with current file selection in lf. Similarly, there are only file type matchings and extension matchings are left out for simplicity. Default values are as follows given with their matching order in lf: Note that lf first tries matching file names and then falls back to file types. The full order of matchings from most specific to least are as follows: For example, given a regular text file '/path/to/README.txt', the following entries are checked in the configuration and the first one to match is used: Given a regular directory '/path/to/example.d', the following entries are checked in the configuration and the first one to match is used: Note that glob-like patterns do not actually perform glob matching due to performance reasons. For example, you can set a variable as follows: Having all entries on a single line can make it hard to read. You may instead divide it to multiple lines in between double quotes by escaping newlines with backslashes as follows: Having such a long variable definition in a shell configuration file might be undesirable. You may instead use the colors file for configuration. A sample colors file can be found at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/etc/colors.example You may also see the wiki page for ansi escape codes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code Icons are configured using 'LF_ICONS' environment variable or an icons file. The variable uses the same syntax as 'LS_COLORS/LF_COLORS'. Instead of colors, you should put a single characters as values of entries. Icons file should consist of whitespace separated pairs with '#' character to start comments until the end of line. Do not forget to enable 'icons' option to see the icons. Default values are as follows given with their matching order in lf: A sample icons file can be found at https://github.com/gokcehan/lf/blob/master/etc/icons.example

v0.0.0-20231002120534-741dd48f1031 • 2 years ago

github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/v33

This is the official Go SDK for Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Refer to https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/blob/master/README.md#installing for installation instructions. Refer to https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/blob/master/README.md#configuring for configuration instructions. The following example shows how to get started with the SDK. The example belows creates an identityClient struct with the default configuration. It then utilizes the identityClient to list availability domains and prints them out to stdout More examples can be found in the SDK Github repo: https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/tree/master/example Optional fields are represented with the `mandatory:"false"` tag on input structs. The SDK will omit all optional fields that are nil when making requests. In the case of enum-type fields, the SDK will omit fields whose value is an empty string. The SDK uses pointers for primitive types in many input structs. To aid in the construction of such structs, the SDK provides functions that return a pointer for a given value. For example: The SDK exposes functionality that allows the user to customize any http request before is sent to the service. You can do so by setting the `Interceptor` field in any of the `Client` structs. For example: The Interceptor closure gets called before the signing process, thus any changes done to the request will be properly signed and submitted to the service. The SDK exposes a stand-alone signer that can be used to signing custom requests. Related code can be found here: https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/blob/master/common/http_signer.go. The example below shows how to create a default signer. The signer also allows more granular control on the headers used for signing. For example: You can combine a custom signer with the exposed clients in the SDK. This allows you to add custom signed headers to the request. Following is an example: Bear in mind that some services have a white list of headers that it expects to be signed. Therefore, adding an arbitrary header can result in authentications errors. To see a runnable example, see https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/blob/master/example/example_identity_test.go For more information on the signing algorithm refer to: https://docs.cloud.oracle.com/Content/API/Concepts/signingrequests.htm Some operations accept or return polymorphic json objects. The SDK models such objects as interfaces. Further the SDK provides structs that implement such interfaces. Thus, for all operations that expect interfaces as input, pass the struct in the SDK that satisfies such interface. For example: In the case of a polymorphic response you can type assert the interface to the expected type. For example: An example of polymorphic json request handling can be found here: https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/blob/master/example/example_core_test.go#L63 When calling a list operation, the operation will retrieve a page of results. To retrieve more data, call the list operation again, passing in the value of the most recent response's OpcNextPage as the value of Page in the next list operation call. When there is no more data the OpcNextPage field will be nil. An example of pagination using this logic can be found here: https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/blob/master/example/example_core_pagination_test.go The SDK has a built-in logging mechanism used internally. The internal logging logic is used to record the raw http requests, responses and potential errors when (un)marshalling request and responses. Built-in logging in the SDK is controlled via the environment variable "OCI_GO_SDK_DEBUG" and its contents. The below are possible values for the "OCI_GO_SDK_DEBUG" variable 1. "info" or "i" enables all info logging messages 2. "debug" or "d" enables all debug and info logging messages 3. "verbose" or "v" or "1" enables all verbose, debug and info logging messages 4. "null" turns all logging messages off. If the value of the environment variable does not match any of the above then default logging level is "info". If the environment variable is not present then no logging messages are emitted. The default destination for logging is Stderr and if you want to output log to a file you can set via environment variable "OCI_GO_SDK_LOG_OUTPUT_MODE". The below are possible values 1. "file" or "f" enables all logging output saved to file 2. "combine" or "c" enables all logging output to both stderr and file You can also customize the log file location and name via "OCI_GO_SDK_LOG_FILE" environment variable, the value should be the path to a specific file If this environment variable is not present, the default location will be the project root path Sometimes you may need to wait until an attribute of a resource, such as an instance or a VCN, reaches a certain state. An example of this would be launching an instance and then waiting for the instance to become available, or waiting until a subnet in a VCN has been terminated. You might also want to retry the same operation again if there's network issue etc... This can be accomplished by using the RequestMetadata.RetryPolicy. You can find the examples here: https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/blob/master/example/example_retry_test.go The GO SDK uses the net/http package to make calls to OCI services. If your environment requires you to use a proxy server for outgoing HTTP requests then you can set this up in the following ways: 1. Configuring environment variable as described here https://golang.org/pkg/net/http/#ProxyFromEnvironment 2. Modifying the underlying Transport struct for a service client In order to modify the underlying Transport struct in HttpClient, you can do something similar to (sample code for audit service client): Some response fields are enum-typed. In the future, individual services may return values not covered by existing enums for that field. To address this possibility, every enum-type response field is a modeled as a type that supports any string. Thus if a service returns a value that is not recognized by your version of the SDK, then the response field will be set to this value. When individual services return a polymorphic json response not available as a concrete struct, the SDK will return an implementation that only satisfies the interface modeling the polymorphic json response. Got a fix for a bug, or a new feature you'd like to contribute? The SDK is open source and accepting pull requests on GitHub https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk Licensing information available at: https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/blob/master/LICENSE.txt To be notified when a new version of the Go SDK is released, subscribe to the following feed: https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/releases.atom Please refer to this link: https://github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk#help

v33.0.3 • 4 years ago

1 2 3 4

Linked List

github.com/anton-okolelov/otus-doubly-linked-list

github.com/chandraayusuf/single-linked-list

github.com/rosst18/go-linked-list

github.com/koind/double-linked-list

modernc.org/tk9.0

github.com/jcarugati/generic-linked-lists

github.com/depth-strida/queue-by-custom-linked-list

github.com/aoshinbm/doubly_linked_list

github.com/dauren10/linked_list_go

github.com/ousbots/study/grok/fast_slow_pointers/142_linked_list_ii

github.com/shubhamsupekar/linked-list

github.com/aviel-lanzman/go-linked-list

github.com/ousbots/study/grind75/22_middle_of_linked_list

github.com/davincievans/thread-safe-linked-list-with-go

github.com/technogeek01/singly-linked-list-golang

github.com/markhaur/leetcode/intersection-of-two-linked-lists

github.com/esyywar/go_linked_list

github.com/wilhelmy/topologyd

github.com/ppichugin/manning-linked-data-structures/doubly-linked-lists

github.com/souhaibess/go-linked_list

github.com/sgokul961/linked_list

github.com/daku10/leetcode-study/0206-Reverse-Linked-List

github.com/scrumptious/go-single-linked-list

github.com/andfran/go-simple-double-linked-list

github.com/cert-manager/goversion

github.com/prophylacticoder/double_linked_lists

github.com/slamchillz/dsa-in-golang/linked-list

github.com/anggi-creator/linked-list-golang

github.com/daku10/leetcode-study/0141-Linked-List-Cycle

github.com/chodges7/linked-list-in-go

github.com/laurentknauss/stacks_queues_linked_lists_hash_tables

github.com/daku10/leetcode-study/0234-Palindrome-Linked-List

github.com/dmitry-gdg/linked_list_go

github.com/daku10/leetcode-study/0160-Intersection-of-Two-Linked-Lists

github.com/cjoubertlocal/my_markdown_to_html_converter_linked_list

github.com/t-efu/go-stack-linked-list

github.com/hIMEI29A/goulist

github.com/filosottile/goversion

github.com/rana/ora

github.com/dslipak/2fa

github.com/FiloSottile/goversion

github.com/ajstarks/decksh

gitlab.com/cznic/ql

github.com/BaiYiZi/magic-box/go/linked-list

github.com/horriblename/lf

github.com/erikcai/oci-go-sdk/v33

github.com/madz-lab/fibheap

github.com/golang-ds/deque

github.com/coozieki/little-gopher/linked-list

github.com/scalingdata/queue