dbt-athena

• Features
  • Quick start
    • Installation
    • Prerequisites
    • Credentials
    • Configuring your profile
    • Additional information
  • Models
    • Table configuration
    • Table location
    • Incremental models
    • On schema change
    • Iceberg
    • Highly available table (HA)
      • HA known issues
    • Update glue data catalog
  • Snapshots
    • Timestamp strategy
    • Check strategy
    • Hard-deletes
    • Working example
    • Snapshots known issues
  • AWS Lake Formation integration
  • Python models
  • Contracts
  • Contributing
  • Contributors ✨

Features

• Supports dbt version 1.7.*
• Support for Python
• Supports seeds
• Correctly detects views and their columns
• Supports table materialization
  • Iceberg tables are supported only with Athena Engine v3 and a unique table location (see table location section below)
  • Hive tables are supported by both Athena engines
• Supports incremental models
  • On Iceberg tables:
    • Supports the use of unique_key only with the merge strategy
    • Supports the append strategy
  • On Hive tables:
    • Supports two incremental update strategies: insert_overwrite and append
    • Does not support the use of unique_key
• Supports snapshots
• Supports Python models

Quick start

Installation

• pip install dbt-athena-community
• Or pip install git+https://github.com/dbt-athena/dbt-athena.git

Prerequisites

To start, you will need an S3 bucket, for instance my-bucket and an Athena database:

CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS analytics_dev
COMMENT 'Analytics models generated by dbt (development)'
LOCATION 's3://my-bucket/'
WITH DBPROPERTIES ('creator'='Foo Bar', 'email'='[e-mail]');

Notes:

• Take note of your AWS region code (e.g. us-west-2 or eu-west-2, etc.).
• You can also use AWS Glue to create and manage Athena databases.

Credentials

Credentials can be passed directly to the adapter, or they can be determined automatically based on aws cli/boto3 conventions. You can either:

• Configure aws_access_key_id and aws_secret_access_key
• Configure aws_profile_name to match a profile defined in your AWS credentials file. Checkout dbt profile configuration below for details.

Configuring your profile

A dbt profile can be configured to run against AWS Athena using the following configuration:

Option	Description	Required?	Example
s3_staging_dir	S3 location to store Athena query results and metadata	Required	s3://bucket/dbt/
s3_data_dir	Prefix for storing tables, if different from the connection's s3_staging_dir	Optional	s3://bucket2/dbt/
s3_data_naming	How to generate table paths in s3_data_dir	Optional	schema_table_unique
s3_tmp_table_dir	Prefix for storing temporary tables, if different from the connection's s3_data_dir	Optional	s3://bucket3/dbt/
region_name	AWS region of your Athena instance	Required	eu-west-1
schema	Specify the schema (Athena database) to build models into (lowercase only)	Required	dbt
database	Specify the database (Data catalog) to build models into (lowercase only)	Required	awsdatacatalog
poll_interval	Interval in seconds to use for polling the status of query results in Athena	Optional	5
debug_query_state	Flag if debug message with Athena query state is needed	Optional	false
aws_access_key_id	Access key ID of the user performing requests	Optional	AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE
aws_secret_access_key	Secret access key of the user performing requests	Optional	wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY
aws_profile_name	Profile to use from your AWS shared credentials file	Optional	my-profile
work_group	Identifier of Athena workgroup	Optional	my-custom-workgroup
skip_workgroup_check	Indicates if the WorkGroup check (additional AWS call) can be skipped	Optional	true
num_retries	Number of times to retry a failing query	Optional	3
num_boto3_retries	Number of times to retry boto3 requests (e.g. deleting S3 files for materialized tables)	Optional	5
num_iceberg_retries	Number of times to retry iceberg commit queries to fix ICEBERG_COMMIT_ERROR	Optional	3
spark_work_group	Identifier of Athena Spark workgroup for running Python models	Optional	my-spark-workgroup
seed_s3_upload_args	Dictionary containing boto3 ExtraArgs when uploading to S3	Optional	{"ACL": "bucket-owner-full-control"}
lf_tags_database	Default LF tags for new database if it's created by dbt	Optional	tag_key: tag_value

Example profiles.yml entry:

athena:
  target: dev
  outputs:
    dev:
      type: athena
      s3_staging_dir: s3://athena-query-results/dbt/
      s3_data_dir: s3://your_s3_bucket/dbt/
      s3_data_naming: schema_table
      s3_tmp_table_dir: s3://your_s3_bucket/temp/
      region_name: eu-west-1
      schema: dbt
      database: awsdatacatalog
      threads: 4
      aws_profile_name: my-profile
      work_group: my-workgroup
      spark_work_group: my-spark-workgroup
      seed_s3_upload_args:
        ACL: bucket-owner-full-control

Additional information

• threads is supported
• database and catalog can be used interchangeably

Models

Table configuration

• external_location (default=none)
  • If set, the full S3 path to which the table will be saved
  • Works only with incremental models
  • Does not work with Hive table with ha set to true
• partitioned_by (default=none)
  • An array list of columns by which the table will be partitioned
  • Limited to creation of 100 partitions (currently)
• bucketed_by (default=none)
  • An array list of columns to bucket data, ignored if using Iceberg
• bucket_count (default=none)
  • The number of buckets for bucketing your data, ignored if using Iceberg
• table_type (default='hive')
  • The type of table
  • Supports hive or iceberg
• ha (default=false)
  • If the table should be built using the high-availability method. This option is only available for Hive tables since it is by default for Iceberg tables (see the section below)
• format (default='parquet')
  • The data format for the table
  • Supports ORC, PARQUET, AVRO, JSON, TEXTFILE
• write_compression (default=none)
  • The compression type to use for any storage format that allows compression to be specified. To see which options are available, check out CREATE TABLE AS
• field_delimiter (default=none)
  • Custom field delimiter, for when format is set to TEXTFILE
• table_properties: table properties to add to the table, valid for Iceberg only
• native_drop: Relation drop operations will be performed with SQL, not direct Glue API calls. No S3 calls will be made to manage data in S3. Data in S3 will only be cleared up for Iceberg tables see AWS docs. Note that Iceberg DROP TABLE operations may timeout if they take longer than 60 seconds.
• seed_by_insert (default=false)
  • Default behaviour uploads seed data to S3. This flag will create seeds using an SQL insert statement
  • Large seed files cannot use seed_by_insert, as the SQL insert statement would exceed the Athena limit of 262144 bytes
• force_batch (default=false)
  • Skip creating the table as CTAS and run the operation directly in batch insert mode
  • This is particularly useful when the standard table creation process fails due to partition limitations, allowing you to work with temporary tables and persist the dataset more efficiently
• unique_tmp_table_suffix (default=false)
  • For incremental models using insert overwrite strategy on hive table
  • Replace the __dbt_tmp suffix used as temporary table name suffix by a unique uuid
  • Useful if you are looking to run multiple dbt build inserting in the same table in parallel
• temp_schema (default=none)
  • For incremental models, it allows to define a schema to hold temporary create statements used in incremental model runs
  • Schema will be created in the model target database if does not exist
• lf_tags_config (default=none)
  • AWS Lake Formation tags to associate with the table and columns
  • enabled (default=False) whether LF tags management is enabled for a model
  • tags dictionary with tags and their values to assign for the model
  • tags_columns dictionary with a tag key, value and list of columns they must be assigned to
  • lf_inherited_tags (default=none)
    • List of Lake Formation tag keys that are intended to be inherited from the database level and thus shouldn't be removed during association of those defined in lf_tags_config
      • i.e., the default behavior of lf_tags_config is to be exhaustive and first remove any pre-existing tags from tables and columns before associating the ones currently defined for a given model
      • This breaks tag inheritance as inherited tags appear on tables and columns like those associated directly

{{
  config(
    materialized='incremental',
    incremental_strategy='append',
    on_schema_change='append_new_columns',
    table_type='iceberg',
    schema='test_schema',
    lf_tags_config={
          'enabled': true,
          'tags': {
            'tag1': 'value1',
            'tag2': 'value2'
          },
          'tags_columns': {
            'tag1': {
              'value1': ['column1', 'column2'],
              'value2': ['column3', 'column4']
            }
          },
          'inherited_tags': ['tag1', 'tag2']
    }
  )
}}

• Format for dbt_project.yml:

  +lf_tags_config:
    enabled: true
    tags:
      tag1: value1
      tag2: value2
    tags_columns:
      tag1:
        value1: [ column1, column2 ]
    inherited_tags: [ tag1, tag2 ]

• lf_grants (default=none)

  • Lake Formation grants config for data_cell filters
  • Format:

  lf_grants={
          'data_cell_filters': {
              'enabled': True | False,
              'filters': {
                  'filter_name': {
                      'row_filter': '<filter_condition>',
                      'principals': ['principal_arn1', 'principal_arn2']
                  }
              }
          }
      }
  

Notes:

• lf_tags and lf_tags_columns configs support only attaching lf tags to corresponding resources. We recommend managing LF Tags permissions somewhere outside dbt. For example, you may use terraform or aws cdk for such purpose.
• data_cell_filters management can't be automated outside dbt because the filter can't be attached to the table which doesn't exist. Once you enable this config, dbt will set all filters and their permissions during every dbt run. Such approach keeps the actual state of row level security configuration actual after every dbt run and apply changes if they occur: drop, create, update filters and their permissions.
• Any tags listed in lf_inherited_tags should be strictly inherited from the database level and never overridden at the table and column level
  • Currently dbt-athena does not differentiate between an inherited tag association and an override of same it made previously
  • e.g. If an inherited tag is overridden by an lf_tags_config value in one DBT run, and that override is removed prior to a subsequent run, the prior override will linger and no longer be encoded anywhere (in e.g. Terraform where the inherited value is configured nor in the DBT project where the override previously existed but now is gone)

Table location

The location a table is saved to is determined by:

1. If external_location is defined, that value is used
2. If s3_data_dir is defined, the path is determined by that and s3_data_naming
3. If s3_data_dir is not defined, data is stored under s3_staging_dir/tables/

Here all the options available for s3_data_naming:

• unique: {s3_data_dir}/{uuid4()}/
• table: {s3_data_dir}/{table}/
• table_unique: {s3_data_dir}/{table}/{uuid4()}/
• schema_table: {s3_data_dir}/{schema}/{table}/
• s3_data_naming=schema_table_unique: {s3_data_dir}/{schema}/{table}/{uuid4()}/

It's possible to set the s3_data_naming globally in the target profile, or overwrite the value in the table config, or setting up the value for groups of model in dbt_project.yml.

Note: when using a workgroup with a default output location configured, s3_data_naming and any configured buckets are ignored and the location configured in the workgroup is used.

Incremental models

Support for incremental models.

These strategies are supported:

• insert_overwrite (default): The insert overwrite strategy deletes the overlapping partitions from the destination table, and then inserts the new records from the source. This strategy depends on the partitioned_by keyword! If no partitions are defined, dbt will fall back to the append strategy.
• append: Insert new records without updating, deleting or overwriting any existing data. There might be duplicate data (e.g. great for log or historical data).
• merge: Conditionally updates, deletes, or inserts rows into an Iceberg table. Used in combination with unique_key. Only available when using Iceberg.

On schema change

on_schema_change is an option to reflect changes of schema in incremental models. The following options are supported:

• ignore (default)
• fail
• append_new_columns
• sync_all_columns

For details, please refer to dbt docs.

Iceberg

The adapter supports table materialization for Iceberg.

To get started just add this as your model:

{{ config(
    materialized='table',
    table_type='iceberg',
    format='parquet',
    partitioned_by=['bucket(user_id, 5)'],
    table_properties={
     'optimize_rewrite_delete_file_threshold': '2'
     }
) }}

select 'A'          as user_id,
       'pi'         as name,
       'active'     as status,
       17.89        as cost,
       1            as quantity,
       100000000    as quantity_big,
       current_date as my_date

Iceberg supports bucketing as hidden partitions, therefore use the partitioned_by config to add specific bucketing conditions.

Iceberg supports several table formats for data : PARQUET, AVRO and ORC.

It is possible to use Iceberg in an incremental fashion, specifically two strategies are supported:

• append: New records are appended to the table, this can lead to duplicates.
• merge: Performs an upsert (and optional delete), where new records are added and existing records are updated. Only available with Athena engine version 3.
  • unique_key (required): columns that define a unique record in the source and target tables.
  • incremental_predicates (optional): SQL conditions that enable custom join clauses in the merge statement. This can be useful for improving performance via predicate pushdown on the target table.
  • delete_condition (optional): SQL condition used to identify records that should be deleted.
  • update_condition (optional): SQL condition used to identify records that should be updated.
  • insert_condition (optional): SQL condition used to identify records that should be inserted.
    • incremental_predicates, delete_condition, update_condition and insert_condition can include any column of the incremental table (src) or the final table (target). Column names must be prefixed by either src or target to prevent a Column is ambiguous error.

delete_condition example:

{{ config(
    materialized='incremental',
    table_type='iceberg',
    incremental_strategy='merge',
    unique_key='user_id',
    incremental_predicates=["src.quantity > 1", "target.my_date >= now() - interval '4' year"],
    delete_condition="src.status != 'active' and target.my_date < now() - interval '2' year",
    format='parquet'
) }}

select 'A' as user_id,
       'pi' as name,
       'active' as status,
       17.89 as cost,
       1 as quantity,
       100000000 as quantity_big,
       current_date as my_date

update_condition example:

{{ config(
        materialized='incremental',
        incremental_strategy='merge',
        unique_key=['id'],
        update_condition='target.id > 1',
        schema='sandbox'
    )
}}

{% if is_incremental() %}

select * from (
    values
    (1, 'v1-updated')
    , (2, 'v2-updated')
) as t (id, value)

{% else %}

select * from (
    values
    (-1, 'v-1')
    , (0, 'v0')
    , (1, 'v1')
    , (2, 'v2')
) as t (id, value)

{% endif %}

insert_condition example:

{{ config(
        materialized='incremental',
        incremental_strategy='merge',
        unique_key=['id'],
        insert_condition='target.status != 0',
        schema='sandbox'
    )
}}

select * from (
    values
    (1, 0)
    , (2, 1)
) as t (id, status)

Highly available table (HA)

The current implementation of the table materialization can lead to downtime, as the target table is dropped and re-created. To have the less destructive behavior it's possible to use the ha config on your table materialized models. It leverages the table versions feature of glue catalog, creating a temp table and swapping the target table to the location of the temp table. This materialization is only available for table_type=hive and requires using unique locations. For iceberg, high availability is the default.

{{ config(
    materialized='table',
    ha=true,
    format='parquet',
    table_type='hive',
    partitioned_by=['status'],
    s3_data_naming='table_unique'
) }}

select 'a'      as user_id,
       'pi'     as user_name,
       'active' as status
union all
select 'b'        as user_id,
       'sh'       as user_name,
       'disabled' as status

By default, the materialization keeps the last 4 table versions, you can change it by setting versions_to_keep.

HA known issues

• When swapping from a table with partitions to a table without (and the other way around), there could be a little downtime. If high performances is needed consider bucketing instead of partitions
• By default, Glue "duplicates" the versions internally, so the last two versions of a table point to the same location
• It's recommended to set versions_to_keep >= 4, as this will avoid having the older location removed

Update glue data catalog

Optionally persist resource descriptions as column and relation comments to the glue data catalog, and meta as glue table properties and column parameters. By default, documentation persistence is disabled, but it can be enabled for specific resources or groups of resources as needed.

For example:

models:
  - name: test_deduplicate
    description: another value
    config:
      persist_docs:
        relation: true
        columns: true
      meta:
        test: value
    columns:
      - name: id
        meta:
          primary_key: true

See persist docs for more details.

Snapshots

The adapter supports snapshot materialization. It supports both timestamp and check strategy. To create a snapshot create a snapshot file in the snapshots directory. If the directory does not exist create one.

Timestamp strategy

To use the timestamp strategy refer to the dbt docs

Check strategy

To use the check strategy refer to the dbt docs

Hard-deletes

The materialization also supports invalidating hard deletes. Check the docs to understand usage.

Working example

seed file - employent_indicators_november_2022_csv_tables.csv

Series_reference,Period,Data_value,Suppressed
MEIM.S1WA,1999.04,80267,
MEIM.S1WA,1999.05,70803,
MEIM.S1WA,1999.06,65792,
MEIM.S1WA,1999.07,66194,
MEIM.S1WA,1999.08,67259,
MEIM.S1WA,1999.09,69691,
MEIM.S1WA,1999.1,72475,
MEIM.S1WA,1999.11,79263,
MEIM.S1WA,1999.12,86540,
MEIM.S1WA,2000.01,82552,
MEIM.S1WA,2000.02,81709,
MEIM.S1WA,2000.03,84126,
MEIM.S1WA,2000.04,77089,
MEIM.S1WA,2000.05,73811,
MEIM.S1WA,2000.06,70070,
MEIM.S1WA,2000.07,69873,
MEIM.S1WA,2000.08,71468,
MEIM.S1WA,2000.09,72462,
MEIM.S1WA,2000.1,74897,

model.sql

{{ config(
    materialized='table'
) }}

select row_number() over() as id
       , *
       , cast(from_unixtime(to_unixtime(now())) as timestamp(6)) as refresh_timestamp
from {{ ref('employment_indicators_november_2022_csv_tables') }}

timestamp strategy - model_snapshot_1

{% snapshot model_snapshot_1 %}

{{
    config(
      strategy='timestamp',
      updated_at='refresh_timestamp',
      unique_key='id'
    )
}}

select *
from {{ ref('model') }} {% endsnapshot %}

invalidate hard deletes - model_snapshot_2

{% snapshot model_snapshot_2 %}

{{
    config
    (
        unique_key='id',
        strategy='timestamp',
        updated_at='refresh_timestamp',
        invalidate_hard_deletes=True,
    )
}}
select *
from {{ ref('model') }} {% endsnapshot %}

check strategy - model_snapshot_3

{% snapshot model_snapshot_3 %}

{{
    config
    (
        unique_key='id',
        strategy='check',
        check_cols=['series_reference','data_value']
    )
}}
select *
from {{ ref('model') }} {% endsnapshot %}

Snapshots known issues

• Incremental Iceberg models - Sync all columns on schema change can't remove columns used for partitioning. The only way, from a dbt perspective, is to do a full-refresh of the incremental model.

• Tables, schemas and database names should only be lowercase

• In order to avoid potential conflicts, make sure dbt-athena-adapter is not installed in the target environment. See https://github.com/dbt-athena/dbt-athena/issues/103 for more details.

• Snapshot does not support dropping columns from the source table. If you drop a column make sure to drop the column from the snapshot as well. Another workaround is to NULL the column in the snapshot definition to preserve history

AWS Lake Formation integration

The adapter implements AWS Lake Formation tags management in the following way:

• You can enable or disable lf-tags management via config (disabled by default)
• Once you enable the feature, lf-tags will be updated on every dbt run
• First, all lf-tags for columns are removed to avoid inheritance issues
• Then, all redundant lf-tags are removed from tables and actual tags from table configs are applied
• Finally, lf-tags for columns are applied

It's important to understand the following points:

• dbt does not manage lf-tags for databases
• dbt does not manage Lake Formation permissions

That's why you should handle this by yourself manually or using an automation tool like terraform, AWS CDK etc. You may find the following links useful to manage that:

• terraform aws_lakeformation_permissions
• terraform aws_lakeformation_resource_lf_tags

Python models

The adapter supports Python models using spark.

Setup

• A Spark-enabled workgroup created in Athena
• Spark execution role granted access to Athena, Glue and S3
• The Spark workgroup is added to the ~/.dbt/profiles.yml file and the profile to be used is referenced in dbt_project.yml

Spark-specific table configuration

• timeout (default=43200)
  • Time out in seconds for each Python model execution. Defaults to 12 hours/43200 seconds.
• spark_encryption (default=false)
  • If this flag is set to true, encrypts data in transit between Spark nodes and also encrypts data at rest stored locally by Spark.
• spark_cross_account_catalog (default=false)
  • When using the Spark Athena workgroup, queries can only be made against catalogs located on the same AWS account by default. However, sometimes you want to query another catalog located on an external AWS account. Setting this additional Spark properties parameter to true will enable querying external catalogs. You can use the syntax external_catalog_id/database.table to access the external table on the external catalog (ex: 999999999999/mydatabase.cloudfront_logs where 999999999999 is the external catalog ID)
• spark_requester_pays (default=false)
  • When an Amazon S3 bucket is configured as requester pays, the account of the user running the query is charged for data access and data transfer fees associated with the query.
  • If this flag is set to true, requester pays S3 buckets are enabled in Athena for Spark.

Spark notes

• A session is created for each unique engine configuration defined in the models that are part of the invocation.
• A session's idle timeout is set to 10 minutes. Within the timeout period, if there is a new calculation (Spark Python model) ready for execution and the engine configuration matches, the process will reuse the same session.
• The number of Python models running at a time depends on the threads. The number of sessions created for the entire run depends on the number of unique engine configurations and the availability of sessions to maintain thread concurrency.
• For Iceberg tables, it is recommended to use table_properties configuration to set the format_version to 2. This is to maintain compatibility between Iceberg tables created by Trino with those created by Spark.

Example models

Simple pandas model

import pandas as pd


def model(dbt, session):
    dbt.config(materialized="table")

    model_df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 2, 3, 4]})

    return model_df

Simple spark

def model(dbt, spark_session):
    dbt.config(materialized="table")

    data = [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,)]

    df = spark_session.createDataFrame(data, ["A"])

    return df

Spark incremental

def model(dbt, spark_session):
    dbt.config(materialized="incremental")
    df = dbt.ref("model")

    if dbt.is_incremental:
        max_from_this = (
            f"select max(run_date) from {dbt.this.schema}.{dbt.this.identifier}"
        )
        df = df.filter(df.run_date >= spark_session.sql(max_from_this).collect()[0][0])

    return df

Config spark model

def model(dbt, spark_session):
    dbt.config(
        materialized="table",
        engine_config={
            "CoordinatorDpuSize": 1,
            "MaxConcurrentDpus": 3,
            "DefaultExecutorDpuSize": 1
        },
        spark_encryption=True,
        spark_cross_account_catalog=True,
        spark_requester_pays=True
        polling_interval=15,
        timeout=120,
    )

    data = [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,)]

    df = spark_session.createDataFrame(data, ["A"])

    return df

Create pySpark udf using imported external python files

def model(dbt, spark_session):
    dbt.config(
        materialized="incremental",
        incremental_strategy="merge",
        unique_key="num",
    )
    sc = spark_session.sparkContext
    sc.addPyFile("s3://athena-dbt/test/file1.py")
    sc.addPyFile("s3://athena-dbt/test/file2.py")

    def func(iterator):
        from file2 import transform

        return [transform(i) for i in iterator]

    from pyspark.sql.functions import udf
    from pyspark.sql.functions import col

    udf_with_import = udf(func)

    data = [(1, "a"), (2, "b"), (3, "c")]
    cols = ["num", "alpha"]
    df = spark_session.createDataFrame(data, cols)

    return df.withColumn("udf_test_col", udf_with_import(col("alpha")))

Known issues in Python models

• Python models cannot reference Athena SQL views.
• Third-party Python libraries can be used, but they must be included in the pre-installed list or imported manually.
• Python models can only reference or write to tables with names meeting the regular expression: ^[0-9a-zA-Z_]+$. Dashes and special characters are not supported by Spark, even though Athena supports them.
• Incremental models do not fully utilize Spark capabilities. They depend partially on existing SQL-based logic which runs on Trino.
• Snapshot materializations are not supported.
• Spark can only reference tables within the same catalog.
• For tables created outside of the dbt tool, be sure to populate the location field or dbt will throw an error when trying to create the table.

Contracts

The adapter partly supports contract definitions:

• data_type is supported but needs to be adjusted for complex types. Types must be specified entirely (for instance array<int>) even though they won't be checked. Indeed, as dbt recommends, we only compare the broader type (array, map, int, varchar). The complete definition is used in order to check that the data types defined in Athena are ok (pre-flight check).
• The adapter does not support the constraints since there is no constraint concept in Athena.

Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING for more information on how to contribute to this project.

Contributors ✨

Thanks goes to these wonderful people (emoji key):

Contributions of any kind welcome!