@rollup/plugin-commonjs

What is @rollup/plugin-commonjs?

The @rollup/plugin-commonjs npm package is used to convert CommonJS modules to ES6, so they can be included in a Rollup bundle. This is necessary because Rollup, by default, only handles ES modules. The plugin provides a way to work with Node.js modules that use the CommonJS module system, which is not natively supported by Rollup.

What are @rollup/plugin-commonjs's main functionalities?

Converting CommonJS to ES6 modules

This feature allows you to convert CommonJS modules into ES6 modules that Rollup can process. The code sample shows how to include the plugin in a Rollup configuration.

import commonjs from '@rollup/plugin-commonjs';

export default {
  input: 'src/index.js',
  output: {
    file: 'bundle.js',
    format: 'iife'
  },
  plugins: [
    commonjs()
  ]
};

Handling mixed ES6 and CommonJS modules

This feature is useful when you have a project that contains a mix of ES6 and CommonJS modules. The plugin helps to resolve and convert these modules so they can be bundled together by Rollup. The code sample demonstrates how to use the commonjs plugin along with the node-resolve plugin to handle module resolution.

import commonjs from '@rollup/plugin-commonjs';
import resolve from '@rollup/plugin-node-resolve';

export default {
  input: 'src/index.js',
  output: {
    file: 'bundle.js',
    format: 'cjs'
  },
  plugins: [
    resolve(),
    commonjs()
  ]
};

Other packages similar to @rollup/plugin-commonjs

browserify

Browserify is a tool for bundling up JavaScript files for usage in the browser. It also transforms Node.js-style CommonJS modules for browser usage, similar to what @rollup/plugin-commonjs does for Rollup. However, Browserify is a standalone bundling tool, whereas @rollup/plugin-commonjs is a plugin for Rollup.

webpack

Webpack is a powerful module bundler that can handle various module formats including CommonJS, AMD, and ES6 modules. It has built-in support for transforming CommonJS modules, similar to @rollup/plugin-commonjs, but it is more complex and configurable, offering a wide range of plugins and loaders for different tasks beyond module transformation.

parcel

Parcel is a web application bundler that supports many module types out of the box, including CommonJS. It offers a zero-configuration experience and handles module conversion internally, similar to what @rollup/plugin-commonjs does for Rollup. Parcel is known for its simplicity and speed compared to more configuration-heavy tools like Webpack.

README

@rollup/plugin-commonjs

🍣 A Rollup plugin to convert CommonJS modules to ES6, so they can be included in a Rollup bundle

Requirements

This plugin requires an LTS Node version (v14.0.0+) and Rollup v2.68.0+. If you are using @rollup/plugin-node-resolve, it should be v13.0.6+.

Install

Using npm:

npm install @rollup/plugin-commonjs --save-dev

Usage

Create a rollup.config.js configuration file and import the plugin:

import commonjs from '@rollup/plugin-commonjs';

export default {
  input: 'src/index.js',
  output: {
    dir: 'output',
    format: 'cjs'
  },
  plugins: [commonjs()]
};

Then call rollup either via the CLI or the API.

When used together with the node-resolve plugin

Options

strictRequires

Type: "auto" | boolean | "debug" | string[]
Default: true

Historically, this plugin tried to hoist require statements as imports to the top of each file. While this works well for many code bases and allows for very efficient ESM output, it does not perfectly capture CommonJS semantics as the initialisation order of required modules will be different. The resultant side effects can include log statements being emitted in a different order, and some code that is dependent on the initialisation order of polyfills in require statements may not work. But it is especially problematic when there are circular require calls between CommonJS modules as those often rely on the lazy execution of nested require calls.

The default value of true will wrap all CommonJS files in functions which are executed when they are required for the first time, preserving NodeJS semantics. This is the safest setting and should be used if the generated code does not work correctly with "auto". Note that strictRequires: true can have a small impact on the size and performance of generated code, but less so if the code is minified.

Setting this option to "auto" will only wrap CommonJS files when they are part of a CommonJS dependency cycle, e.g. an index file that is required by some of its dependencies, or if they are only required in a potentially "conditional" way like from within an if-statement or a function. All other CommonJS files are hoisted. This is the recommended setting for most code bases. Note that the detection of conditional requires can be subject to race conditions if there are both conditional and unconditional requires of the same file, which in edge cases may result in inconsistencies between builds. If you think this is a problem for you, you can avoid this by using any value other than "auto" or "debug".

false will entirely prevent wrapping and hoist all files. This may still work depending on the nature of cyclic dependencies but will often cause problems.

You can also provide a picomatch pattern, or array of patterns, to only specify a subset of files which should be wrapped in functions for proper require semantics.

"debug" works like "auto" but after bundling, it will display a warning containing a list of ids that have been wrapped which can be used as picomatch pattern for fine-tuning or to avoid the potential race conditions mentioned for "auto".

dynamicRequireTargets

Type: string | string[]
Default: []

Note: In previous versions, this option would spin up a rather comprehensive mock environment that was capable of handling modules that manipulate require.cache. This is no longer supported. If you rely on this e.g. when using request-promise-native, use version 21 of this plugin.

Some modules contain dynamic require calls, or require modules that contain circular dependencies, which are not handled well by static imports. Including those modules as dynamicRequireTargets will simulate a CommonJS (NodeJS-like) environment for them with support for dynamic dependencies. It also enables strictRequires for those modules, see above.

Note: In extreme cases, this feature may result in some paths being rendered as absolute in the final bundle. The plugin tries to avoid exposing paths from the local machine, but if you are dynamicRequirePaths with paths that are far away from your project's folder, that may require replacing strings like "/Users/John/Desktop/foo-project/" -> "/".

Example:

commonjs({
  dynamicRequireTargets: [
    // include using a glob pattern (either a string or an array of strings)
    'node_modules/logform/*.js',

    // exclude files that are known to not be required dynamically, this allows for better optimizations
    '!node_modules/logform/index.js',
    '!node_modules/logform/format.js',
    '!node_modules/logform/levels.js',
    '!node_modules/logform/browser.js'
  ]
});

dynamicRequireRoot

Type: string
Default: process.cwd()

To avoid long paths when using the dynamicRequireTargets option, you can use this option to specify a directory that is a common parent for all files that use dynamic require statements. Using a directory higher up such as / may lead to unnecessarily long paths in the generated code and may expose directory names on your machine like your home directory name. By default it uses the current working directory.

exclude

Type: string | string[]
Default: null

A picomatch pattern, or array of patterns, which specifies the files in the build the plugin should ignore. By default, all files with extensions other than those in extensions or ".cjs" are ignored, but you can exclude additional files. See also the include option.

include

Type: string | string[]
Default: null

A picomatch pattern, or array of patterns, which specifies the files in the build the plugin should operate on. By default, all files with extension ".cjs" or those in extensions are included, but you can narrow this list by only including specific files. These files will be analyzed and transpiled if either the analysis does not find ES module specific statements or transformMixedEsModules is true.

extensions

Type: string[]
Default: ['.js']

For extensionless imports, search for extensions other than .js in the order specified. Note that you need to make sure that non-JavaScript files are transpiled by another plugin first.

ignoreGlobal

Type: boolean
Default: false

If true, uses of global won't be dealt with by this plugin.

sourceMap

Type: boolean
Default: true

If false, skips source map generation for CommonJS modules. This will improve performance.

transformMixedEsModules

Type: boolean
Default: false

Instructs the plugin whether to enable mixed module transformations. This is useful in scenarios with modules that contain a mix of ES import statements and CommonJS require expressions. Set to true if require calls should be transformed to imports in mixed modules, or false if the require expressions should survive the transformation. The latter can be important if the code contains environment detection, or you are coding for an environment with special treatment for require calls such as ElectronJS. See also the "ignore" option.

ignore

Type: string[] | ((id: string) => boolean)
Default: []

Sometimes you have to leave require statements unconverted. Pass an array containing the IDs or an id => boolean function.

ignoreTryCatch

Type: boolean | 'remove' | string[] | ((id: string) => boolean)
Default: true

In most cases, where require calls to external dependencies are inside a try-catch clause, they should be left unconverted as it requires an optional dependency that may or may not be installed beside the rolled up package. Due to the conversion of require to a static import - the call is hoisted to the top of the file, outside of the try-catch clause.

• true: All external require calls inside a try will be left unconverted.
• false: All external require calls inside a try will be converted as if the try-catch clause is not there.
• remove: Remove all external require calls from inside any try block.
• string[]: Pass an array containing the IDs to left unconverted.
• ((id: string) => boolean|'remove'): Pass a function that control individual IDs.

Note that non-external requires will not be ignored by this option.

ignoreDynamicRequires

Type: boolean Default: false

Some require calls cannot be resolved statically to be translated to imports, e.g.

function wrappedRequire(target) {
  return require(target);
}
wrappedRequire('foo');
wrappedRequire('bar');

When this option is set to false, the generated code will either directly throw an error when such a call is encountered or, when dynamicRequireTargets is used, when such a call cannot be resolved with a configured dynamic require target.

Setting this option to true will instead leave the require call in the code or use it as a fallback for dynamicRequireTargets.

esmExternals

Type: boolean | string[] | ((id: string) => boolean) Default: false

Controls how to render imports from external dependencies. By default, this plugin assumes that all external dependencies are CommonJS. This means they are rendered as default imports to be compatible with e.g. NodeJS where ES modules can only import a default export from a CommonJS dependency:

// input
const foo = require('foo');

// output
import foo from 'foo';

This is likely not desired for ES module dependencies: Here require should usually return the namespace to be compatible with how bundled modules are handled.

If you set esmExternals to true, this plugins assumes that all external dependencies are ES modules and will adhere to the requireReturnsDefault option. If that option is not set, they will be rendered as namespace imports.

You can also supply an array of ids to be treated as ES modules, or a function that will be passed each external id to determine if it is an ES module.

defaultIsModuleExports

Type: boolean | "auto"
Default: "auto"

Controls what is the default export when importing a CommonJS file from an ES module.

• true: The value of the default export is module.exports. This currently matches the behavior of Node.js when importing a CommonJS file.

  // mod.cjs
  exports.default = 3;
  

  import foo from './mod.cjs';
  console.log(foo); // { default: 3 }
  

• false: The value of the default export is exports.default.

  // mod.cjs
  exports.default = 3;
  

  import foo from './mod.cjs';
  console.log(foo); // 3
  

• "auto": The value of the default export is exports.default if the CommonJS file has an exports.__esModule === true property; otherwise it's module.exports. This makes it possible to import the default export of ES modules compiled to CommonJS as if they were not compiled.

  // mod.cjs
  exports.default = 3;
  

  // mod-compiled.cjs
  exports.__esModule = true;
  exports.default = 3;
  

  import foo from './mod.cjs';
  import bar from './mod-compiled.cjs';
  console.log(foo); // { default: 3 }
  console.log(bar); // 3
  

requireReturnsDefault

Type: boolean | "namespace" | "auto" | "preferred" | ((id: string) => boolean | "auto" | "preferred")
Default: false

Controls what is returned when requiring an ES module from a CommonJS file. When using the esmExternals option, this will also apply to external modules. By default, this plugin will render those imports as namespace imports, i.e.

// input
const foo = require('foo');

// output
import * as foo from 'foo';

This is in line with how other bundlers handle this situation and is also the most likely behaviour in case Node should ever support this. However there are some situations where this may not be desired:

• There is code in an external dependency that cannot be changed where a require statement expects the default export to be returned from an ES module.

• If the imported module is in the same bundle, Rollup will generate a namespace object for the imported module which can increase bundle size unnecessarily:

  // input: main.js
  const dep = require('./dep.js');
  console.log(dep.default);
  
  // input: dep.js
  export default 'foo';
  
  // output
  var dep = 'foo';
  
  var dep$1 = /*#__PURE__*/ Object.freeze({
    __proto__: null,
    default: dep
  });
  
  console.log(dep$1.default);
  

For these situations, you can change Rollup's behaviour either globally or per module. To change it globally, set the requireReturnsDefault option to one of the following values:

• false: This is the default, requiring an ES module returns its namespace. This is the only option that will also add a marker __esModule: true to the namespace to support interop patterns in CommonJS modules that are transpiled ES modules.

  // input
  const dep = require('dep');
  console.log(dep);
  
  // output
  import * as dep$1 from 'dep';
  
  function getAugmentedNamespace(n) {
    if (n.__esModule) return n;
    var f = n.default;
    if (typeof f == 'function') {
      var a = function a() {
        var isInstance = false;
        try {
          isInstance = this instanceof a;
        } catch {}
        if (isInstance) {
          return Reflect.construct(f, arguments, this.constructor);
        }
        return f.apply(this, arguments);
      };
      a.prototype = f.prototype;
    } else a = {};
    Object.defineProperty(a, '__esModule', { value: true });
    Object.keys(n).forEach(function (k) {
      var d = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n, k);
      Object.defineProperty(
        a,
        k,
        d.get
          ? d
          : {
              enumerable: true,
              get: function () {
                return n[k];
              }
            }
      );
    });
    return a;
  }
  
  var dep = /*@__PURE__*/ getAugmentedNamespace(dep$1);
  
  console.log(dep);
  

• "namespace": Like false, requiring an ES module returns its namespace, but the plugin does not add the __esModule marker and thus creates more efficient code. For external dependencies when using esmExternals: true, no additional interop code is generated.

  // output
  import * as dep from 'dep';
  
  console.log(dep);
  

• "auto": This is complementary to how output.exports: "auto" works in Rollup: If a module has a default export and no named exports, requiring that module returns the default export. In all other cases, the namespace is returned. For external dependencies when using esmExternals: true, a corresponding interop helper is added:

  // output
  import * as dep$1 from 'dep';
  
  function getDefaultExportFromNamespaceIfNotNamed(n) {
    return n && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n, 'default') && Object.keys(n).length === 1
      ? n['default']
      : n;
  }
  
  var dep = getDefaultExportFromNamespaceIfNotNamed(dep$1);
  
  console.log(dep);
  

• "preferred": If a module has a default export, requiring that module always returns the default export, no matter whether additional named exports exist. This is similar to how previous versions of this plugin worked. Again for external dependencies when using esmExternals: true, an interop helper is added:

  // output
  import * as dep$1 from 'dep';
  
  function getDefaultExportFromNamespaceIfPresent(n) {
    return n && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n, 'default') ? n['default'] : n;
  }
  
  var dep = getDefaultExportFromNamespaceIfPresent(dep$1);
  
  console.log(dep);
  

• true: This will always try to return the default export on require without checking if it actually exists. This can throw at build time if there is no default export. This is how external dependencies are handled when esmExternals is not used. The advantage over the other options is that, like false, this does not add an interop helper for external dependencies, keeping the code lean:

  // output
  import dep from 'dep';
  
  console.log(dep);
  

To change this for individual modules, you can supply a function for requireReturnsDefault instead. This function will then be called once for each required ES module or external dependency with the corresponding id and allows you to return different values for different modules.

Using CommonJS files as entry points

With this plugin, you can also use CommonJS files as entry points. This means, however, that when you are bundling to an ES module, your bundle will only have a default export. If you want named exports instead, you should use an ES module entry point instead that reexports from your CommonJS entry point, e.g.

// main.cjs, the CommonJS entry
exports.foo = 'foo';
exports.bar = 'bar';

// main.mjs, the ES module entry
export { foo, bar } from './main.cjs';

// rollup.config.mjs
export default {
  input: 'main.mjs',
  output: {
    format: 'es',
    file: 'bundle.mjs'
  }
};

When bundling to CommonJS or IIFE, i.e output.format === 'cjs' / output.format === 'iife', make sure that you do not set output.exports to 'named'. The default value of 'auto' will usually work, but you can also set it explicitly to 'default'. That makes sure that Rollup assigns the default export that was generated for your CommonJS entry point to module.exports, and semantics do not change.

Using with @rollup/plugin-node-resolve

Since most CommonJS packages you are importing are probably dependencies in node_modules, you may need to use @rollup/plugin-node-resolve:

// rollup.config.js
import resolve from '@rollup/plugin-node-resolve';
import commonjs from '@rollup/plugin-commonjs';

export default {
  input: 'main.js',
  output: {
    file: 'bundle.js',
    format: 'iife',
    name: 'MyModule'
  },
  plugins: [commonjs(), resolve()]
};

Usage with symlinks

Symlinks are common in monorepos and are also created by the npm link command. Rollup with @rollup/plugin-node-resolve resolves modules to their real paths by default. So include and exclude paths should handle real paths rather than symlinked paths (e.g. ../common/node_modules/** instead of node_modules/**). You may also use a regular expression for include that works regardless of base path. Try this:

commonjs({
  include: /node_modules/
});

Whether symlinked module paths are realpathed or preserved depends on Rollup's preserveSymlinks setting, which is false by default, matching Node.js' default behavior. Setting preserveSymlinks to true in your Rollup config will cause import and export to match based on symlinked paths instead.

Strict mode

ES modules are always parsed in strict mode. That means that certain non-strict constructs (like octal literals) will be treated as syntax errors when Rollup parses modules that use them. Some older CommonJS modules depend on those constructs, and if you depend on them your bundle will blow up. There's basically nothing we can do about that.

Luckily, there is absolutely no good reason not to use strict mode for everything — so the solution to this problem is to lobby the authors of those modules to update them.

Inter-plugin-communication

This plugin exposes the result of its CommonJS file type detection for other plugins to use. You can access it via this.getModuleInfo or the moduleParsed hook:

function cjsDetectionPlugin() {
  return {
    name: 'cjs-detection',
    moduleParsed({
      id,
      meta: {
        commonjs: { isCommonJS }
      }
    }) {
      console.log(`File ${id} is CommonJS: ${isCommonJS}`);
    }
  };
}

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LICENSE (MIT)