async-mutex-lite

async-mutex-lite

🔒 Tiny keyed async mutex for JavaScript & TypeScript — ~400–600 bytes gzip, zero dependencies.

Have you ever run into a situation where two async processes run at the same time and produce inconsistent results? That’s exactly the problem this library solves.

async-mutex-lite ensures that tasks with the same key run sequentially, while tasks with different keys can still run in parallel without interfering with each other.

npm install async-mutex-lite

Table of Contents

• Why This Library Exists
• How It Works
• Installation
• Basic Usage
• When Should You Use It?
• API Reference
• Error Strategy
• Real World Examples
• Comparison With Other Libraries
• FAQ
• License

Why This Library Exists

JavaScript is single-threaded, but race conditions can still happen when using async/await.

Imagine this scenario:

// ❌ Dangerous — two requests arrive at the same time for the same user
app.post("/checkout", async (req) => {
  const balance = await getBalance(req.userId) // both read: $100

  if (balance >= req.amount) {
    await deductBalance(req.userId, req.amount) // both deduct
    await createOrder(req.userId)
  }
})

If two requests arrive almost simultaneously, they may both read the same balance before either has deducted it. The result: the balance gets deducted twice, but maybe only one order is created — or worse.

With async-mutex-lite:

// ✅ Safe — requests for the same user are processed sequentially
app.post("/checkout", async (req) => {
  await mutex(`checkout:${req.userId}`, async () => {
    const balance = await getBalance(req.userId)

    if (balance >= req.amount) {
      await deductBalance(req.userId, req.amount)
      await createOrder(req.userId)
    }
  })
})

Requests from other users (different userId) can still run in parallel — only requests for the same user are queued.

How It Works

This library uses Promise chaining instead of a traditional queue.

mutex("user:1", taskA)  ─┐
mutex("user:1", taskB)  ─┼─► taskA → taskB → taskC  (sequential, FIFO)
mutex("user:1", taskC)  ─┘

mutex("user:2", taskD)  ────► taskD  (parallel)

Each key has its own promise chain.
New tasks always wait for the previous task in the chain to finish.

After all tasks complete, the internal memory is cleaned automatically — no memory leaks.

Installation

# npm
npm install async-mutex-lite

# pnpm
pnpm add async-mutex-lite

# yarn
yarn add async-mutex-lite

# bun
bun add async-mutex-lite

Compatible with:

• Node.js 16+
• Modern browsers
• Bun
• Deno
• Serverless environments (Vercel, Cloudflare Workers, etc.)

Basic Usage

import { mutex } from "async-mutex-lite"

// Async function
const result = await mutex("my-key", async () => {
  const data = await fetchSomething()
  return data
})

// Sync functions are also supported
const value = await mutex("my-key", () => {
  return 42
})

When Should You Use It?

Use async-mutex-lite when you have async operations that must not run concurrently for the same resource.

✅ Good Use Cases

Financial transactions

Prevent double-charges or negative balances.

await mutex(`wallet:${userId}`, () => processPayment(userId, amount))

Prevent duplicate webhook processing

await mutex(`webhook:${webhookId}`, () => processWebhook(webhookId))

File write operations

await mutex("log-file", () => fs.appendFile("app.log", logLine))

Cache stampede prevention

async function getCachedUser(userId: string) {
  if (cache.has(userId)) return cache.get(userId)

  return mutex(`cache:${userId}`, async () => {
    if (cache.has(userId)) return cache.get(userId)

    const user = await db.findUser(userId)
    cache.set(userId, user)
    return user
  })
}

Inventory updates

await mutex(`product:${productId}`, async () => {
  const stock = await getStock(productId)
  if (stock > 0) await decrementStock(productId)
})

Per-user rate limiting

await mutex(`api-call:${userId}`, () => callExternalAPI(userId))

❌ When You Don't Need It

• Stateless operations
• Pure read operations
• Code that is already sequential
• CPU-bound workloads

Mutex only helps with concurrency on shared async state.

API Reference

mutex(key, task, options?)

function mutex<T>(
  key: string,
  task: () => Promise<T> | T,
  options?: MutexOptions
): Promise<T | undefined>

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Required	Description
key	string	✅	Resource identifier. Tasks with the same key are queued.
task	() => Promise<T> | T	✅	Function to execute. Can be async or sync.
options	MutexOptions	❌	Optional configuration.

Return Value

Returns the value returned by task.

If a task is skipped due to "stop" strategy, the return value will be undefined.

MutexOptions

interface MutexOptions {
  onError?: "continue" | "stop"
}

Default:

continue

Error Strategy

"continue" (default)

The queue continues even if a task fails.

const t1 = mutex("key", () => { throw new Error("failed") }).catch(console.error)
const t2 = mutex("key", () => "this task still runs ✅")

await Promise.all([t1, t2])

Use this when failures should not block other tasks.

"stop"

If a task fails with "stop" strategy, all pending tasks in the same queue are cancelled.

const t1 = mutex("key", () => { throw new Error("failed") }, { onError: "stop" })
  .catch(console.error)

const t2 = mutex("key", () => "this task will NOT run ❌")

await Promise.allSettled([t1, t2])

Use this for all-or-nothing operations, like transactional workflows.

After the queue drains, the key resets automatically.

Real World Examples

Express.js Checkout API

import express from "express"
import { mutex } from "async-mutex-lite"

const app = express()

app.post("/checkout", async (req, res) => {
  const { userId, productId, quantity } = req.body

  try {
    await mutex(`checkout:${userId}`, async () => {
      const [balance, stock] = await Promise.all([
        getBalance(userId),
        getStock(productId),
      ])

      if (balance < req.body.total) throw new Error("Insufficient balance")
      if (stock < quantity) throw new Error("Insufficient stock")

      await Promise.all([
        deductBalance(userId, req.body.total),
        deductStock(productId, quantity),
        createOrder({ userId, productId, quantity }),
      ])
    })

    res.json({ success: true })
  } catch (err) {
    res.status(400).json({ error: err.message })
  }
})

Next.js API Route — Prevent Duplicate Submission

import { mutex } from "async-mutex-lite"

export async function POST(req: Request) {
  const { email } = await req.json()

  await mutex(`subscribe:${email}`, async () => {
    const exists = await db.user.findUnique({ where: { email } })
    if (exists) throw new Error("Email already registered")

    await db.user.create({ data: { email } })
    await sendWelcomeEmail(email)
  })

  return Response.json({ message: "Subscription successful!" })
}

Webhook Handler — Idempotent Processing

import { mutex } from "async-mutex-lite"

async function handleWebhook(event: WebhookEvent) {
  await mutex(`webhook:${event.id}`, async () => {
    const alreadyProcessed = await db.webhook.findUnique({
      where: { id: event.id }
    })

    if (alreadyProcessed) return

    await processEvent(event)
    await db.webhook.create({ data: { id: event.id } })
  })
}

TypeScript — Generic Type Inference

const user = await mutex("fetch-user", async () => {
  return await db.user.findFirst()
})

// user: User | null | undefined

Comparison With Other Libraries

Library	Size	Keyed Lock	Error Strategy	TypeScript
async-lock	~5 KB	✅	❌	Partial
async-mutex	~3 KB	❌	❌	✅
await-lock	~1 KB	❌	❌	❌
async-mutex-lite	~0.5 KB	✅	✅	✅

FAQ

Is this production ready?

Yes. The library has no dependencies, a very small surface area, and 100% test coverage.

Does it work in serverless environments?

Yes, but remember: each serverless instance has its own memory.

Mutex works only when conflicting requests are handled by the same instance.
For cross-instance coordination you still need an external lock (e.g., Redis).

Is FIFO guaranteed?

Yes. Tasks are executed exactly in the order they were scheduled.

What if task returns undefined?

Then mutex returns undefined.
This is indistinguishable from a skipped task when using "stop" strategy.

Does it support CommonJS?

Yes. The package provides both ESM (.js) and CommonJS (.cjs) builds.

Development

git clone https://github.com/deni-irawan-nugraha/async-mutex-lite.git
cd async-mutex-lite

npm install
npm test
npm run test:coverage
npm run test:bench
npm run build

License

MIT License — free to use, modify, and distribute.

Made with ❤️ by Deni Irawan Nugraha

GitHub: https://github.com/deni-irawan-nugraha
npm: https://www.npmjs.com/package/async-mutex-lite