psds-eval

Polyphonic Sound Detection Score (PSDS)

psds_eval is a Python package containing a library to calculate the Polyphonic Sound Detection Score as presented in:

A Framework for the Robust Evaluation of Sound Event Detection
C. Bilen, G. Ferroni, F. Tuveri, J. Azcarreta, S. Krstulovic
In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). May 2020
https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.08440

The PSDS is a metric for evaluating Sound Event Detection (SED) systems. Differently from other widely adopted metrics, PSDS:

1. Introduces a new, flexible and robust definition of event detection that yields an evaluation closer to the end-user perception of sound events
2. Discriminates cross-triggers from generic false positives and supports their custom weighting to cope with imbalanced datasets and to help developers identify weaknesses in the system
3. Evaluates the SED system performance using multiple operating points to truly measure the quality of the sound event modelling without system calibration bias

These capabilities are summarized below. For more details please read the paper accessible from the link above.

1. Definition of event detection

   When evaluating SED system performance, existing metrics constrain the detection's start and end times to within a certain distance from the ground truth. This determines whether the detections are correct or not. An example of such a constraint is commonly called "collar". While it introduces some degree of tolerance for either human or system imperfections in the evaluation, it also increases the need for very accurate ground truths by requiring the detections to closely match the annotations. Suppose an audio sample contains two very close dog barks (e.g. 200ms) and the annotator decided to create two ground truths. A system that detects both annotations with a single detection should not be penalised.

   PSDS relaxes these constraints by introducing a flexible and more user-oriented definition of event detection. Two parameters, expressed as a percentage of intersection between two or more entities, are used: Detection Tolerance Criterion (DTC) and Ground Truth intersection Criterion (GTC). The image below shows how 5 typical scenarios are evaluated using collars (left) and using the PSDS method (right). The taller background rectangles are ground truths while the smaller foreground rectangles represent the system detections. Vertical dashed lines simulate how the ground truth boundaries are affected by the collar.

   

2. Cross-triggers

   Suppose we have a 3-class SED system that outputs 4 detections for a given audio sample with two sound events. The scenario is depicted in the figure below in which ground truths and detections are indicated by background and foreground rectangles, respectively.

   

   Detections 1 and 3 are clearly true positives (TP) while detections 2 and 4 are false positives (FP). In addition to this, PSDS also counts detection 4 as a cross-trigger (CT) for Class 3 on the ground truth Class 1. The confusion matrix for this example would be:

   	Class 1	Class 2	Class 3	WORLD
   Class 1	1			1
   Class 2		1
   Class 3	1			1

   PSDS also allows a custom weight to be applied to CTs in order to define their importance in the final evaluation. Such weighting can be crucial when the evaluation dataset is unbalanced. For instance, the sound of window glass breaking rarely happens in the real world, yet the reliable evaluation of glass breaking TPs requires a large number of positive class samples, which may in turn artificially increase the FP counts for other percussive classes. In such scenario, PSDS would help the developer to assess the system performance by weighting out the cross-trigger effects. It also helps to highlight the limits of the system and to narrow the problem down to, perhaps, a training labels problem.

3. Operating point

   Standard metrics for SED conflate the evaluation of sound event modelling with the evaluation of operating point (OP) tuning. In other fields of research, such as keyword spotting, this issue is solved by evaluating multiple operating points and by reporting an overall measure, such as area under curve. PSDS calculates the area under the Polyphonic Sound Detection Receiver Operating Characteristic (PSD-ROC).

   The image below shows an example of PSD-ROC for a SED system. The curve is built by choosing a number of different tunings (operating points) of the system. Let's consider the two points indicated by A (30, 0.3) and B (30, 0.39). If the system is tuned to A, the performance is underestimated given that for a similar false positive rate the system can achieve a significantly higher true positive rate if tuned to B.

   

   An evaluation based on multiple OPs provides a better understanding of the system performance at different TP/FP trade-offs.

   Important note:

   • The PSD-ROC curve is a summary of the multiple outputs of the system under evaluation and, unlike standard ROC curves in the binary classification case, it does not represent every possible operating point configuration of the evaluated system. For example, a system with two possible classes (speech and drum) can be tuned to achieve 80% TP for speech and 70% TP for drum, but such an operating point is not precisely represented on the PSD-ROC curve. Hence, not all possible configurations of the given system are expected to lie on the curve. However, the summary of the performance and how it changes for each class is still represented in the PSD-ROC and its area (i.e. the PSDS).
   • The PSD-ROC curve is monotonically increasing. However, when alpha_st is not 0, this can no longer be guaranteed (cf. Equation 9 in the paper linked above).

Installation

In order to install the psds_eval package:

1. Clone the repository git clone https://github.com/DCASE-REPO/psds_eval.git
2. cd psds_eval
3. pip install -Ue .

Running the tests

The tests can be run using pytest with:

pytest tests

Code Example

A code example is available within the package showing how to use the library to calculate the PSDS of a system for a given dataset.

The dataset used in the example is the validation subset from the challenge DCASE-2019 Task 4. For simplicity, ground truths and metadata are available within this package under examples/data.

The baseline system provided in Task 4 does not support an adjustable output threshold out-of-the-box. Therefore it was modified so that a different set of detections is produced for each chosen threshold value. Each detection set is saved and available in the data folder. The filenames follow the convention: baseline_<TH>.csv, where TH = 0.1, 0.2, ..., 1.0 represents the threshold value.

Once the psds_eval package is installed you may run the evaluation example using the Python script from the examples folder like so:

$ python examples/run_psds.py

The script should output a PSD-Score value of 0.40867 and the plot below.

Notebook on PSDS evaluation of DCASE2020 Task 4 baseline system

A Jupyter notebook has been created to show how PSDS can be used to extract insights on a SED system performance. It also explains in more detail certain key features of PSDS.

The notebook is available here.

FAQ

What are all the PSDS parameters for?

One of the design principles behind psds_eval is flexibility. In practice, the PSDS evaluation can adapt to any task constraints by configuring the following three parameters (cf. Fig.2a article):

1. Detection Tolerance Criterion threshold (cf. Definition 2 article)

   • Controls how precise a system detection has to be with respect to all the ground truths of the same class that it intersects.

2. Ground Truth intersection Criterion threshold (cf. Definition 3 article)

   • Defines the amount of minimum overlap necessary to count a ground truth as correctly detected.

3. Cross-Trigger Tolerance Criterion threshold (cf. Definition 4 article)

   • Same as DTC, but applied to the system detections that intersect ground truths of other classes of interest for detection, as distinct from false alarms which don’t intersect with any other label.

Moreover, the calculation of the PSDS of a system can be configured to take into account several constraints:

• The importance of cross-triggers can be specified in the effective False Positive Rate definition by the parameter alpha_ct (cf. Equation 6 article)

• The importance of inter-class variability is controlled in the definition of the effective True Positive Ratio by the parameter alpha_st (cf. Equation 9 article)

• The maximum effective False Positive Rate at which the area under the PSD-ROC is computed can be adjusted by the parameter max_efpr. This value is crucial because it defines an upper bound for the mistakes a system can make in a unit of time.

Important notes:

• More than one detection can contribute to a single true positive (TP)
• Detections contributing to TPs are not considered for cross-trigger (CT) counts
• alpha_st must be a positive number

Why are multiple operating points required?

We want to evaluate a system across a range of operating points in contrast with more classic metrics (such as F-Score or Accuracy). This approach provides an evaluation which is more generic and independent from the system's tuning.

What is the minimum number of operating points required?

It depends on how the system behaves. We encourage the user to start with at least 20 operating points and, based on how the PSD-ROC looks, more operating points can be added to represent the system behaviour as accurately as possible.

Is it possible to remove the operating points for a new system evaluation?

Yes, it is possible to remove all the previously added operating points by using the function PSDSEval.clear_all_operating_points. The evaluator is then ready to accept new operating points and compute a new evaluation.

Important notes:

• the function only removes the stored operating points
• the dataset, defined by PSDSEval.metadata and PSDSEval.ground_truth, is not modified
• the task definition, defined by the 3 thresholds (DTC, GTC and CTTC) stored in self.threshold, is not modified

What are the input requirements?

All the inputs must be a pandas.DataFrame. There are two table formats:

1. detections and ground_truth tables format

Column names are the same as those used in the DCASE evaluation. Each row is defined by 4 values:

• filename, identifies the input audio file
• onset and offset are the start and end time (expressed in seconds) of the event
• event_label is the name of the class the event belongs to

An example of ground truth table

filename	onset	offset	event_label
test.wav	2.0	20.0	c1
test.wav	12.0	35.0	c2
test.wav	42.0	47.0	c3
test2.wav	5.0	20.0	c1
test2.wav	5.0	30.0	c2
test2.wav	42.0	47.0	c3
test3.wav	5.0	18.0	c1
test3.wav	10.0	30.0	c2
test3.wav	42.0	48.0	c3

An example of detections table

filename	onset	offset	event_label
test.wav	0.0	19.0	c1
test.wav	40.0	45.0	c1
test.wav	11.0	25.0	c2
test.wav	27.0	30.0	c2
test.wav	32.0	41.5	c2
test.wav	38.0	48.0	c3

2. metadata table format

Simply contains the duration (in seconds) for each file in the dataset:

filename	duration
test.wav	50.0
test2.wav	50.0
test3.wav	50.0

Important notes

• metadata and ground_truth tables must have the same unique values in the "filename" column

Is it possible to find an operating point which leads to the best F1-score?

The psds_eval package provides a function called select_operating_points_per_class() which can help find the operating points which best satisfy the requested criteria on TPR, FPR, eFPR or F -score for each class. Examples on how to use this function are provided in the example script and the jupyter notebook .

License

psds_eval is MIT licensed, as found in the LICENSE file.