@aw-web-design/memoize

memoize-one

A memoization library that only caches the result of the most recent arguments.

Rationale

Unlike other memoization libraries, memoize-one only remembers the latest arguments and result. No need to worry about cache busting mechanisms such as maxAge, maxSize, exclusions and so on, which can be prone to memory leaks. A function memoized with memoize-one simply remembers the last arguments, and if the memoized function is next called with the same arguments then it returns the previous result.

For working with promises, @Kikobeats has built async-memoize-one.

Usage

// memoize-one uses the default import
import memoizeOne from 'memoize-one';

function add(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}
const memoizedAdd = memoizeOne(add);

memoizedAdd(1, 2);
// add function: is called
// [new value returned: 3]

memoizedAdd(1, 2);
// add function: not called
// [cached result is returned: 3]

memoizedAdd(2, 3);
// add function: is called
// [new value returned: 5]

memoizedAdd(2, 3);
// add function: not called
// [cached result is returned: 5]

memoizedAdd(1, 2);
// add function: is called
// [new value returned: 3]
// 👇
// While the result of `add(1, 2)` was previously cached
// `(1, 2)` was not the *latest* arguments (the last call was `(2, 3)`)
// so the previous cached result of `(1, 3)` was lost

Installation

# yarn
yarn add memoize-one

# npm
npm install memoize-one --save

Function argument equality

By default, we apply our own fast and relatively naive equality function to determine whether the arguments provided to your function are equal. You can see the full code here: are-inputs-equal.ts.

(By default) function arguments are considered equal if:

• there is same amount of arguments
• each new argument has strict equality (===) with the previous argument
• [special case] if two arguments are not === and they are both NaN then the two arguments are treated as equal

What this looks like in practice:

import memoizeOne from 'memoize-one';

// add all numbers provided to the function
const add = (...args = []) =>
  args.reduce((current, value) => {
    return current + value;
  }, 0);
const memoizedAdd = memoizeOne(add);

• there is same amount of arguments

memoizedAdd(1, 2);
// the amount of arguments has changed, so add function is called
memoizedAdd(1, 2, 3);

• new arguments have strict equality (===) with the previous argument

memoizedAdd(1, 2);
// each argument is `===` to the last argument, so cache is used
memoizedAdd(1, 2);
// second argument has changed, so add function is called again
memoizedAdd(1, 3);
// the first value is not `===` to the previous first value (1 !== 3)
// so add function is called again
memoizedAdd(3, 1);

• [special case] if the arguments are not === and they are both NaN then the argument is treated as equal

memoizedAdd(NaN);
// Even though NaN !== NaN these arguments are
// treated as equal as they are both `NaN`
memoizedAdd(NaN);

Custom equality function

You can also pass in a custom function for checking the equality of two sets of arguments

const memoized = index(fn, isEqual);

An equality function should return true if the arguments are equal. If true is returned then the wrapped function will not be called.

Tip: A custom equality function needs to compare Arrays. The newArgs array will be a new reference every time so a simple newArgs === lastArgs will always return false.

Equality functions are not called if the this context of the function has changed (see below).

Here is an example that uses a lodash.isEqual deep equal equality check

lodash.isequal correctly handles deep comparing two arrays

import memoizeOne from 'memoize-one';
import isDeepEqual from 'lodash.isequal';

const identity = (x) => x;

const shallowMemoized = memoizeOne(identity);
const deepMemoized = memoizeOne(identity, isDeepEqual);

const result1 = shallowMemoized({ foo: 'bar' });
const result2 = shallowMemoized({ foo: 'bar' });

result1 === result2; // false - different object reference

const result3 = deepMemoized({ foo: 'bar' });
const result4 = deepMemoized({ foo: 'bar' });

result3 === result4; // true - arguments are deep equal

The equality function needs to conform to the EqualityFn type:

// TFunc is the function being memoized
type EqualityFn<TFunc extends (...args: any[]) => any> = (
  newArgs: Parameters<TFunc>,
  lastArgs: Parameters<TFunc>,
) => boolean;

// You can import this type
import type { EqualityFn } from 'memoize-one';

The EqualityFn type allows you to create equality functions that are extremely typesafe. You are welcome to provide your own less type safe equality functions.

Here are some examples of equality functions which are ordered by most type safe, to least type safe:

Example equality function types

// the function we are going to memoize
function add(first: number, second: number): number {
  return first + second;
}

// Some options for our equality function
// ↑ stronger types
// ↓ weaker types

// ✅ exact parameters of `add`
{
  const isEqual = function (first: Parameters<typeof add>, second: Parameters<typeof add>) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ✅ tuple of the correct types
{
  const isEqual = function (first: [number, number], second: [number, number]) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ❌ tuple of incorrect types
{
  const isEqual = function (first: [number, string], second: [number, number]) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().not.toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ✅ array of the correct types
{
  const isEqual = function (first: number[], second: number[]) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ❌ array of incorrect types
{
  const isEqual = function (first: string[], second: number[]) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().not.toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ✅ tuple of 'unknown'
{
  const isEqual = function (first: [unknown, unknown], second: [unknown, unknown]) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ❌ tuple of 'unknown' of incorrect length
{
  const isEqual = function (first: [unknown, unknown, unknown], second: [unknown, unknown]) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().not.toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ✅ array of 'unknown'
{
  const isEqual = function (first: unknown[], second: unknown[]) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ✅ spread of 'unknown'
{
  const isEqual = function (...first: unknown[]) {
    return !!first;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ✅ tuple of 'any'
{
  const isEqual = function (first: [any, any], second: [any, any]) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ❌ tuple of 'any' or incorrect size
{
  const isEqual = function (first: [any, any, any], second: [any, any]) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().not.toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ✅ array of 'any'
{
  const isEqual = function (first: any[], second: any[]) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ✅ two arguments of type any
{
  const isEqual = function (first: any, second: any) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ✅ a single argument of type any
{
  const isEqual = function (first: any) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

// ✅ spread of any type
{
  const isEqual = function (...first: any[]) {
    return true;
  };
  expectTypeOf<typeof isEqual>().toMatchTypeOf<EqualityFn<typeof add>>();
}

this

memoize-one correctly respects this control

This library takes special care to maintain, and allow control over the the this context for both the original function being memoized as well as the returned memoized function. Both the original function and the memoized function's this context respect all the this controlling techniques:

• new bindings (new)
• explicit binding (call, apply, bind);
• implicit binding (call site: obj.foo());
• default binding (window or undefined in strict mode);
• fat arrow binding (binding to lexical this)
• ignored this (pass null as this to explicit binding)

Changes to this is considered an argument change

Changes to the running context (this) of a function can result in the function returning a different value even though its arguments have stayed the same:

function getA() {
  return this.a;
}

const temp1 = {
  a: 20,
};
const temp2 = {
  a: 30,
};

getA.call(temp1); // 20
getA.call(temp2); // 30

Therefore, in order to prevent against unexpected results, memoize-one takes into account the current execution context (this) of the memoized function. If this is different to the previous invocation then it is considered a change in argument. further discussion.

Generally this will be of no impact if you are not explicity controlling the this context of functions you want to memoize with explicit binding or implicit binding. memoize-One will detect when you are manipulating this and will then consider the this context as an argument. If this changes, it will re-execute the original function even if the arguments have not changed.

Clearing the memoization cache

A .clear() property is added to memoized functions to allow you to clear it's memoization cache.

This is helpful if you want to:

• Release memory
• Allow the result function to be called again without having to change arguments

import memoizeOne from 'memoize-one';

function add(a: number, b: number): number {
  return a + b;
}

const memoizedAdd = memoizeOne(add);

// first call - not memoized
const first = memoizedAdd(1, 2);

// second call - cache hit (result function not called)
const second = memoizedAdd(1, 2);

// 👋 clearing memoization cache
memoizedAdd.clear();

// third call - not memoized (cache was cleared)
const third = memoizedAdd(1, 2);

When your result function throws

There is no caching when your result function throws

If your result function throws then the memoized function will also throw. The throw will not break the memoized functions existing argument cache. It means the memoized function will pretend like it was never called with arguments that made it throw.

const canThrow = (name: string) => {
  console.log('called');
  if (name === 'throw') {
    throw new Error(name);
  }
  return {name};
};

const memoized = index(canThrow);

const value1 = memoized('Alex');
// result function called: console.log => 'called'

const value2 = memoized('Alex');
// result function not called (cache hit)

console.log(value1 === value2);
// console.log => true

try {
  memoized('throw');
  // console.log => 'called'
} catch (e) {
  firstError = e;
}

try {
  memoized('throw');
  // console.log => 'called'
  // the result function was called again even though it was called twice
  // with the 'throw' string
} catch (e) {
  secondError = e;
}

console.log(firstError !== secondError);
// console.log => true

const value3 = memoized('Alex');
// result function not called as the original memoization cache has not been busted

console.log(value1 === value3);
// console.log => true

Function properties

Functions memoized with memoize-one do not preserve any properties on the function object.

This behaviour is correctly reflected in the TypeScript types

import memoizeOne from 'memoize-one';

function add(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}
add.hello = 'hi';

console.log(typeof add.hello); // string

const memoized = memoizeOne(add);

// hello property on the `add` was not preserved
console.log(typeof memoized.hello); // undefined

If you feel strongly that memoize-one should preserve function properties, please raise an issue. This decision was made in order to keep memoize-one as light as possible.

For now, the .length property of a function is not preserved on the memoized function

import memoizeOne from 'memoize-one';

function add(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}

console.log(add.length); // 2

const memoized = memoizeOne(add);

console.log(memoized.length); // 0

There is no (great) way to correctly set the .length property of the memoized function while also supporting ie11. Once we remove ie11 support then we plan on setting the .length property of the memoized function to match the original function

→ discussion.

Memoized function type

The resulting function you get back from memoize-one has almost the same type as the function that you are memoizing

declare type MemoizedFn<TFunc extends (this: any, ...args: any[]) => any> = {
  clear: () => void;
  (this: ThisParameterType<TFunc>, ...args: Parameters<TFunc>): ReturnType<TFunc>;
};

• the same call signature as the function being memoized
• a .clear() function property added
• other function object properties on TFunc as not carried over

You are welcome to use the MemoizedFn generic directly from memoize-one if you like:

import memoize, { MemoizedFn } from 'memoize-one';
import isDeepEqual from 'lodash.isequal';
import { expectTypeOf } from 'expect-type';

// Takes any function: TFunc, and returns a Memoized<TFunc>
function withDeepEqual<TFunc extends (...args: any[]) => any>(fn: TFunc): MemoizedFn<TFunc> {
  return memoize(fn, isDeepEqual);
}

function add(first: number, second: number): number {
  return first + second;
}

const memoized = withDeepEqual(add);

expectTypeOf<typeof memoized>().toEqualTypeOf<MemoizedFn<typeof add>>();

In this specific example, this type would have been correctly inferred too

import memoize, { MemoizedFn } from 'memoize-one';
import isDeepEqual from 'lodash.isequal';
import { expectTypeOf } from 'expect-type';

// return type of MemoizedFn<TFunc> is inferred
function withDeepEqual<TFunc extends (...args: any[]) => any>(fn: TFunc) {
  return memoize(fn, isDeepEqual);
}

function add(first: number, second: number): number {
  return first + second;
}

const memoized = withDeepEqual(add);

// type test still passes
expectTypeOf<typeof memoized>().toEqualTypeOf<MemoizedFn<typeof add>>();

Performance 🚀

Tiny

memoize-one is super lightweight at minified and gzipped. (1KB = 1,024 Bytes)

Extremely fast

memoize-one performs better or on par with than other popular memoization libraries for the purpose of remembering the latest invocation.

The comparisons are not exhaustive and are primarily to show that memoize-one accomplishes remembering the latest invocation really fast. There is variability between runs. The benchmarks do not take into account the differences in feature sets, library sizes, parse time, and so on.

Expand for results

node version 16.11.1

You can run this test in the repo by:

• Add "type": "module" to the package.json (why is things so hard)
• Run yarn perf:library-comparison

no arguments

Position	Library	Operations per second
1	memoize-one	80,112,981
2	moize	72,885,631
3	memoizee	35,550,009
4	mem (JSON.stringify strategy)	4,610,532
5	lodash.memoize (JSON.stringify key resolver)	3,708,945
6	no memoization	505
7	fast-memoize	504

single primitive argument

Position	Library	Operations per second
1	fast-memoize	45,482,711
2	moize	34,810,659
3	memoize-one	29,030,828
4	memoizee	23,467,065
5	mem (JSON.stringify strategy)	3,985,223
6	lodash.memoize (JSON.stringify key resolver)	3,369,297
7	no memoization	507

single complex argument

Position	Library	Operations per second
1	moize	27,660,856
2	memoize-one	22,407,916
3	memoizee	19,546,835
4	mem (JSON.stringify strategy)	2,068,038
5	lodash.memoize (JSON.stringify key resolver)	1,911,335
6	fast-memoize	1,633,855
7	no memoization	504

multiple primitive arguments

Position	Library	Operations per second
1	moize	22,366,497
2	memoize-one	17,241,995
3	memoizee	9,789,442
4	mem (JSON.stringify strategy)	3,065,328
5	lodash.memoize (JSON.stringify key resolver)	2,663,599
6	fast-memoize	1,219,548
7	no memoization	504

multiple complex arguments

Position	Library	Operations per second
1	moize	21,788,081
2	memoize-one	17,321,248
3	memoizee	9,595,420
4	lodash.memoize (JSON.stringify key resolver)	873,283
5	mem (JSON.stringify strategy)	850,779
6	fast-memoize	687,863
7	no memoization	504

multiple complex arguments (spreading arguments)

Position	Library	Operations per second
1	moize	21,701,537
2	memoizee	19,463,942
3	memoize-one	17,027,544
4	lodash.memoize (JSON.stringify key resolver)	887,816
5	mem (JSON.stringify strategy)	849,244
6	fast-memoize	691,512
7	no memoization	504

Code health 👍

• Tested with all built in JavaScript types
• Written in Typescript
• Correct typing for Typescript and flow type systems
• No dependencies