near-cli

NEAR CLI (command line interface)

NEAR CLI is a Node.js application that relies on near-api-js to connect to and interact with the NEAR blockchain. Create accounts, access keys, sign & send transactions with this versatile command line interface tool.

Note: Node.js version 16+ is required to run NEAR CLI.

🚨 v4.0.0 Notes

This release is a major reorganization of the codebase to simplify its maintenance. It also includes a few new features and a multitude of small fixes.

The most notable changes are:

• Ledger users, please notice that the --useLedger does not set the path anymore, use --ledgerPath for this
  • Please check the commands that support Ledger for more details
• Users can now import credentials using the add-credentials command
• The generate-key command now has a --saveImplicit option to save the key as an implicit account
• Users can create testnet pre-funded accounts using the --useFaucet option
• Accounts cannot create TLA with less than 32 characters anymore (this is a NEAR protocol change)
• Removed unnecessary options from commands, e.g. view now does not take an --accountId or --masterAccount
• If a command does not work, please first check the commands help to see if the options have changed
  • For example, run near create-account to see how options might have changed

Release notes

Release notes and unreleased changes can be found in the CHANGELOG

Overview

Click on a command for more information and examples.

Command	Description
ACCESS KEYS
near add-credentials	Stores credentials for an account locally
near add-key	adds a new access key to an account
near delete-key	deletes an access key from an account
near generate-key	generates a key pair and optionally stores it locally as credentials for an accountId
near list-keys	displays all access keys and their details for a given account
near login	stores a full access key locally using NEAR Wallet
ACCOUNTS
near create-account	creates a new account, either using a faucet to fund it, or an account saved locally
near delete-account	deletes an account and transfers remaining balance to a beneficiary account
near list-keys	displays all access keys for a given account
near send-near	sends tokens from one account to another
near state	shows general details of an account
CONTRACTS
near call	makes a contract call which can invoke change or view methods
near deploy	deploys a smart contract to the NEAR blockchain
near storage	Shows the storage state of a given contract, i.e. the data stored in a contract
near view	makes a contract call which can only invoke a view method
TRANSACTIONS
near tx-status	queries a transaction's status by txHash

---

Setup

Installation

Make sure you have a current version of npm and NodeJS installed.

Mac and Linux

1. Install npm and node using a package manager like nvm as sometimes there are issues using Ledger due to how OS X handles node packages related to USB devices. [click here]
2. Ensure you have installed Node version 12 or above.
3. Install near-cli globally by running:

npm install -g near-cli

For example, on Ubuntu 20.04 near-cli can be installed by running:

# Install nvm (https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm?tab=readme-ov-file#installing-and-updating)
curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.7/install.sh | bash
source ~/.bashrc

# Install node
nvm install node

# Install near-cli
npm install -g near-cli

# near-cli works!
near --help

Windows

For Windows users, we recommend using Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL).

1. Install WSL [click here]
2. Install npm [click here]
3. Install Node.js [ click here ]
4. Change npm default directory [ click here ]
   • This is to avoid any permission issues with WSL
5. Open WSL and install near-cli globally by running:

npm install -g near-cli

---

Network selection

The default network for near-cli is testnet.

• You can change the network by prepending an environment variable to your command.

NEAR_NETWORK=testnet near send ...

• Alternatively, you can set up a global environment variable by running:

export NEAR_NETWORK=mainnet

• All commands that interact with the network also allow to pass the --networkId option.

near send-near ... --networkId mainnet

[!WARNING] In previous versions, near-cli used NEAR_ENV to set the network. This can still be used, but NEAR_NETWORK has priority over NEAR_ENV if both are set.

---

Custom RPC server selection

You can set custom RPC server URL by setting this env variables:

NEAR_MAINNET_RPC
NEAR_TESTNET_RPC

Clear them in case you want to get back to the default RPC server.

Example:

export NEAR_TESTNET_RPC=https://rpc.testnet.near.org

---

Access Keys

All keys are stored locally at the root of your HOME directory:

• ~/.near-credentials (MAC / Linux)
• C:\Users\YOUR_ACCOUNT\.near-credentials (Windows)

Inside .near-credentials, access keys are organized in network subdirectories: testnet, and mainnet.

These network subdirectories contain .JSON objects with an:

• account_id
• private_key
• public_key

near add-credentials <accountId>

Stores credentials (full-access-key) locally for an already existing account.

• arguments: accountId
• options: --seedPhrase or --secretKey

Examples:

near add-credentials example-acct.testnet --seedPhrase "antique attitude say evolve ring arrive hollow auto wide bronze usual unfold"

---

near add-key

Adds either a full access or function access key to a given account.

Optionally allows to sign with a Ledger: --signWithLedger --ledgerPath

Note: You will use an existing full access key for the account you would like to add a new key to. (near login)

1) add a full access key

• arguments: accountId publicKey

Example:

near add-key example-acct.testnet Cxg2wgFYrdLTEkMu6j5D6aEZqTb3kXbmJygS48ZKbo1S

Example Response

Adding full access key = Cxg2wgFYrdLTEkMu6j5D6aEZqTb3kXbmJygS48ZKbo1S to example-acct.testnet.
Transaction Id EwU1ooEvkR42HvGoJHu5ou3xLYT3JcgQwFV3fAwevGJg
To see the transaction in the transaction explorer, please open this url in your browser
https://testnet.nearblocks.io/txns/EwU1ooEvkR42HvGoJHu5ou3xLYT3JcgQwFV3fAwevGJg

2) add a function call key

• arguments: accountId publicKey --contract-id
• options: --method-names --allowance

accountId is the account you are adding the key to

--contract-id is the contract you are allowing methods to be called on

--method-names are optional and if omitted, all methods of the --contract-id can be called.

--allowance is the amount of Ⓝ the key is allowed to spend on gas fees only (default: 0).

Note: Each transaction made with this key will have gas fees deducted from the initial allowance and once it runs out a new key must be issued.

Example:

near add-key example-acct.testnet GkMNfc92fwM1AmwH1MTjF4b7UZuceamsq96XPkHsQ9vi --contract-id example-contract.testnet --method-names example_method --allowance 30000000000

Example Response

Adding function call access key = GkMNfc92fwM1AmwH1MTjF4b7UZuceamsq96XPkHsQ9vi to example-acct.testnet.
Transaction Id H2BQL9fXVmdTbwkXcMFfZ7qhZqC8fFhsA8KDHFdT9q2r
To see the transaction in the transaction explorer, please open this url in your browser
https://testnet.nearblocks.io/txns/H2BQL9fXVmdTbwkXcMFfZ7qhZqC8fFhsA8KDHFdT9q2r

---

near delete-key

Deletes an existing key for a given account. Optionally allows to sign with a Ledger: --signWithLedger --ledgerPath

• arguments: accountId publicKey
• options: --networkId, force

Note: You will need separate full access key for the account you would like to delete a key from. (near login)

Example:

near delete-key example-acct.testnet Cxg2wgFYrdLTEkMu6j5D6aEZqTb3kXbmJygS48ZKbo1S

Example Response

Transaction Id 4PwW7vjzTCno7W433nu4ieA6FvsAjp7zNFwicNLKjQFT
To see the transaction in the transaction explorer, please open this url in your browser
https://testnet.nearblocks.io/txns/4PwW7vjzTCno7W433nu4ieA6FvsAjp7zNFwicNLKjQFT

---

near generate-key

Displays a key-pair and seed-phrase and optionally stores it locally in .near-credentials.

• arguments: accountId or none
• options: --fromSeedPhrase, --saveImplicit, --queryLedgerPK

Note: There are several ways to use generate-key that return very different results. Please reference the examples below for further details.

---

1a) near generate-key

Creates and displays a key pair

near generate-key

Example Response

Seed phrase: antique attitude say evolve ring arrive hollow auto wide bronze usual unfold
Key pair: {"publicKey":"ed25519:BW5Q957u1rTATGpanKUktjVmixEmT56Df4Dt9hoGWEXz","secretKey":"ed25519:5StmPDg9xVNzpyudwxT8Y72iyRq7Fa86hcpsRk6Cq5eWGWqwsPbPT9woXbJs9Qe69crZJHh4DMkrGEPGDDfmXmy2"}
Implicit account: 9c07afc7673ea0f9a20c8a279e8bbe1dd1e283254263bb3b07403e4b6fd7a411

---

1b) near generate-key --saveImplicit

Creates and displays a key pair, saving it locally in .near-credentials as an implicit account.

near generate-key --saveImplicit

Example Response

Seed phrase: antique attitude say evolve ring arrive hollow auto wide bronze usual unfold
Key pair: {"publicKey":"ed25519:BW5Q957u1rTATGpanKUktjVmixEmT56Df4Dt9hoGWEXz","secretKey":"ed25519:5StmPDg9xVNzpyudwxT8Y72iyRq7Fa86hcpsRk6Cq5eWGWqwsPbPT9woXbJs9Qe69crZJHh4DMkrGEPGDDfmXmy2"}
Implicit account: 9c07afc7673ea0f9a20c8a279e8bbe1dd1e283254263bb3b07403e4b6fd7a411

Storing credentials for account: 9d6e4506ac06ab66a25f6720e400ae26bad40ecbe07d49935e83c7bdba5034fa (network: testnet)
Saving key to '~/.near-credentials/testnet/9d6e4506ac06ab66a25f6720e400ae26bad40ecbe07d49935e83c7bdba5034fa.json'

---

2) near generate-key accountId

Creates a key pair locally in .near-credentials with an accountId that you specify.

Note: This does NOT create an account with this name.

near generate-key example.testnet

Example Response

Seed phrase: antique attitude say evolve ring arrive hollow auto wide bronze usual unfold
Key pair: {"publicKey":"ed25519:BW5Q957u1rTATGpanKUktjVmixEmT56Df4Dt9hoGWEXz","secretKey":"ed25519:5StmPDg9xVNzpyudwxT8Y72iyRq7Fa86hcpsRk6Cq5eWGWqwsPbPT9woXbJs9Qe69crZJHh4DMkrGEPGDDfmXmy2"}
Implicit account: 9c07afc7673ea0f9a20c8a279e8bbe1dd1e283254263bb3b07403e4b6fd7a411

Storing credentials for account: example.testnet (network: testnet)
Saving key to '~/.near-credentials/testnet/example.testnet.json'

---

3a) near generate-key --fromSeedPhrase="your seed phrase"

Uses a seed phrase to display a public key and implicit account

near generate-key --seedPhrase="antique attitude say evolve ring arrive hollow auto wide bronze usual unfold"

Example Response

Seed phrase: antique attitude say evolve ring arrive hollow auto wide bronze usual unfold
Key pair: {"publicKey":"ed25519:BW5Q957u1rTATGpanKUktjVmixEmT56Df4Dt9hoGWEXz","secretKey":"ed25519:5StmPDg9xVNzpyudwxT8Y72iyRq7Fa86hcpsRk6Cq5eWGWqwsPbPT9woXbJs9Qe69crZJHh4DMkrGEPGDDfmXmy2"}
Implicit account: 9c07afc7673ea0f9a20c8a279e8bbe1dd1e283254263bb3b07403e4b6fd7a411

---

3b) near generate-key accountId --seedPhrase="your seed phrase"

Will store the key pair corresponding to the seedPhrase in .near-credentials with an accountId that you specify.

Example Response

Seed phrase: antique attitude say evolve ring arrive hollow auto wide bronze usual unfold
Key pair: {"publicKey":"ed25519:BW5Q957u1rTATGpanKUktjVmixEmT56Df4Dt9hoGWEXz","secretKey":"ed25519:5StmPDg9xVNzpyudwxT8Y72iyRq7Fa86hcpsRk6Cq5eWGWqwsPbPT9woXbJs9Qe69crZJHh4DMkrGEPGDDfmXmy2"}
Implicit account: 9c07afc7673ea0f9a20c8a279e8bbe1dd1e283254263bb3b07403e4b6fd7a411

---

4a) near generate-key --queryLedgerPK

Uses a connected Ledger device to display a public key and implicit account using the default HD path ("44'/397'/0'/0'/1'")

near generate-key --queryLedgerPK

You should then see the following prompt to confirm this request on your Ledger device:

Make sure to connect your Ledger and open NEAR app Getting Public Key from Ledger...

After confirming the request on your Ledger device, a public key and implicit accountId will be displayed.

Example Response

Using public key: ed25519:B22RP10g695wyeRvKIWv61NjmQZEkWTMzAYgdfx6oSeB2
Implicit account: 42c320xc20739fd9a6bqf2f89z61rd14efe5d3de234199bc771235a4bb8b0e1

---

3b) near generate-key --queryLedgerPK --ledgerPath="HD path you specify"

Uses a connected Ledger device to display a public key and implicit account using a custom HD path.

near generate-key --queryLedgerPK --ledgerPath="44'/397'/0'/0'/2'"

You should then see the following prompt to confirm this request on your Ledger device:

Make sure to connect your Ledger and open NEAR app
Waiting for confirmation on Ledger...

After confirming the request on your Ledger device, a public key and implicit accountId will be displayed.

Example Response

Using public key: ed25519:B22RP10g695wye3dfa32rDjmQZEkWTMzAYgCX6oSeB2
Implicit account: 42c320xc20739ASD9a6bqf2Dsaf289z61rd14efe5d3de23213789009afDsd5bb8b0e1

---

near list-keys

Displays all access keys for a given account.

• arguments: accountId

Example:

near list-keys client.chainlink.testnet

Example Response

Keys for account client.chainlink.testnet
[
  {
    public_key: 'ed25519:4wrVrZbHrurMYgkcyusfvSJGLburmaw7m3gmCApxgvY4',
    access_key: { nonce: 97, permission: 'FullAccess' }
  },
  {
    public_key: 'ed25519:H9k5eiU4xXS3M4z8HzKJSLaZdqGdGwBG49o7orNC4eZW',
    access_key: {
      nonce: 88,
      permission: {
        FunctionCall: {
          allowance: '18483247987345065500000000',
          receiver_id: 'client.chainlink.testnet',
          method_names: [ 'get_token_price', [length]: 1 ]
        }
      }
    }
  },
  [length]: 2
]

---

near login

locally stores a full access key of an account you created with MyNEARWallet.

• arguments: none
• options: --networkId

Example:

near login

Custom wallet url:

Default wallet url is https://testnet.mynearwallet.com/. But if you want to change to a different wallet url, you can setup the environmental variable NEAR_MAINNET_WALLET or NEAR_TESTNET_WALLET.

export NEAR_TESTNET_WALLET=https://wallet.testnet.near.org/
near login

---

Accounts

near create-account

Creates an account using an existing account or a faucet service to pay for the account's creation and initial balance.

• arguments: accountId
• options: --initialBalance, --useFaucet, --useAccount, --seedPhrase, --publicKey, --signWithLedger, --ledgerPath, --useLedgerPK, --PkLedgerPath

Examples::

# Creating account using `example-acct.testnet` to fund it
near create-account new-acc.testnet --useAccount example-acct.testnet

# Creating account using the faucet to fund it
near create-account new-acc.testnet --useFaucet

# Creating a pre-funded account that can be controlled by the Ledger's public key
near create-account new-acc.testnet --useFaucet --useLedgerPK 

# Creating an account using a Ledger account
near create-account new-acc.testnet --useAccount ledger-acct.testnet --signWithLedger

Subaccount example:

# Using an account to create a sub-account
near create-account sub-acct.example-acct.testnet --useAccount example-acct.testnet

# Creating a sub-account using the Ledger that can also be controlled by the ledger
near create-account sub.acc.testnet --useAccount sub.acc.testnet --signWithLedger --useLedgerPK

Example using --initialBalance:

near create-account sub-acct2.example-acct.testnet --useAccount example-acct.testnet --initialBalance 10

Example Response

Saving key to '/HOME_DIR/.near-credentials/default/sub-acct2.example-acct.testnet.json'
Account sub-acct2.example-acct.testnet for network "default" was created.

---

near delete-account

Deletes an account and transfers remaining balance to a beneficiary account.

• arguments: accountId beneficiaryId
• options: force, --signWithLedger, --ledgerPath

Example:

near delete-account sub-acct2.example-acct.testnet example-acct.testnet

Example Response

Deleting account. Account id: sub-acct2.example-acct.testnet, node: https://rpc.testnet.near.org, helper: https://helper.testnet.near.org, beneficiary: example-acct.testnet
Transaction Id 4x8xohER1E3yxeYdXPfG8GvXin1ShiaroqE5GdCd5YxX
To see the transaction in the transaction explorer, please open this url in your browser
https://testnet.nearblocks.io/txns/4x8xohER1E3yxeYdXPfG8GvXin1ShiaroqE5GdCd5YxX
Account sub-acct2.example-acct.testnet for network "default" was deleted.

---

near send-near

Sends NEAR tokens (Ⓝ) from one account to another.

• arguments: senderId receiverId amount
• options: --signWithLedger, --ledgerPath

Note: You will need a full access key for the sending account. (near login)

Example:

near send-near sender.testnet receiver.testnet 10

Example Response

Sending 10 NEAR to receiver.testnet from sender.testnet
Transaction Id BYTr6WNyaEy2ykAiQB9P5VvTyrJcFk6Yw95HPhXC6KfN
To see the transaction in the transaction explorer, please open this url in your browser
https://testnet.nearblocks.io/txns/BYTr6WNyaEy2ykAiQB9P5VvTyrJcFk6Yw95HPhXC6KfN

---

near state

Shows details of an account's state.

• arguments: accountId

Example:

near state example.testnet

Example Response

{
    "amount": "99999999303364037168535000",
    "locked": "0",
    "code_hash": "G1PCjeQbvbUsJ8piXNb7Yg6dn3mfivDQN7QkvsVuMt4e",
    "storage_usage": 53528,
    "storage_paid_at": 0,
    "block_height": 21577354,
    "block_hash": "AWu1mrT3eMJLjqyhNHvMKrrbahN6DqcNxXanB5UH1RjB",
    "formattedAmount": "99.999999303364037168535"
}

---

Contracts

near call

makes a contract call which can modify or view state.

Note: Contract calls require a transaction fee (gas) so you will need an access key for the --accountId that will be charged. (near login)

• arguments: contractName method_name { args } --accountId
• options: --gas --deposit --signWithLedger --ledgerPath

Example:

near call guest-book.testnet addMessage '{"text": "Aloha"}' --account-id example-acct.testnet

Example Response

Scheduling a call: guest-book.testnet.addMessage({"text": "Aloha"})
Transaction Id FY8hBam2iyQfdHkdR1dp6w5XEPJzJSosX1wUeVPyUvVK
To see the transaction in the transaction explorer, please open this url in your browser
https://testnet.nearblocks.io/txns/FY8hBam2iyQfdHkdR1dp6w5XEPJzJSosX1wUeVPyUvVK
''

---

near deploy

Deploys a smart contract to a given accountId.

• arguments: accountId .wasmFile
• options: initFunction initArgs initGas initDeposit

Note: You will need a full access key for the account you are deploying the contract to. (near login)

Example:

near deploy example-contract.testnet out/example.wasm

Initialize Example:

near deploy example-contract.testnet out/example.wasm --initFunction new --initArgs '{"owner_id": "example-contract.testnet", "total_supply": "10000000"}'

Example Response

Starting deployment. Account id: example-contract.testnet, node: https://rpc.testnet.near.org, helper: https://helper.testnet.near.org, file: main.wasm
Transaction Id G8GhhPuujMHTRnwursPXE1Lv5iUZ8WUecwiST1PcKWMt
To see the transaction in the transaction explorer, please open this url in your browser
https://testnet.nearblocks.io/txns/G8GhhPuujMHTRnwursPXE1Lv5iUZ8WUecwiST1PcKWMt
Done deploying to example-contract.testnet

---

near storage

Shows the storage state of a given contract, i.e. the data stored in a contract.

• arguments: contractName
• options: --finality, --utf8, --blockId, --prefix

Example:

near storage hello.near-examples.testnet --finality optimistic --utf8

Example Response

[ { key: 'STATE', value: '\x10\x00\x00\x00Passei por aqui!' } ]

---

near view

Makes a contract call which can only view state. (Call is free of charge)

• arguments: contractName method_name { args }
• options: default

Example:

near view guest-book.testnet getMessages '{}'

Example Response

View call: guest-book.testnet.getMessages({})
[
  { premium: false, sender: 'waverlymaven.testnet', text: 'TGIF' },
  {
    premium: true,
    sender: 'waverlymaven.testnet',
    text: 'Hello from New York 🌈'
  },
  { premium: false, sender: 'fhr.testnet', text: 'Hi' },
  { premium: true, sender: 'eugenethedream', text: 'test' },
  { premium: false, sender: 'dongri.testnet', text: 'test' },
  { premium: false, sender: 'dongri.testnet', text: 'hello' },
  { premium: true, sender: 'dongri.testnet', text: 'hey' },
  { premium: false, sender: 'hirokihori.testnet', text: 'hello' },
  { premium: true, sender: 'eugenethedream', text: 'hello' },
  { premium: false, sender: 'example-acct.testnet', text: 'Aloha' },
  [length]: 10
]

---

Transactions

near tx-status

Queries transaction status by hash and accountId.

• arguments: txHash --accountId
• options: default

Example:

near tx-status FY8hBam2iyQfdHkdR1dp6w5XEPJzJSosX1wUeVPyUvVK --accountId guest-book.testnet

Example Response

Transaction guest-book.testnet:FY8hBam2iyQfdHkdR1dp6w5XEPJzJSosX1wUeVPyUvVK
{
  status: { SuccessValue: '' },
  transaction: {
    signer_id: 'example-acct.testnet',
    public_key: 'ed25519:AXZZKnp6ZcWXyRNdy8FztYrniKf1qt6YZw6mCCReXrDB',
    nonce: 20,
    receiver_id: 'guest-book.testnet',
    actions: [
      {
        FunctionCall: {
          method_name: 'addMessage',
          args: 'eyJ0ZXh0IjoiQWxvaGEifQ==',
          gas: 300000000000000,
          deposit: '0'
        }
      },
      [length]: 1
    ],
    signature: 'ed25519:5S6nZXPU72nzgAsTQLmAFfdVSykdKHWhtPMb5U7duacfPdUjrj8ipJxuRiWkZ4yDodvDNt92wcHLJxGLsyNEsZNB',
    hash: 'FY8hBam2iyQfdHkdR1dp6w5XEPJzJSosX1wUeVPyUvVK'
  },
  transaction_outcome: {
    proof: [ [length]: 0 ],
    block_hash: '6nsjvzt6C52SSuJ8UvfaXTsdrUwcx8JtHfnUj8XjdKy1',
    id: 'FY8hBam2iyQfdHkdR1dp6w5XEPJzJSosX1wUeVPyUvVK',
    outcome: {
      logs: [ [length]: 0 ],
      receipt_ids: [ '7n6wjMgpoBTp22ScLHxeMLzcCvN8Vf5FUuC9PMmCX6yU', [length]: 1 ],
      gas_burnt: 2427979134284,
      tokens_burnt: '242797913428400000000',
      executor_id: 'example-acct.testnet',
      status: {
        SuccessReceiptId: '7n6wjMgpoBTp22ScLHxeMLzcCvN8Vf5FUuC9PMmCX6yU'
      }
    }
  },
  receipts_outcome: [
    {
      proof: [ [length]: 0 ],
      block_hash: 'At6QMrBuFQYgEPAh6fuRBmrTAe9hXTY1NzAB5VxTH1J2',
      id: '7n6wjMgpoBTp22ScLHxeMLzcCvN8Vf5FUuC9PMmCX6yU',
      outcome: {
        logs: [ [length]: 0 ],
        receipt_ids: [ 'FUttfoM2odAhKNQrJ8F4tiBpQJPYu66NzFbxRKii294e', [length]: 1 ],
        gas_burnt: 3559403233496,
        tokens_burnt: '355940323349600000000',
        executor_id: 'guest-book.testnet',
        status: { SuccessValue: '' }
      }
    },
    {
      proof: [ [length]: 0 ],
      block_hash: 'J7KjpMPzAqE7iX82FAQT3qERDs6UR1EAqBLPJXBzoLCk',
      id: 'FUttfoM2odAhKNQrJ8F4tiBpQJPYu66NzFbxRKii294e',
      outcome: {
        logs: [ [length]: 0 ],
        receipt_ids: [ [length]: 0 ],
        gas_burnt: 0,
        tokens_burnt: '0',
        executor_id: 'example-acct.testnet',
        status: { SuccessValue: '' }
      }
    },
    [length]: 2
  ]
}

---

Global Options

Option	Description
--help	Show help [boolean]
--version	Show version number [boolean]
-v, --verbose	Prints out verbose output [boolean] [default: false]

Got a question? Ask it on StackOverflow!

License

This repository is distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License (Version 2.0). See LICENSE and LICENSE-APACHE for details.