webthing

webthing

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Implementation of an HTTP Web Thing <https://iot.mozilla.org/wot/>_. This library is compatible with Python 2.7 and 3.5+.

Installation

webthing can be installed via pip, as such:

.. code:: shell

$ pip install webthing

Running the Sample

.. code:: shell

$ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/WebThingsIO/webthing-python/master/example/single-thing.py $ python3 single-thing.py

This starts a server and lets you search for it from your gateway through mDNS. To add it to your gateway, navigate to the Things page in the gateway's UI and click the + icon at the bottom right. If both are on the same network, the example thing will automatically appear.

Example Implementation

In this code-walkthrough we will set up a dimmable light and a humidity sensor (both using fake data, of course). Both working examples can be found in the examples directory <https://github.com/WebThingsIO/webthing-python/tree/master/example>_.

Dimmable Light

Imagine you have a dimmable light that you want to expose via the web of things API. The light can be turned on/off and the brightness can be set from 0% to 100%. Besides the name, description, and type, a |Light|_ is required to expose two properties:

.. |Light| replace:: Light .. _Light: https://iot.mozilla.org/schemas/#Light

• on: the state of the light, whether it is turned on or off

  • Setting this property via a PUT {"on": true/false} call to the REST API toggles the light.

• brightness: the brightness level of the light from 0-100%

  • Setting this property via a PUT call to the REST API sets the brightness level of this light.

First we create a new Thing:

.. code:: python

light = Thing(
    'urn:dev:ops:my-lamp-1234',
    'My Lamp',
    ['OnOffSwitch', 'Light'],
    'A web connected lamp'
)

Now we can add the required properties.

The on property reports and sets the on/off state of the light. For this, we need to have a Value object which holds the actual state and also a method to turn the light on/off. For our purposes, we just want to log the new state if the light is switched on/off.

.. code:: python

light.add_property( Property( light, 'on', Value(True, lambda v: print('On-State is now', v)), metadata={ '@type': 'OnOffProperty', 'title': 'On/Off', 'type': 'boolean', 'description': 'Whether the lamp is turned on', }))

The brightness property reports the brightness level of the light and sets the level. Like before, instead of actually setting the level of a light, we just log the level.

.. code:: python

light.add_property( Property( light, 'brightness', Value(50, lambda v: print('Brightness is now', v)), metadata={ '@type': 'BrightnessProperty', 'title': 'Brightness', 'type': 'number', 'description': 'The level of light from 0-100', 'minimum': 0, 'maximum': 100, 'unit': 'percent', }))

Now we can add our newly created thing to the server and start it:

.. code:: python

If adding more than one thing, use MultipleThings() with a name.

In the single thing case, the thing's name will be broadcast.

server = WebThingServer(SingleThing(light), port=8888)

try: server.start() except KeyboardInterrupt: server.stop()

This will start the server, making the light available via the WoT REST API and announcing it as a discoverable resource on your local network via mDNS.

Sensor

Let's now also connect a humidity sensor to the server we set up for our light.

A |MultiLevelSensor|_ (a sensor that returns a level instead of just on/off) has one required property (besides the name, type, and optional description): level. We want to monitor this property and get notified if the value changes.

.. |MultiLevelSensor| replace:: MultiLevelSensor .. _MultiLevelSensor: https://iot.mozilla.org/schemas/#MultiLevelSensor

First we create a new Thing:

.. code:: python

sensor = Thing( 'urn:dev:ops:my-humidity-sensor-1234', 'My Humidity Sensor', ['MultiLevelSensor'], 'A web connected humidity sensor' )

Then we create and add the appropriate property:

• level: tells us what the sensor is actually reading

  • Contrary to the light, the value cannot be set via an API call, as it wouldn't make much sense, to SET what a sensor is reading. Therefore, we are creating a readOnly property.

    .. code:: python

    level = Value(0.0);

    sensor.add_property( Property( sensor, 'level', level, metadata={ '@type': 'LevelProperty', 'title': 'Humidity', 'type': 'number', 'description': 'The current humidity in %', 'minimum': 0, 'maximum': 100, 'unit': 'percent', 'readOnly': True, }))

Now we have a sensor that constantly reports 0%. To make it usable, we need a thread or some kind of input when the sensor has a new reading available. For this purpose we start a thread that queries the physical sensor every few seconds. For our purposes, it just calls a fake method.

.. code:: python

self.sensor_update_task =
get_event_loop().create_task(self.update_level())

async def update_level(self): try: while True: await sleep(3) new_level = self.read_from_gpio() logging.debug('setting new humidity level: %s', new_level) self.level.notify_of_external_update(new_level) except CancelledError: pass

This will update our Value object with the sensor readings via the self.level.notify_of_external_update(read_from_gpio()) call. The Value object now notifies the property and the thing that the value has changed, which in turn notifies all websocket listeners.

Adding to Gateway

To add your web thing to the WebThings Gateway, install the "Web Thing" add-on and follow the instructions here <https://github.com/WebThingsIO/thing-url-adapter#readme>_.