Session Management

Package dragonboat is a multi-group Raft implementation. The NodeHost struct is the facade interface for all features provided by the dragonboat package. Each NodeHost instance, identified by its RaftAddress property, usually runs on a separate host managing its CPU, storage and network resources. Each NodeHost can manage Raft nodes from many different Raft groups known as Raft clusters. Each Raft cluster is identified by its ClusterID Each Raft cluster usually consists of multiple nodes, identified by their NodeID values. Nodes from the same Raft cluster are suppose to be distributed on different NodeHost instances across the network, this brings fault tolerance to node failures as application data stored in such a Raft cluster can be available as long as the majority of its managing NodeHost instances (i.e. its underlying hosts) are available. User applications can leverage the power of the Raft protocol implemented in dragonboat by implementing its IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine component. IStateMachine and IOnDiskStateMachine is defined in github.com/lni/dragonboat/v3/statemachine. Each cluster node is associated with an IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine instance, it is in charge of updating, querying and snapshotting application data, with minimum exposure to the complexity of the Raft protocol implementation. User applications can use NodeHost's APIs to update the state of their IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine instances, this is called making proposals. Once accepted by the majority nodes of a Raft cluster, the proposal is considered as committed and it will be applied on all member nodes of the Raft cluster. Applications can also make linearizable reads to query the state of their IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine instances. Dragonboat employs the ReadIndex protocol invented by Diego Ongaro to implement linearizable reads. Both read and write operations can be initiated on any member nodes, although initiating from the leader nodes incurs the lowest overhead. Dragonboat guarantees the linearizability of your I/O when interacting with the IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine instances. In plain English, writes (via making proposal) to your Raft cluster appears to be instantaneous, once a write is completed, all later reads (linearizable read using the ReadIndex protocol as implemented and provided in dragonboat) should return the value of that write or a later write. Once a value is returned by a linearizable read, all later reads should return the same value or the result of a later write. To strictly provide such guarantee, we need to implement the at-most-once semantic required by linearizability. For a client, when it retries the proposal that failed to complete before its deadline during the previous attempt, it has the risk to have the same proposal committed and applied twice into the user state machine. Dragonboat prevents this by implementing the client session concept described in Diego Ongaro's PhD thesis. NodeHost APIs for making the above mentioned application requests can be loosely classified into two categories, synchronous and asynchronous APIs. Synchronous APIs which will not return until the completion of the requested operation. Their method names all start with Sync*. The asynchronous counterpart of those asynchronous APIs, on the other hand, usually return immediately without waiting on any significant delays caused by networking or disk IO. This allows users to concurrently initiate multiple such asynchronous operations to save the total amount of time required to complete them. Users are free to choose whether they prefer to use the synchronous APIs for its simplicity or their asynchronous variants for better performance and flexibility. Dragonboat is a feature complete Multi-Group Raft implementation - snapshotting, membership change, leadership transfer, non-voting members and disk based state machine are all provided. Dragonboat is also extensively optimized. The Raft protocol implementation is fully pipelined, meaning proposals can start before the completion of previous proposals. This is critical for system throughput in high latency environment. Dragonboat is also fully batched, it batches internal operations whenever possible to maximize system throughput.

Package sqlite provides a Go interface to SQLite 3. The semantics of this package are deliberately close to the SQLite3 C API, so it is helpful to be familiar with http://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/intro.html. An SQLite connection is represented by a *sqlite.Conn. Connections cannot be used concurrently. A typical Go program will create a pool of connections (using Open to create a *sqlitex.Pool) so goroutines can borrow a connection while they need to talk to the database. This package assumes SQLite will be used concurrently by the process through several connections, so the build options for SQLite enable multi-threading and the shared cache: https://www.sqlite.org/sharedcache.html The implementation automatically handles shared cache locking, see the documentation on Stmt.Step for details. The optional SQLite3 compiled in are: FTS5, RTree, JSON1, Session, GeoPoly This is not a database/sql driver. Statements are prepared with the Prepare and PrepareTransient methods. When using Prepare, statements are keyed inside a connection by the original query string used to create them. This means long-running high-performance code paths can write: After all the connections in a pool have been warmed up by passing through one of these Prepare calls, subsequent calls are simply a map lookup that returns an existing statement. The sqlite package supports the SQLite incremental I/O interface for streaming blob data into and out of the the database without loading the entire blob into a single []byte. (This is important when working either with very large blobs, or more commonly, a large number of moderate-sized blobs concurrently.) To write a blob, first use an INSERT statement to set the size of the blob and assign a rowid: Use BindZeroBlob or SetZeroBlob to set the size of myblob. Then you can open the blob with: Every connection can have a done channel associated with it using the SetInterrupt method. This is typically the channel returned by a context.Context Done method. For example, a timeout can be associated with a connection session: As database connections are long-lived, the SetInterrupt method can be called multiple times to reset the associated lifetime. When using pools, the shorthand for associating a context with a connection is: SQLite transactions have to be managed manually with this package by directly calling BEGIN / COMMIT / ROLLBACK or SAVEPOINT / RELEASE/ ROLLBACK. The sqlitex has a Savepoint function that helps automate this. Using a Pool to execute SQL in a concurrent HTTP handler. For helper functions that make some kinds of statements easier to write see the sqlitex package.

Package saml contains a partial implementation of the SAML standard in golang. SAML is a standard for identity federation, i.e. either allowing a third party to authenticate your users or allowing third parties to rely on us to authenticate their users. In SAML parlance an Identity Provider (IDP) is a service that knows how to authenticate users. A Service Provider (SP) is a service that delegates authentication to an IDP. If you are building a service where users log in with someone else's credentials, then you are a Service Provider. This package supports implementing both service providers and identity providers. The core package contains the implementation of SAML. The package samlsp provides helper middleware suitable for use in Service Provider applications. The package samlidp provides a rudimentary IDP service that is useful for testing or as a starting point for other integrations. Version 0.4.0 introduces a few breaking changes to the _samlsp_ package in order to make the package more extensible, and to clean up the interfaces a bit. The default behavior remains the same, but you can now provide interface implementations of _RequestTracker_ (which tracks pending requests), _Session_ (which handles maintaining a session) and _OnError_ which handles reporting errors. Public fields of _samlsp.Middleware_ have changed, so some usages may require adjustment. See [issue 231](https://github.com/bneil/saml/issues/231) for details. The option to provide an IDP metadata URL has been deprecated. Instead, we recommend that you use the `FetchMetadata()` function, or fetch the metadata yourself and use the new `ParseMetadata()` function, and pass the metadata in _samlsp.Options.IDPMetadata_. Similarly, the _HTTPClient_ field is now deprecated because it was only used for fetching metdata, which is no longer directly implemented. The fields that manage how cookies are set are deprecated as well. To customize how cookies are managed, provide custom implementation of _RequestTracker_ and/or _Session_, perhaps by extending the default implementations. The deprecated fields have not been removed from the Options structure, but will be in future. In particular we have deprecated the following fields in _samlsp.Options_: - `Logger` - This was used to emit errors while validating, which is an anti-pattern. - `IDPMetadataURL` - Instead use `FetchMetadata()` - `HTTPClient` - Instead pass httpClient to FetchMetadata - `CookieMaxAge` - Instead assign a custom CookieRequestTracker or CookieSessionProvider - `CookieName` - Instead assign a custom CookieRequestTracker or CookieSessionProvider - `CookieDomain` - Instead assign a custom CookieRequestTracker or CookieSessionProvider - `CookieDomain` - Instead assign a custom CookieRequestTracker or CookieSessionProvider Let us assume we have a simple web application to protect. We'll modify this application so it uses SAML to authenticate users. ```golang package main import ( ) ``` Each service provider must have an self-signed X.509 key pair established. You can generate your own with something like this: We will use `samlsp.Middleware` to wrap the endpoint we want to protect. Middleware provides both an `http.Handler` to serve the SAML specific URLs and a set of wrappers to require the user to be logged in. We also provide the URL where the service provider can fetch the metadata from the IDP at startup. In our case, we'll use [samltest.id](https://samltest.id/), an identity provider designed for testing. ```golang package main import ( ) ``` Next we'll have to register our service provider with the identity provider to establish trust from the service provider to the IDP. For [samltest.id](https://samltest.id/), you can do something like: Navigate to https://samltest.id/upload.php and upload the file you fetched. Now you should be able to authenticate. The flow should look like this: 1. You browse to `localhost:8000/hello` 1. The middleware redirects you to `https://samltest.id/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO` 1. samltest.id prompts you for a username and password. 1. samltest.id returns you an HTML document which contains an HTML form setup to POST to `localhost:8000/saml/acs`. The form is automatically submitted if you have javascript enabled. 1. The local service validates the response, issues a session cookie, and redirects you to the original URL, `localhost:8000/hello`. 1. This time when `localhost:8000/hello` is requested there is a valid session and so the main content is served. Please see `example/idp/` for a substantially complete example of how to use the library and helpers to be an identity provider. The SAML standard is huge and complex with many dark corners and strange, unused features. This package implements the most commonly used subset of these features required to provide a single sign on experience. The package supports at least the subset of SAML known as [interoperable SAML](http://saml2int.org). This package supports the Web SSO profile. Message flows from the service provider to the IDP are supported using the HTTP Redirect binding and the HTTP POST binding. Message flows from the IDP to the service provider are supported via the HTTP POST binding. The package can produce signed SAML assertions, and can validate both signed and encrypted SAML assertions. It does not support signed or encrypted requests. The _RelayState_ parameter allows you to pass user state information across the authentication flow. The most common use for this is to allow a user to request a deep link into your site, be redirected through the SAML login flow, and upon successful completion, be directed to the originally requested link, rather than the root. Unfortunately, _RelayState_ is less useful than it could be. Firstly, it is not authenticated, so anything you supply must be signed to avoid XSS or CSRF. Secondly, it is limited to 80 bytes in length, which precludes signing. (See section 3.6.3.1 of SAMLProfiles.) The SAML specification is a collection of PDFs (sadly): - [SAMLCore](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-core-2.0-os.pdf) defines data types. - [SAMLBindings](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-bindings-2.0-os.pdf) defines the details of the HTTP requests in play. - [SAMLProfiles](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-profiles-2.0-os.pdf) describes data flows. - [SAMLConformance](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-conformance-2.0-os.pdf) includes a support matrix for various parts of the protocol. [SAMLtest](https://samltest.id/) is a testing ground for SAML service and identity providers. Please do not report security issues in the issue tracker. Rather, please contact me directly at ross@kndr.org ([PGP Key `78B6038B3B9DFB88`](https://keybase.io/crewjam)).

Package ora implements an Oracle database driver. ### Golang Oracle Database Driver ### #### TL;DR; just use it #### Call stored procedure with OUT parameters: An Oracle database may be accessed through the database/sql(http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql) package or through the ora package directly. database/sql offers connection pooling, thread safety, a consistent API to multiple database technologies and a common set of Go types. The ora package offers additional features including pointers, slices, nullable types, numerics of various sizes, Oracle-specific types, Go return type configuration, and Oracle abstractions such as environment, server and session. The ora package is written with the Oracle Call Interface (OCI) C-language libraries provided by Oracle. The OCI libraries are a standard for client application communication and driver communication with Oracle databases. The ora package has been verified to work with: * Oracle Standard 11g (11.2.0.4.0), Linux x86_64 (RHEL6) * Oracle Enterprise 12c (12.1.0.1.0), Windows 8.1 and AMD64. --- * [Installation](https://github.com/rana/ora#installation) * [Data Types](https://github.com/rana/ora#data-types) * [SQL Placeholder Syntax](https://github.com/rana/ora#sql-placeholder-syntax) * [Working With The Sql Package](https://github.com/rana/ora#working-with-the-sql-package) * [Working With The Oracle Package Directly](https://github.com/rana/ora#working-with-the-oracle-package-directly) * [Logging](https://github.com/rana/ora#logging) * [Test Database Setup](https://github.com/rana/ora#test-database-setup) * [Limitations](https://github.com/rana/ora#limitations) * [License](https://github.com/rana/ora#license) * [API Reference](http://godoc.org/github.com/rana/ora#pkg-index) * [Examples](./examples) --- Minimum requirements are Go 1.3 with CGO enabled, a GCC C compiler, and Oracle 11g (11.2.0.4.0) or Oracle Instant Client (11.2.0.4.0). Install Oracle or Oracle Instant Client. Copy the [oci8.pc](contrib/oci8.pc) from the `contrib` folder (or the one for your system, maybe tailored to your specific locations) to a folder in `$PKG_CONFIG_PATH` or a system folder, such as The ora package has no external Go dependencies and is available on GitHub and gopkg.in: *WARNING*: If you have Oracle Instant Client 11.2, you'll need to add "=lnnz11" to the list of linked libs! Otherwise, you may encounter "undefined reference to `nzosSCSP_SetCertSelectionParams' " errors. Oracle Instant Client 12.1 does not need this. The ora package supports all built-in Oracle data types. The supported Oracle built-in data types are NUMBER, BINARY_DOUBLE, BINARY_FLOAT, FLOAT, DATE, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE, INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH, INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND, CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR2, LONG, CLOB, NCLOB, BLOB, LONG RAW, RAW, ROWID and BFILE. SYS_REFCURSOR is also supported. Oracle does not provide a built-in boolean type. Oracle provides a single-byte character type. A common practice is to define two single-byte characters which represent true and false. The ora package adopts this approach. The oracle package associates a Go bool value to a Go rune and sends and receives the rune to a CHAR(1 BYTE) column or CHAR(1 CHAR) column. The default false rune is zero '0'. The default true rune is one '1'. The bool rune association may be configured or disabled when directly using the ora package but not with the database/sql package. Within a SQL string a placeholder may be specified to indicate where a Go variable is placed. The SQL placeholder is an Oracle identifier, from 1 to 30 characters, prefixed with a colon (:). For example: Placeholders within a SQL statement are bound by position. The actual name is not used by the ora package driver e.g., placeholder names :c1, :1, or :xyz are treated equally. The `database/sql` package provides a LastInsertId method to return the last inserted row's id. Oracle does not provide such functionality, but if you append `... RETURNING col /*LastInsertId*/` to your SQL, then it will be presented as LastInsertId. Note that you have to mark with a `/*LastInsertId*/` (case insensitive) your `RETURNING` part, to allow ora to return the last column as `LastInsertId()`. That column must fit in `int64`, though! You may access an Oracle database through the database/sql package. The database/sql package offers a consistent API across different databases, connection pooling, thread safety and a set of common Go types. database/sql makes working with Oracle straight-forward. The ora package implements interfaces in the database/sql/driver package enabling database/sql to communicate with an Oracle database. Using database/sql ensures you never have to call the ora package directly. When using database/sql, the mapping between Go types and Oracle types may be changed slightly. The database/sql package has strict expectations on Go return types. The Go-to-Oracle type mapping for database/sql is: The "ora" driver is automatically registered for use with sql.Open, but you can call ora.SetCfg to set the used configuration options including statement configuration and Rset configuration. When configuring the driver for use with database/sql, keep in mind that database/sql has strict Go type-to-Oracle type mapping expectations. The ora package allows programming with pointers, slices, nullable types, numerics of various sizes, Oracle-specific types, Go return type configuration, and Oracle abstractions such as environment, server and session. When working with the ora package directly, the API is slightly different than database/sql. When using the ora package directly, the mapping between Go types and Oracle types may be changed. The Go-to-Oracle type mapping for the ora package is: An example of using the ora package directly: Pointers may be used to capture out-bound values from a SQL statement such as an insert or stored procedure call. For example, a numeric pointer captures an identity value: A string pointer captures an out parameter from a stored procedure: Slices may be used to insert multiple records with a single insert statement: The ora package provides nullable Go types to support DML operations such as insert and select. The nullable Go types provided by the ora package are Int64, Int32, Int16, Int8, Uint64, Uint32, Uint16, Uint8, Float64, Float32, Time, IntervalYM, IntervalDS, String, Bool, Binary and Bfile. For example, you may insert nullable Strings and select nullable Strings: The `Stmt.Prep` method is variadic accepting zero or more `GoColumnType` which define a Go return type for a select-list column. For example, a Prep call can be configured to return an int64 and a nullable Int64 from the same column: Go numerics of various sizes are supported in DML operations. The ora package supports int64, int32, int16, int8, uint64, uint32, uint16, uint8, float64 and float32. For example, you may insert a uint16 and select numerics of various sizes: If a non-nullable type is defined for a nullable column returning null, the Go type's zero value is returned. GoColumnTypes defined by the ora package are: When Stmt.Prep doesn't receive a GoColumnType, or receives an incorrect GoColumnType, the default value defined in RsetCfg is used. EnvCfg, SrvCfg, SesCfg, StmtCfg and RsetCfg are the main configuration structs. EnvCfg configures aspects of an Env. SrvCfg configures aspects of a Srv. SesCfg configures aspects of a Ses. StmtCfg configures aspects of a Stmt. RsetCfg configures aspects of Rset. StmtCfg and RsetCfg have the most options to configure. RsetCfg defines the default mapping between an Oracle select-list column and a Go type. StmtCfg may be set in an EnvCfg, SrvCfg, SesCfg and StmtCfg. RsetCfg may be set in a Stmt. EnvCfg.StmtCfg, SrvCfg.StmtCfg, SesCfg.StmtCfg may optionally be specified to configure a statement. If StmtCfg isn't specified default values are applied. EnvCfg.StmtCfg, SrvCfg.StmtCfg, SesCfg.StmtCfg cascade to new descendent structs. When ora.OpenEnv() is called a specified EnvCfg is used or a default EnvCfg is created. Creating a Srv with env.OpenSrv() will use SrvCfg.StmtCfg if it is specified; otherwise, EnvCfg.StmtCfg is copied by value to SrvCfg.StmtCfg. Creating a Ses with srv.OpenSes() will use SesCfg.StmtCfg if it is specified; otherwise, SrvCfg.StmtCfg is copied by value to SesCfg.StmtCfg. Creating a Stmt with ses.Prep() will use SesCfg.StmtCfg if it is specified; otherwise, a new StmtCfg with default values is set on the Stmt. Call Stmt.Cfg() to change a Stmt's configuration. An Env may contain multiple Srv. A Srv may contain multiple Ses. A Ses may contain multiple Stmt. A Stmt may contain multiple Rset. Setting a RsetCfg on a StmtCfg does not cascade through descendent structs. Configuration of Stmt.Cfg takes effect prior to calls to Stmt.Exe and Stmt.Qry; consequently, any updates to Stmt.Cfg after a call to Stmt.Exe or Stmt.Qry are not observed. One configuration scenario may be to set a server's select statements to return nullable Go types by default: Another scenario may be to configure the runes mapped to bool values: Oracle-specific types offered by the ora package are ora.Rset, ora.IntervalYM, ora.IntervalDS, ora.Raw, ora.Lob and ora.Bfile. ora.Rset represents an Oracle SYS_REFCURSOR. ora.IntervalYM represents an Oracle INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH. ora.IntervalDS represents an Oracle INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND. ora.Raw represents an Oracle RAW or LONG RAW. ora.Lob may represent an Oracle BLOB or Oracle CLOB. And ora.Bfile represents an Oracle BFILE. ROWID columns are returned as strings and don't have a unique Go type. #### LOBs The default for SELECTing [BC]LOB columns is a safe Bin or S, which means all the contents of the LOB is slurped into memory and returned as a []byte or string. The DefaultLOBFetchLen says LOBs are prefetched only a minimal way, to minimize extra memory usage - you can override this using `stmt.SetCfg(stmt.Cfg().SetLOBFetchLen(100))`. If you want more control, you can use ora.L in Prep, Qry or `ses.SetCfg(ses.Cfg().SetBlob(ora.L))`. But keep in mind that Oracle restricts the use of LOBs: it is forbidden to do ANYTHING while reading the LOB! No another query, no exec, no close of the Rset - even *advance* to the next record in the result set is forbidden! Failing to adhere these rules results in "Invalid handle" and ORA-03127 errors. You cannot start reading another LOB till you haven't finished reading the previous LOB, not even in the same row! Failing this results in ORA-24804! For examples, see [z_lob_test.go](z_lob_test.go). #### Rset Rset is used to obtain Go values from a SQL select statement. Methods Rset.Next, Rset.NextRow, and Rset.Len are available. Fields Rset.Row, Rset.Err, Rset.Index, and Rset.ColumnNames are also available. The Next method attempts to load data from an Oracle buffer into Row, returning true when successful. When no data is available, or if an error occurs, Next returns false setting Row to nil. Any error in Next is assigned to Err. Calling Next increments Index and method Len returns the total number of rows processed. The NextRow method is convenient for returning a single row. NextRow calls Next and returns Row. ColumnNames returns the names of columns defined by the SQL select statement. Rset has two usages. Rset may be returned from Stmt.Qry when prepared with a SQL select statement: Or, *Rset may be passed to Stmt.Exe when prepared with a stored procedure accepting an OUT SYS_REFCURSOR parameter: Stored procedures with multiple OUT SYS_REFCURSOR parameters enable a single Exe call to obtain multiple Rsets: The types of values assigned to Row may be configured in StmtCfg.Rset. For configuration to take effect, assign StmtCfg.Rset prior to calling Stmt.Qry or Stmt.Exe. Rset prefetching may be controlled by StmtCfg.PrefetchRowCount and StmtCfg.PrefetchMemorySize. PrefetchRowCount works in coordination with PrefetchMemorySize. When PrefetchRowCount is set to zero only PrefetchMemorySize is used; otherwise, the minimum of PrefetchRowCount and PrefetchMemorySize is used. The default uses a PrefetchMemorySize of 134MB. Opening and closing Rsets is managed internally. Rset does not have an Open method or Close method. IntervalYM may be be inserted and selected: IntervalDS may be be inserted and selected: Transactions on an Oracle server are supported. DML statements auto-commit unless a transaction has started: Ses.PrepAndExe, Ses.PrepAndQry, Ses.Ins, Ses.Upd, and Ses.Sel are convenient one-line methods. Ses.PrepAndExe offers a convenient one-line call to Ses.Prep and Stmt.Exe. Ses.PrepAndQry offers a convenient one-line call to Ses.Prep and Stmt.Qry. Ses.Ins composes, prepares and executes a sql INSERT statement. Ses.Ins is useful when you have to create and maintain a simple INSERT statement with a long list of columns. As table columns are added and dropped over the lifetime of a table Ses.Ins is easy to read and revise. Ses.Upd composes, prepares and executes a sql UPDATE statement. Ses.Upd is useful when you have to create and maintain a simple UPDATE statement with a long list of columns. As table columns are added and dropped over the lifetime of a table Ses.Upd is easy to read and revise. Ses.Sel composes, prepares and queries a sql SELECT statement. Ses.Sel is useful when you have to create and maintain a simple SELECT statement with a long list of columns that have non-default GoColumnTypes. As table columns are added and dropped over the lifetime of a table Ses.Sel is easy to read and revise. The Ses.Ping method checks whether the client's connection to an Oracle server is valid. A call to Ping requires an open Ses. Ping will return a nil error when the connection is fine: The Srv.Version method is available to obtain the Oracle server version. A call to Version requires an open Ses: Further code examples are available in the [example file](https://github.com/rana/ora/blob/master/z_example_test.go), test files and [samples folder](https://github.com/rana/ora/tree/master/samples). The ora package provides a simple ora.Logger interface for logging. Logging is disabled by default. Specify one of three optional built-in logging packages to enable logging; or, use your own logging package. ora.Cfg().Log offers various options to enable or disable logging of specific ora driver methods. For example: To use the standard Go log package: which produces a sample log of: Messages are prefixed with 'ORA I' for information or 'ORA E' for an error. The log package is configured to write to os.Stderr by default. Use the ora/lg.Std type to configure an alternative io.Writer. To use the glog package: which produces a sample log of: To use the log15 package: which produces a sample log of: See https://github.com/rana/ora/tree/master/samples/lg15/main.go for sample code which uses the log15 package. Tests are available and require some setup. Setup varies depending on whether the Oracle server is configured as a container database or non-container database. It's simpler to setup a non-container database. An example for each setup is explained. Non-container test database setup steps: Container test database setup steps: Some helpful SQL maintenance statements: Run the tests. database/sql method Stmt.QueryRow is not supported. Go 1.6 introduced stricter cgo (call C from Go) rules, and introduced runtime checks. This is good, as the possibility of C code corrupting Go code is almost completely eliminated, but it also means a severe call overhead grow. [Sometimes](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/golang-nuts/ccMkPG6Bi5k) this can be 22x the go 1.5.3 call time! So if you need performance more than correctness, start your programs with "GODEBUG=cgocheck=0" environment setting. Copyright 2017 Rana Ian, Tamás Gulácsi. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by The MIT License found in the accompanying LICENSE file.

Package sessions contains middleware for easy session management in Martini.

Package scs is a session manager for Go 1.7+. It features: This top-level package is a wrapper for its sub-packages and doesn't actually contain any code. You probably want to start by looking at the documentation for the session sub-package.

This package is the root package of the govmomi library. The library is structured as follows: The minimal usable functionality is available through the vim25 package. It contains subpackages that contain generated types, managed objects, and all available methods. The vim25 package is entirely independent of the other packages in the govmomi tree -- it has no dependencies on its peers. The vim25 package itself contains a client structure that is passed around throughout the entire library. It abstracts a session and its immutable state. See the vim25 package for more information. The session package contains an abstraction for the session manager that allows a user to login and logout. It also provides access to the current session (i.e. to determine if the user is in fact logged in) The object package contains wrappers for a selection of managed objects. The constructors of these objects all take a *vim25.Client, which they pass along to derived objects, if applicable. The govc package contains the govc CLI. The code in this tree is not intended to be used as a library. Any functionality that govc contains that _could_ be used as a library function but isn't, _should_ live in a root level package. Other packages, such as "event", "guest", or "license", provide wrappers for the respective subsystems. They are typically not needed in normal workflows so are kept outside the object package.

Package mgopool provides buffer implementations around mgo.Session (v2). With mgo, an initial session is created with the server, and then either a copy or clone of that initial session is used for each unit of work (HTTP request handler, worker loop, etc.), which is closed upon completion. This allows mgo to efficiently manage a pool of sockets between those sessions; however, this results in the underlying sockets to constantly log in and out of the Mongo cluster. mgopool avoids this issue by creating a Pool of copies from the initial session, storing them in a free list. Work units request an existing copy (or one is created if it doesn't exist) and then return it to the pool on completion. Both a leaky and capped version of the Pool is available, depending on need.

Package sqlite provides a Go interface to SQLite 3. The semantics of this package are deliberately close to the SQLite3 C API, so it is helpful to be familiar with http://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/intro.html. An SQLite connection is represented by a *sqlite.Conn. Connections cannot be used concurrently. A typical Go program will create a pool of connections (using Open to create a *sqlitex.Pool) so goroutines can borrow a connection while they need to talk to the database. This package assumes SQLite will be used concurrently by the process through several connections, so the build options for SQLite enable multi-threading and the shared cache: https://www.sqlite.org/sharedcache.html The implementation automatically handles shared cache locking, see the documentation on Stmt.Step for details. The optional SQLite3 compiled in are: FTS5, RTree, JSON1, Session, GeoPoly This is not a database/sql driver. Statements are prepared with the Prepare and PrepareTransient methods. When using Prepare, statements are keyed inside a connection by the original query string used to create them. This means long-running high-performance code paths can write: After all the connections in a pool have been warmed up by passing through one of these Prepare calls, subsequent calls are simply a map lookup that returns an existing statement. The sqlite package supports the SQLite incremental I/O interface for streaming blob data into and out of the the database without loading the entire blob into a single []byte. (This is important when working either with very large blobs, or more commonly, a large number of moderate-sized blobs concurrently.) To write a blob, first use an INSERT statement to set the size of the blob and assign a rowid: Use BindZeroBlob or SetZeroBlob to set the size of myblob. Then you can open the blob with: Every connection can have a done channel associated with it using the SetInterrupt method. This is typically the channel returned by a context.Context Done method. For example, a timeout can be associated with a connection session: As database connections are long-lived, the SetInterrupt method can be called multiple times to reset the associated lifetime. When using pools, the shorthand for associating a context with a connection is: SQLite transactions have to be managed manually with this package by directly calling BEGIN / COMMIT / ROLLBACK or SAVEPOINT / RELEASE/ ROLLBACK. The sqlitex has a Savepoint function that helps automate this. Using a Pool to execute SQL in a concurrent HTTP handler. For helper functions that make some kinds of statements easier to write see the sqlitex package.

Package iris is a fully-featured HTTP/2 backend web framework written entirely in Google’s Go Language. Source code and other details for the project are available at GitHub: The only requirement is the Go Programming Language, at least version 1.8 Example code: All HTTP methods are supported, developers can also register handlers for same paths for different methods. The first parameter is the HTTP Method, second parameter is the request path of the route, third variadic parameter should contains one or more context.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: In order to make things easier for the user, Iris provides functions for all HTTP Methods. The first parameter is the request path of the route, second variadic parameter should contains one or more context.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: A set of routes that are being groupped by path prefix can (optionally) share the same middleware handlers and template layout. A group can have a nested group too. `.Party` is being used to group routes, developers can declare an unlimited number of (nested) groups. Example code: Iris developers are able to register their own handlers for http statuses like 404 not found, 500 internal server error and so on. Example code: With the help of Iris's expressionist router you can build any form of API you desire, with safety. Example code: At the previous example, we've seen static routes, group of routes, subdomains, wildcard subdomains, a small example of parameterized path with a single known paramete and custom http errors, now it's time to see wildcard parameters and macros. Iris, like net/http std package registers route's handlers by a Handler, the Iris' type of handler is just a func(ctx context.Context) where context comes from github.com/kataras/iris/context. Until go 1.9 you will have to import that package too, after go 1.9 this will be not be necessary. Iris has the easiest and the most powerful routing process you have ever meet. At the same time, Iris has its own interpeter(yes like a programming language) for route's path syntax and their dynamic path parameters parsing and evaluation, I am calling them "macros" for shortcut. How? It calculates its needs and if not any special regexp needed then it just registers the route with the low-level path syntax, otherwise it pre-compiles the regexp and adds the necessary middleware(s). Standard macro types for parameters: if type is missing then parameter's type is defaulted to string, so {param} == {param:string}. If a function not found on that type then the "string"'s types functions are being used. i.e: Besides the fact that Iris provides the basic types and some default "macro funcs" you are able to register your own too!. Register a named path parameter function: at the func(argument ...) you can have any standard type, it will be validated before the server starts so don't care about performance here, the only thing it runs at serve time is the returning func(paramValue string) bool. Example code: A path parameter name should contain only alphabetical letters, symbols, containing '_' and numbers are NOT allowed. If route failed to be registered, the app will panic without any warnings if you didn't catch the second return value(error) on .Handle/.Get.... Last, do not confuse ctx.Values() with ctx.Params(). Path parameter's values goes to ctx.Params() and context's local storage that can be used to communicate between handlers and middleware(s) goes to ctx.Values(), path parameters and the rest of any custom values are separated for your own good. Run Static Files Example code: More examples can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/beginner/file-server Middleware is just a concept of ordered chain of handlers. Middleware can be registered globally, per-party, per-subdomain and per-route. Example code: Iris is able to wrap and convert any external, third-party Handler you used to use to your web application. Let's convert the https://github.com/rs/cors net/http external middleware which returns a `next form` handler. Example code: Iris supports 5 template engines out-of-the-box, developers can still use any external golang template engine, as `context.ResponseWriter()` is an `io.Writer`. All of these five template engines have common features with common API, like Layout, Template Funcs, Party-specific layout, partial rendering and more. Example code: View engine supports bundled(https://github.com/jteeuwen/go-bindata) template files too. go-bindata gives you two functions, asset and assetNames, these can be setted to each of the template engines using the `.Binary` func. Example code: A real example can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/intermediate/view/embedding-templates-into-app. Enable auto-reloading of templates on each request. Useful while developers are in dev mode as they no neeed to restart their app on every template edit. Example code: Each one of these template engines has different options located here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/view . This example will show how to store and access data from a session. You don’t need any third-party library, but If you want you can use any session manager compatible or not. In this example we will only allow authenticated users to view our secret message on the /secret page. To get access to it, the will first have to visit /login to get a valid session cookie, which logs him in. Additionally he can visit /logout to revoke his access to our secret message. Example code: Running the example: But you should have a basic idea of the framework by now, we just scratched the surface. If you enjoy what you just saw and want to learn more, please follow the below links: Examples: Built'n Middleware: Community Middleware: Home Page:

Package sessions contains middleware for easy session management in Martini.

WARNING: I wrote this library mainly to learn about Go concurrency patterns. Tests pass, but don't use it in production. Package netchan enables using Go channels to communicate over a network: one peer sends messages to a channel and netchan forwards them over a connection to the other peer, where they are received from another channel of the same type. Net-chans are unidirectional: on one side of the connection a net-chan is opened for sending, on the other side the same net-chan (identified by name) is opened for receiving. But it is possible to open multiple net-chans, in both directions, on a single connection. The connection can be any io.ReadWriteCloser like a TCP connection or unix domain sockets. The user is in charge of establishing the connection, which is then handed over to a netchan.Session. A basic netchan session, where a peer sends some integers to the other, looks like the following (error handling aside). On the send side: On the receive side: All methods that Session provides can be called safely from multiple goroutines. Netchan uses gob to serialize messages (https://golang.org/pkg/encoding/gob/). Any data to be transmitted using netchan must obey gob's laws. In particular, channels cannot be sent, but it is possible to send net-chans' names. When a session shuts down (because Quit is called or because of an error), some goroutines could hang forever trying to receive or send on a net-chan. For this reason, Session provides the methods Done and Err. Done returns a channel that never gets any message and is closed when an error occurs; Err returns the error that occurred. Their intended use: Some errors are not caught by netchan. For example, if one peer opens a net-chan with the wrong direction, both peers might end up waiting to receive messages, but none of them will send anything. It is advised to use timeouts to identify this kind of errors. Net-chans are independent of each other: an idle channel does not prevent progress on the others. This is achieved with a credit-based flow control system analogous to the one of HTTP/2. Go channels used for receiving must be buffered. For each net-chan, the receiver communicates to the sender when there is new free space in the buffer, with credit messages. The sender must never transmit more than its credit allows. The receive channel capacity can affect performance: a small buffer could cause the sender to suspend often, waiting for credit; a big buffer could avoid suspensions completely. This example shows a basic netchan session: two peers establish a connection and delegate its management to a netchan.Manager (one for peer); peer 1 opens a net-chan for sending; peer 2 opens the same net-chan (by name) for receiving; the peers communicate using the Go channels associated with the net-chans. Warning: this example does not include error handling.

Package sdk is the official AWS SDK for the Go programming language. The AWS SDK for Go provides APIs and utilities that developers can use to build Go applications that use AWS services, such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) and Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). The SDK removes the complexity of coding directly against a web service interface. It hides a lot of the lower-level plumbing, such as authentication, request retries, and error handling. The SDK also includes helpful utilities on top of the AWS APIs that add additional capabilities and functionality. For example, the Amazon S3 Download and Upload Manager will automatically split up large objects into multiple parts and transfer them concurrently. See the s3manager package documentation for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/service/s3/s3manager/ Checkout the Getting Started Guide and API Reference Docs detailed the SDK's components and details on each AWS client the SDK supports. The Getting Started Guide provides examples and detailed description of how to get setup with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/welcome.html The API Reference Docs include a detailed breakdown of the SDK's components such as utilities and AWS clients. Use this as a reference of the Go types included with the SDK, such as AWS clients, API operations, and API parameters. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/ The SDK is composed of two main components, SDK core, and service clients. The SDK core packages are all available under the aws package at the root of the SDK. Each client for a supported AWS service is available within its own package under the service folder at the root of the SDK. aws - SDK core, provides common shared types such as Config, Logger, and utilities to make working with API parameters easier. awserr - Provides the error interface that the SDK will use for all errors that occur in the SDK's processing. This includes service API response errors as well. The Error type is made up of a code and message. Cast the SDK's returned error type to awserr.Error and call the Code method to compare returned error to specific error codes. See the package's documentation for additional values that can be extracted such as RequestId. credentials - Provides the types and built in credentials providers the SDK will use to retrieve AWS credentials to make API requests with. Nested under this folder are also additional credentials providers such as stscreds for assuming IAM roles, and ec2rolecreds for EC2 Instance roles. endpoints - Provides the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata for the SDK. Use this to lookup AWS service endpoint information such as which services are in a region, and what regions a service is in. Constants are also provided for all region identifiers, e.g UsWest2RegionID for "us-west-2". session - Provides initial default configuration, and load configuration from external sources such as environment and shared credentials file. request - Provides the API request sending, and retry logic for the SDK. This package also includes utilities for defining your own request retryer, and configuring how the SDK processes the request. service - Clients for AWS services. All services supported by the SDK are available under this folder. The SDK includes the Go types and utilities you can use to make requests to AWS service APIs. Within the service folder at the root of the SDK you'll find a package for each AWS service the SDK supports. All service clients follows a common pattern of creation and usage. When creating a client for an AWS service you'll first need to have a Session value constructed. The Session provides shared configuration that can be shared between your service clients. When service clients are created you can pass in additional configuration via the aws.Config type to override configuration provided by in the Session to create service client instances with custom configuration. Once the service's client is created you can use it to make API requests the AWS service. These clients are safe to use concurrently. In the AWS SDK for Go, you can configure settings for service clients, such as the log level and maximum number of retries. Most settings are optional; however, for each service client, you must specify a region and your credentials. The SDK uses these values to send requests to the correct AWS region and sign requests with the correct credentials. You can specify these values as part of a session or as environment variables. See the SDK's configuration guide for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/configuring-sdk.html See the session package documentation for more information on how to use Session with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/session/ See the Config type in the aws package for more information on configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config When using the SDK you'll generally need your AWS credentials to authenticate with AWS services. The SDK supports multiple methods of supporting these credentials. By default the SDK will source credentials automatically from its default credential chain. See the session package for more information on this chain, and how to configure it. The common items in the credential chain are the following: Environment Credentials - Set of environment variables that are useful when sub processes are created for specific roles. Shared Credentials file (~/.aws/credentials) - This file stores your credentials based on a profile name and is useful for local development. EC2 Instance Role Credentials - Use EC2 Instance Role to assign credentials to application running on an EC2 instance. This removes the need to manage credential files in production. Credentials can be configured in code as well by setting the Config's Credentials value to a custom provider or using one of the providers included with the SDK to bypass the default credential chain and use a custom one. This is helpful when you want to instruct the SDK to only use a specific set of credentials or providers. This example creates a credential provider for assuming an IAM role, "myRoleARN" and configures the S3 service client to use that role for API requests. See the credentials package documentation for more information on credential providers included with the SDK, and how to customize the SDK's usage of credentials. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/credentials The SDK has support for the shared configuration file (~/.aws/config). This support can be enabled by setting the environment variable, "AWS_SDK_LOAD_CONFIG=1", or enabling the feature in code when creating a Session via the Option's SharedConfigState parameter. In addition to the credentials you'll need to specify the region the SDK will use to make AWS API requests to. In the SDK you can specify the region either with an environment variable, or directly in code when a Session or service client is created. The last value specified in code wins if the region is specified multiple ways. To set the region via the environment variable set the "AWS_REGION" to the region you want to the SDK to use. Using this method to set the region will allow you to run your application in multiple regions without needing additional code in the application to select the region. The endpoints package includes constants for all regions the SDK knows. The values are all suffixed with RegionID. These values are helpful, because they reduce the need to type the region string manually. To set the region on a Session use the aws package's Config struct parameter Region to the AWS region you want the service clients created from the session to use. This is helpful when you want to create multiple service clients, and all of the clients make API requests to the same region. See the endpoints package for the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/endpoints/ In addition to setting the region when creating a Session you can also set the region on a per service client bases. This overrides the region of a Session. This is helpful when you want to create service clients in specific regions different from the Session's region. See the Config type in the aws package for more information and additional options such as setting the Endpoint, and other service client configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config Once the client is created you can make an API request to the service. Each API method takes a input parameter, and returns the service response and an error. The SDK provides methods for making the API call in multiple ways. In this list we'll use the S3 ListObjects API as an example for the different ways of making API requests. ListObjects - Base API operation that will make the API request to the service. ListObjectsRequest - API methods suffixed with Request will construct the API request, but not send it. This is also helpful when you want to get a presigned URL for a request, and share the presigned URL instead of your application making the request directly. ListObjectsPages - Same as the base API operation, but uses a callback to automatically handle pagination of the API's response. ListObjectsWithContext - Same as base API operation, but adds support for the Context pattern. This is helpful for controlling the canceling of in flight requests. See the Go standard library context package for more information. This method also takes request package's Option functional options as the variadic argument for modifying how the request will be made, or extracting information from the raw HTTP response. ListObjectsPagesWithContext - same as ListObjectsPages, but adds support for the Context pattern. Similar to ListObjectsWithContext this method also takes the request package's Option function option types as the variadic argument. In addition to the API operations the SDK also includes several higher level methods that abstract checking for and waiting for an AWS resource to be in a desired state. In this list we'll use WaitUntilBucketExists to demonstrate the different forms of waiters. WaitUntilBucketExists. - Method to make API request to query an AWS service for a resource's state. Will return successfully when that state is accomplished. WaitUntilBucketExistsWithContext - Same as WaitUntilBucketExists, but adds support for the Context pattern. In addition these methods take request package's WaiterOptions to configure the waiter, and how underlying request will be made by the SDK. The API method will document which error codes the service might return for the operation. These errors will also be available as const strings prefixed with "ErrCode" in the service client's package. If there are no errors listed in the API's SDK documentation you'll need to consult the AWS service's API documentation for the errors that could be returned. Pagination helper methods are suffixed with "Pages", and provide the functionality needed to round trip API page requests. Pagination methods take a callback function that will be called for each page of the API's response. Waiter helper methods provide the functionality to wait for an AWS resource state. These methods abstract the logic needed to to check the state of an AWS resource, and wait until that resource is in a desired state. The waiter will block until the resource is in the state that is desired, an error occurs, or the waiter times out. If a resource times out the error code returned will be request.WaiterResourceNotReadyErrorCode. This example shows a complete working Go file which will upload a file to S3 and use the Context pattern to implement timeout logic that will cancel the request if it takes too long. This example highlights how to use sessions, create a service client, make a request, handle the error, and process the response.

Package iris provides a beautifully expressive and easy to use foundation for your next website, API, or distributed app. Source code and other details for the project are available at GitHub: 11.1.0 The only requirement is the Go Programming Language, at least version 1.8 but 1.11.1 and above is highly recommended. Example code: You can start the server(s) listening to any type of `net.Listener` or even `http.Server` instance. The method for initialization of the server should be passed at the end, via `Run` function. Below you'll see some useful examples: UNIX and BSD hosts can take advantage of the reuse port feature. Example code: That's all with listening, you have the full control when you need it. Let's continue by learning how to catch CONTROL+C/COMMAND+C or unix kill command and shutdown the server gracefully. In order to manually manage what to do when app is interrupted, we have to disable the default behavior with the option `WithoutInterruptHandler` and register a new interrupt handler (globally, across all possible hosts). Example code: Access to all hosts that serve your application can be provided by the `Application#Hosts` field, after the `Run` method. But the most common scenario is that you may need access to the host before the `Run` method, there are two ways of gain access to the host supervisor, read below. First way is to use the `app.NewHost` to create a new host and use one of its `Serve` or `Listen` functions to start the application via the `iris#Raw` Runner. Note that this way needs an extra import of the `net/http` package. Example Code: Second, and probably easier way is to use the `host.Configurator`. Note that this method requires an extra import statement of "github.com/kataras/iris/core/host" when using go < 1.9, if you're targeting on go1.9 then you can use the `iris#Supervisor` and omit the extra host import. All common `Runners` we saw earlier (`iris#Addr, iris#Listener, iris#Server, iris#TLS, iris#AutoTLS`) accept a variadic argument of `host.Configurator`, there are just `func(*host.Supervisor)`. Therefore the `Application` gives you the rights to modify the auto-created host supervisor through these. Example Code: Read more about listening and gracefully shutdown by navigating to: All HTTP methods are supported, developers can also register handlers for same paths for different methods. The first parameter is the HTTP Method, second parameter is the request path of the route, third variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: In order to make things easier for the user, iris provides functions for all HTTP Methods. The first parameter is the request path of the route, second variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: A set of routes that are being groupped by path prefix can (optionally) share the same middleware handlers and template layout. A group can have a nested group too. `.Party` is being used to group routes, developers can declare an unlimited number of (nested) groups. Example code: iris developers are able to register their own handlers for http statuses like 404 not found, 500 internal server error and so on. Example code: With the help of iris's expressionist router you can build any form of API you desire, with safety. Example code: At the previous example, we've seen static routes, group of routes, subdomains, wildcard subdomains, a small example of parameterized path with a single known parameter and custom http errors, now it's time to see wildcard parameters and macros. iris, like net/http std package registers route's handlers by a Handler, the iris' type of handler is just a func(ctx iris.Context) where context comes from github.com/kataras/iris/context. Iris has the easiest and the most powerful routing process you have ever meet. At the same time, iris has its own interpeter(yes like a programming language) for route's path syntax and their dynamic path parameters parsing and evaluation, We call them "macros" for shortcut. How? It calculates its needs and if not any special regexp needed then it just registers the route with the low-level path syntax, otherwise it pre-compiles the regexp and adds the necessary middleware(s). Standard macro types for parameters: if type is missing then parameter's type is defaulted to string, so {param} == {param:string}. If a function not found on that type then the "string"'s types functions are being used. i.e: Besides the fact that iris provides the basic types and some default "macro funcs" you are able to register your own too!. Register a named path parameter function: at the func(argument ...) you can have any standard type, it will be validated before the server starts so don't care about performance here, the only thing it runs at serve time is the returning func(paramValue string) bool. Example Code: Last, do not confuse ctx.Values() with ctx.Params(). Path parameter's values goes to ctx.Params() and context's local storage that can be used to communicate between handlers and middleware(s) goes to ctx.Values(), path parameters and the rest of any custom values are separated for your own good. Run Static Files Example code: More examples can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/beginner/file-server Middleware is just a concept of ordered chain of handlers. Middleware can be registered globally, per-party, per-subdomain and per-route. Example code: iris is able to wrap and convert any external, third-party Handler you used to use to your web application. Let's convert the https://github.com/rs/cors net/http external middleware which returns a `next form` handler. Example code: Iris supports 5 template engines out-of-the-box, developers can still use any external golang template engine, as `context/context#ResponseWriter()` is an `io.Writer`. All of these five template engines have common features with common API, like Layout, Template Funcs, Party-specific layout, partial rendering and more. Example code: View engine supports bundled(https://github.com/shuLhan/go-bindata) template files too. go-bindata gives you two functions, asset and assetNames, these can be setted to each of the template engines using the `.Binary` func. Example code: A real example can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/view/embedding-templates-into-app. Enable auto-reloading of templates on each request. Useful while developers are in dev mode as they no neeed to restart their app on every template edit. Example code: Note: In case you're wondering, the code behind the view engines derives from the "github.com/kataras/iris/view" package, access to the engines' variables can be granded by "github.com/kataras/iris" package too. Each one of these template engines has different options located here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/view . This example will show how to store and access data from a session. You don’t need any third-party library, but If you want you can use any session manager compatible or not. In this example we will only allow authenticated users to view our secret message on the /secret page. To get access to it, the will first have to visit /login to get a valid session cookie, which logs him in. Additionally he can visit /logout to revoke his access to our secret message. Example code: Running the example: Sessions persistence can be achieved using one (or more) `sessiondb`. Example Code: More examples: In this example we will create a small chat between web sockets via browser. Example Server Code: Example Client(javascript) Code: Running the example: Iris has first-class support for the MVC pattern, you'll not find these stuff anywhere else in the Go world. Example Code: // GetUserBy serves // Method: GET // Resource: http://localhost:8080/user/{username:string} // By is a reserved "keyword" to tell the framework that you're going to // bind path parameters in the function's input arguments, and it also // helps to have "Get" and "GetBy" in the same controller. // // func (c *ExampleController) GetUserBy(username string) mvc.Result { // return mvc.View{ // Name: "user/username.html", // Data: username, // } // } Can use more than one, the factory will make sure that the correct http methods are being registered for each route for this controller, uncomment these if you want: Iris web framework supports Request data, Models, Persistence Data and Binding with the fastest possible execution. Characteristics: All HTTP Methods are supported, for example if want to serve `GET` then the controller should have a function named `Get()`, you can define more than one method function to serve in the same Controller. Register custom controller's struct's methods as handlers with custom paths(even with regex parametermized path) via the `BeforeActivation` custom event callback, per-controller. Example: Persistence data inside your Controller struct (share data between requests) by defining services to the Dependencies or have a `Singleton` controller scope. Share the dependencies between controllers or register them on a parent MVC Application, and ability to modify dependencies per-controller on the `BeforeActivation` optional event callback inside a Controller, i.e Access to the `Context` as a controller's field(no manual binding is neede) i.e `Ctx iris.Context` or via a method's input argument, i.e Models inside your Controller struct (set-ed at the Method function and rendered by the View). You can return models from a controller's method or set a field in the request lifecycle and return that field to another method, in the same request lifecycle. Flow as you used to, mvc application has its own `Router` which is a type of `iris/router.Party`, the standard iris api. `Controllers` can be registered to any `Party`, including Subdomains, the Party's begin and done handlers work as expected. Optional `BeginRequest(ctx)` function to perform any initialization before the method execution, useful to call middlewares or when many methods use the same collection of data. Optional `EndRequest(ctx)` function to perform any finalization after any method executed. Session dynamic dependency via manager's `Start` to the MVC Application, i.e Inheritance, recursively. Access to the dynamic path parameters via the controller's methods' input arguments, no binding is needed. When you use the Iris' default syntax to parse handlers from a controller, you need to suffix the methods with the `By` word, uppercase is a new sub path. Example: Register one or more relative paths and able to get path parameters, i.e Response via output arguments, optionally, i.e Where `any` means everything, from custom structs to standard language's types-. `Result` is an interface which contains only that function: Dispatch(ctx iris.Context) and Get where HTTP Method function(Post, Put, Delete...). Iris has a very powerful and blazing fast MVC support, you can return any value of any type from a method function and it will be sent to the client as expected. * if `string` then it's the body. * if `string` is the second output argument then it's the content type. * if `int` then it's the status code. * if `bool` is false then it throws 404 not found http error by skipping everything else. * if `error` and not nil then (any type) response will be omitted and error's text with a 400 bad request will be rendered instead. * if `(int, error)` and error is not nil then the response result will be the error's text with the status code as `int`. * if `custom struct` or `interface{}` or `slice` or `map` then it will be rendered as json, unless a `string` content type is following. * if `mvc.Result` then it executes its `Dispatch` function, so good design patters can be used to split the model's logic where needed. Examples with good patterns to follow but not intend to be used in production of course can be found at: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/#mvc. By creating components that are independent of one another, developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications. The same (or similar) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user. If you're new to back-end web development read about the MVC architectural pattern first, a good start is that wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller. But you should have a basic idea of the framework by now, we just scratched the surface. If you enjoy what you just saw and want to learn more, please follow the below links: Examples: Middleware: Home Page: Book (in-progress):

Package sdk is the official AWS SDK for the Go programming language. The AWS SDK for Go provides APIs and utilities that developers can use to build Go applications that use AWS services, such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) and Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). The SDK removes the complexity of coding directly against a web service interface. It hides a lot of the lower-level plumbing, such as authentication, request retries, and error handling. The SDK also includes helpful utilities on top of the AWS APIs that add additional capabilities and functionality. For example, the Amazon S3 Download and Upload Manager will automatically split up large objects into multiple parts and transfer them concurrently. See the s3manager package documentation for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/service/s3/s3manager/ Checkout the Getting Started Guide and API Reference Docs detailed the SDK's components and details on each AWS client the SDK supports. The Getting Started Guide provides examples and detailed description of how to get setup with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/welcome.html The API Reference Docs include a detailed breakdown of the SDK's components such as utilities and AWS clients. Use this as a reference of the Go types included with the SDK, such as AWS clients, API operations, and API parameters. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/ The SDK is composed of two main components, SDK core, and service clients. The SDK core packages are all available under the aws package at the root of the SDK. Each client for a supported AWS service is available within its own package under the service folder at the root of the SDK. aws - SDK core, provides common shared types such as Config, Logger, and utilities to make working with API parameters easier. awserr - Provides the error interface that the SDK will use for all errors that occur in the SDK's processing. This includes service API response errors as well. The Error type is made up of a code and message. Cast the SDK's returned error type to awserr.Error and call the Code method to compare returned error to specific error codes. See the package's documentation for additional values that can be extracted such as RequestId. credentials - Provides the types and built in credentials providers the SDK will use to retrieve AWS credentials to make API requests with. Nested under this folder are also additional credentials providers such as stscreds for assuming IAM roles, and ec2rolecreds for EC2 Instance roles. endpoints - Provides the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata for the SDK. Use this to lookup AWS service endpoint information such as which services are in a region, and what regions a service is in. Constants are also provided for all region identifiers, e.g UsWest2RegionID for "us-west-2". session - Provides initial default configuration, and load configuration from external sources such as environment and shared credentials file. request - Provides the API request sending, and retry logic for the SDK. This package also includes utilities for defining your own request retryer, and configuring how the SDK processes the request. service - Clients for AWS services. All services supported by the SDK are available under this folder. The SDK includes the Go types and utilities you can use to make requests to AWS service APIs. Within the service folder at the root of the SDK you'll find a package for each AWS service the SDK supports. All service clients follows a common pattern of creation and usage. When creating a client for an AWS service you'll first need to have a Session value constructed. The Session provides shared configuration that can be shared between your service clients. When service clients are created you can pass in additional configuration via the aws.Config type to override configuration provided by in the Session to create service client instances with custom configuration. Once the service's client is created you can use it to make API requests the AWS service. These clients are safe to use concurrently. In the AWS SDK for Go, you can configure settings for service clients, such as the log level and maximum number of retries. Most settings are optional; however, for each service client, you must specify a region and your credentials. The SDK uses these values to send requests to the correct AWS region and sign requests with the correct credentials. You can specify these values as part of a session or as environment variables. See the SDK's configuration guide for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/configuring-sdk.html See the session package documentation for more information on how to use Session with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/session/ See the Config type in the aws package for more information on configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config When using the SDK you'll generally need your AWS credentials to authenticate with AWS services. The SDK supports multiple methods of supporting these credentials. By default the SDK will source credentials automatically from its default credential chain. See the session package for more information on this chain, and how to configure it. The common items in the credential chain are the following: Environment Credentials - Set of environment variables that are useful when sub processes are created for specific roles. Shared Credentials file (~/.aws/credentials) - This file stores your credentials based on a profile name and is useful for local development. EC2 Instance Role Credentials - Use EC2 Instance Role to assign credentials to application running on an EC2 instance. This removes the need to manage credential files in production. Credentials can be configured in code as well by setting the Config's Credentials value to a custom provider or using one of the providers included with the SDK to bypass the default credential chain and use a custom one. This is helpful when you want to instruct the SDK to only use a specific set of credentials or providers. This example creates a credential provider for assuming an IAM role, "myRoleARN" and configures the S3 service client to use that role for API requests. See the credentials package documentation for more information on credential providers included with the SDK, and how to customize the SDK's usage of credentials. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/credentials The SDK has support for the shared configuration file (~/.aws/config). This support can be enabled by setting the environment variable, "AWS_SDK_LOAD_CONFIG=1", or enabling the feature in code when creating a Session via the Option's SharedConfigState parameter. In addition to the credentials you'll need to specify the region the SDK will use to make AWS API requests to. In the SDK you can specify the region either with an environment variable, or directly in code when a Session or service client is created. The last value specified in code wins if the region is specified multiple ways. To set the region via the environment variable set the "AWS_REGION" to the region you want to the SDK to use. Using this method to set the region will allow you to run your application in multiple regions without needing additional code in the application to select the region. The endpoints package includes constants for all regions the SDK knows. The values are all suffixed with RegionID. These values are helpful, because they reduce the need to type the region string manually. To set the region on a Session use the aws package's Config struct parameter Region to the AWS region you want the service clients created from the session to use. This is helpful when you want to create multiple service clients, and all of the clients make API requests to the same region. See the endpoints package for the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/endpoints/ In addition to setting the region when creating a Session you can also set the region on a per service client bases. This overrides the region of a Session. This is helpful when you want to create service clients in specific regions different from the Session's region. See the Config type in the aws package for more information and additional options such as setting the Endpoint, and other service client configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config Once the client is created you can make an API request to the service. Each API method takes a input parameter, and returns the service response and an error. The SDK provides methods for making the API call in multiple ways. In this list we'll use the S3 ListObjects API as an example for the different ways of making API requests. ListObjects - Base API operation that will make the API request to the service. ListObjectsRequest - API methods suffixed with Request will construct the API request, but not send it. This is also helpful when you want to get a presigned URL for a request, and share the presigned URL instead of your application making the request directly. ListObjectsPages - Same as the base API operation, but uses a callback to automatically handle pagination of the API's response. ListObjectsWithContext - Same as base API operation, but adds support for the Context pattern. This is helpful for controlling the canceling of in flight requests. See the Go standard library context package for more information. This method also takes request package's Option functional options as the variadic argument for modifying how the request will be made, or extracting information from the raw HTTP response. ListObjectsPagesWithContext - same as ListObjectsPages, but adds support for the Context pattern. Similar to ListObjectsWithContext this method also takes the request package's Option function option types as the variadic argument. In addition to the API operations the SDK also includes several higher level methods that abstract checking for and waiting for an AWS resource to be in a desired state. In this list we'll use WaitUntilBucketExists to demonstrate the different forms of waiters. WaitUntilBucketExists. - Method to make API request to query an AWS service for a resource's state. Will return successfully when that state is accomplished. WaitUntilBucketExistsWithContext - Same as WaitUntilBucketExists, but adds support for the Context pattern. In addition these methods take request package's WaiterOptions to configure the waiter, and how underlying request will be made by the SDK. The API method will document which error codes the service might return for the operation. These errors will also be available as const strings prefixed with "ErrCode" in the service client's package. If there are no errors listed in the API's SDK documentation you'll need to consult the AWS service's API documentation for the errors that could be returned. Pagination helper methods are suffixed with "Pages", and provide the functionality needed to round trip API page requests. Pagination methods take a callback function that will be called for each page of the API's response. Waiter helper methods provide the functionality to wait for an AWS resource state. These methods abstract the logic needed to to check the state of an AWS resource, and wait until that resource is in a desired state. The waiter will block until the resource is in the state that is desired, an error occurs, or the waiter times out. If a resource times out the error code returned will be request.WaiterResourceNotReadyErrorCode. This example shows a complete working Go file which will upload a file to S3 and use the Context pattern to implement timeout logic that will cancel the request if it takes too long. This example highlights how to use sessions, create a service client, make a request, handle the error, and process the response.

Package sqlite provides a Go interface to SQLite 3. The semantics of this package are deliberately close to the SQLite3 C API, so it is helpful to be familiar with http://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/intro.html. An SQLite connection is represented by a *sqlite.Conn. Connections cannot be used concurrently. A typical Go program will create a pool of connections (using Open to create a *sqlitex.Pool) so goroutines can borrow a connection while they need to talk to the database. This package assumes SQLite will be used concurrently by the process through several connections, so the build options for SQLite enable multi-threading and the shared cache: https://www.sqlite.org/sharedcache.html The implementation automatically handles shared cache locking, see the documentation on Stmt.Step for details. The optional SQLite3 compiled in are: FTS5, RTree, JSON1, Session This is not a database/sql driver. Statements are prepared with the Prepare and PrepareTransient methods. When using Prepare, statements are keyed inside a connection by the original query string used to create them. This means long-running high-performance code paths can write: After all the connections in a pool have been warmed up by passing through one of these Prepare calls, subsequent calls are simply a map lookup that returns an existing statement. The sqlite package supports the SQLite incremental I/O interface for streaming blob data into and out of the the database without loading the entire blob into a single []byte. (This is important when working either with very large blobs, or more commonly, a large number of moderate-sized blobs concurrently.) To write a blob, first use an INSERT statement to set the size of the blob and assign a rowid: Use BindZeroBlob or SetZeroBlob to set the size of myblob. Then you can open the blob with: Every connection can have a done channel associated with it using the SetInterrupt method. This is typically the channel returned by a context.Context Done method. For example, a timeout can be associated with a connection session: As database connections are long-lived, the SetInterrupt method can be called multiple times to reset the associated lifetime. When using pools, the shorthand for associating a context with a connection is: SQLite transactions have to be managed manually with this package by directly calling BEGIN / COMMIT / ROLLBACK or SAVEPOINT / RELEASE/ ROLLBACK. The sqlitex has a Savepoint function that helps automate this. Using a Pool to execute SQL in a concurrent HTTP handler. For helper functions that make some kinds of statements easier to write see the sqlitex package.

Package sessions provides sessions support for net/http and valyala/fasthttp unique with auto-GC, register unlimited number of databases to Load and Update/Save the sessions in external server or to an external (no/or/and sql) database Usage net/http: // init a new sessions manager( if you use only one web framework inside your app then you can use the package-level functions like: sessions.Start/sessions.Destroy) manager := sessions.New(sessions.Config{}) // start a session for a particular client manager.Start(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) // destroy a session from the server and client, manager.Destroy(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) Usage valyala/fasthttp: // init a new sessions manager( if you use only one web framework inside your app then you can use the package-level functions like: sessions.Start/sessions.Destroy) manager := sessions.New(sessions.Config{}) // start a session for a particular client manager.StartFasthttp(*fasthttp.RequestCtx) // destroy a session from the server and client, manager.DestroyFasthttp(*fasthttp.Request) Note that, now, you can use both fasthttp and net/http within the same sessions manager(.New) instance! So now, you can share sessions between a net/http app and valyala/fasthttp app

Package sessions contains middleware for easy session management in Martini.

Package sessions contains middleware for easy session management in Negroni. Based on github.com/martini-contrib/sessions

Package sessions provides sessions support for net/http unique with auto-GC, register unlimited number of databases to Load and Update/Save the sessions in external server or to an external (no/or/and sql) database Usage net/http: // init a new sessions manager( if you use only one web framework inside your app then you can use the package-level functions like: sessions.Start/sessions.Destroy) manager := sessions.New(sessions.Config{}) // start a session for a particular client manager.Start(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) // destroy a session from the server and client, manager.Destroy(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) Usage valyala/fasthttp: // init a new sessions manager( if you use only one web framework inside your app then you can use the package-level functions like: sessions.Start/sessions.Destroy) manager := sessions.New(sessions.Config{}) // start a session for a particular client manager.StartFasthttp(*fasthttp.RequestCtx) // destroy a session from the server and client, manager.DestroyFasthttp(*fasthttp.Request) Note that, now, you can use both fasthttp and net/http within the same sessions manager(.New) instance! So now, you can share sessions between a net/http app and valyala/fasthttp app

This package is the root package of the govmomi library. The library is structured as follows: The minimal usable functionality is available through the vim25 package. It contains subpackages that contain generated types, managed objects, and all available methods. The vim25 package is entirely independent of the other packages in the govmomi tree -- it has no dependencies on its peers. The vim25 package itself contains a client structure that is passed around throughout the entire library. It abstracts a session and its immutable state. See the vim25 package for more information. The session package contains an abstraction for the session manager that allows a user to login and logout. It also provides access to the current session (i.e. to determine if the user is in fact logged in) The object package contains wrappers for a selection of managed objects. The constructors of these objects all take a *vim25.Client, which they pass along to derived objects, if applicable. The govc package contains the govc CLI. The code in this tree is not intended to be used as a library. Any functionality that govc contains that _could_ be used as a library function but isn't, _should_ live in a root level package. Other packages, such as "event", "guest", or "license", provide wrappers for the respective subsystems. They are typically not needed in normal workflows so are kept outside the object package.

[](http://godoc.org/github.com/mmmcorp/saml) [](https://travis-ci.org/crewjam/saml) Package saml contains a partial implementation of the SAML standard in golang. SAML is a standard for identity federation, i.e. either allowing a third party to authenticate your users or allowing third parties to rely on us to authenticate their users. In SAML parlance an Identity Provider (IDP) is a service that knows how to authenticate users. A Service Provider (SP) is a service that delegates authentication to an IDP. If you are building a service where users log in with someone else's credentials, then you are a Service Provider. This package supports implementing both service providers and identity providers. The core package contains the implementation of SAML. The package samlsp provides helper middleware suitable for use in Service Provider applications. The package samlidp provides a rudimentary IDP service that is useful for testing or as a starting point for other integrations. Version 0.4.0 introduces a few breaking changes to the _samlsp_ package in order to make the package more extensible, and to clean up the interfaces a bit. The default behavior remains the same, but you can now provide interface implementations of _RequestTracker_ (which tracks pending requests), _Session_ (which handles maintaining a session) and _OnError_ which handles reporting errors. Public fields of _samlsp.Middleware_ have changed, so some usages may require adjustment. See [issue 231](https://github.com/mmmcorp/saml/issues/231) for details. The option to provide an IDP metadata URL has been deprecated. Instead, we recommend that you use the `FetchMetadata()` function, or fetch the metadata yourself and use the new `ParseMetadata()` function, and pass the metadata in _samlsp.Options.IDPMetadata_. Similarly, the _HTTPClient_ field is now deprecated because it was only used for fetching metdata, which is no longer directly implemented. The fields that manage how cookies are set are deprecated as well. To customize how cookies are managed, provide custom implementation of _RequestTracker_ and/or _Session_, perhaps by extending the default implementations. The deprecated fields have not been removed from the Options structure, but will be in future. In particular we have deprecated the following fields in _samlsp.Options_: - `Logger` - This was used to emit errors while validating, which is an anti-pattern. - `IDPMetadataURL` - Instead use `FetchMetadata()` - `HTTPClient` - Instead pass httpClient to FetchMetadata - `CookieMaxAge` - Instead assign a custom CookieRequestTracker or CookieSessionProvider - `CookieName` - Instead assign a custom CookieRequestTracker or CookieSessionProvider - `CookieDomain` - Instead assign a custom CookieRequestTracker or CookieSessionProvider - `CookieDomain` - Instead assign a custom CookieRequestTracker or CookieSessionProvider Let us assume we have a simple web application to protect. We'll modify this application so it uses SAML to authenticate users. ```golang package main import ( ) ``` Each service provider must have an self-signed X.509 key pair established. You can generate your own with something like this: We will use `samlsp.Middleware` to wrap the endpoint we want to protect. Middleware provides both an `http.Handler` to serve the SAML specific URLs and a set of wrappers to require the user to be logged in. We also provide the URL where the service provider can fetch the metadata from the IDP at startup. In our case, we'll use [samltest.id](https://samltest.id/), an identity provider designed for testing. ```golang package main import ( ) ``` Next we'll have to register our service provider with the identity provider to establish trust from the service provider to the IDP. For [samltest.id](https://samltest.id/), you can do something like: Navigate to https://samltest.id/upload.php and upload the file you fetched. Now you should be able to authenticate. The flow should look like this: 1. You browse to `localhost:8000/hello` 1. The middleware redirects you to `https://samltest.id/idp/profile/SAML2/Redirect/SSO` 1. samltest.id prompts you for a username and password. 1. samltest.id returns you an HTML document which contains an HTML form setup to POST to `localhost:8000/saml/acs`. The form is automatically submitted if you have javascript enabled. 1. The local service validates the response, issues a session cookie, and redirects you to the original URL, `localhost:8000/hello`. 1. This time when `localhost:8000/hello` is requested there is a valid session and so the main content is served. Please see `example/idp/` for a substantially complete example of how to use the library and helpers to be an identity provider. The SAML standard is huge and complex with many dark corners and strange, unused features. This package implements the most commonly used subset of these features required to provide a single sign on experience. The package supports at least the subset of SAML known as [interoperable SAML](http://saml2int.org). This package supports the Web SSO profile. Message flows from the service provider to the IDP are supported using the HTTP Redirect binding and the HTTP POST binding. Message flows from the IDP to the service provider are supported via the HTTP POST binding. The package can produce signed SAML assertions, and can validate both signed and encrypted SAML assertions. It does not support signed or encrypted requests. The _RelayState_ parameter allows you to pass user state information across the authentication flow. The most common use for this is to allow a user to request a deep link into your site, be redirected through the SAML login flow, and upon successful completion, be directed to the originally requested link, rather than the root. Unfortunately, _RelayState_ is less useful than it could be. Firstly, it is not authenticated, so anything you supply must be signed to avoid XSS or CSRF. Secondly, it is limited to 80 bytes in length, which precludes signing. (See section 3.6.3.1 of SAMLProfiles.) The SAML specification is a collection of PDFs (sadly): - [SAMLCore](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-core-2.0-os.pdf) defines data types. - [SAMLBindings](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-bindings-2.0-os.pdf) defines the details of the HTTP requests in play. - [SAMLProfiles](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-profiles-2.0-os.pdf) describes data flows. - [SAMLConformance](http://docs.oasis-open.org/security/saml/v2.0/saml-conformance-2.0-os.pdf) includes a support matrix for various parts of the protocol. [SAMLtest](https://samltest.id/) is a testing ground for SAML service and identity providers. Please do not report security issues in the issue tracker. Rather, please contact me directly at ross@kndr.org ([PGP Key `78B6038B3B9DFB88`](https://keybase.io/crewjam)).

This package is the root package of the govmomi library. The library is structured as follows: The minimal usable functionality is available through the vim25 package. It contains subpackages that contain generated types, managed objects, and all available methods. The vim25 package is entirely independent of the other packages in the govmomi tree -- it has no dependencies on its peers. The vim25 package itself contains a client structure that is passed around throughout the entire library. It abstracts a session and its immutable state. See the vim25 package for more information. The session package contains an abstraction for the session manager that allows a user to login and logout. It also provides access to the current session (i.e. to determine if the user is in fact logged in) The object package contains wrappers for a selection of managed objects. The constructors of these objects all take a *vim25.Client, which they pass along to derived objects, if applicable. The govc package contains the govc CLI. The code in this tree is not intended to be used as a library. Any functionality that govc contains that _could_ be used as a library function but isn't, _should_ live in a root level package. Other packages, such as "event", "guest", or "license", provide wrappers for the respective subsystems. They are typically not needed in normal workflows so are kept outside the object package.

Package sessions provides sessions support for net/http and valyala/fasthttp unique with auto-GC, register unlimited number of databases to Load and Update/Save the sessions in external server or to an external (no/or/and sql) database Usage net/http: // init a new sessions manager( if you use only one web framework inside your app then you can use the package-level functions like: sessions.Start/sessions.Destroy) manager := sessions.New(sessions.Config{}) // start a session for a particular client manager.Start(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) // destroy a session from the server and client, manager.Destroy(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) Usage valyala/fasthttp: // init a new sessions manager( if you use only one web framework inside your app then you can use the package-level functions like: sessions.Start/sessions.Destroy) manager := sessions.New(sessions.Config{}) // start a session for a particular client manager.StartFasthttp(*fasthttp.RequestCtx) // destroy a session from the server and client, manager.DestroyFasthttp(*fasthttp.Request) Note that, now, you can use both fasthttp and net/http within the same sessions manager(.New) instance! So now, you can share sessions between a net/http app and valyala/fasthttp app

Package sqlite provides a Go interface to SQLite 3. The semantics of this package are deliberately close to the SQLite3 C API, so it is helpful to be familiar with http://www.sqlite.org/c3ref/intro.html. An SQLite connection is represented by a *sqlite.Conn. Connections cannot be used concurrently. A typical Go program will create a pool of connections (using Open to create a *sqlite.Pool) so goroutines can borrow a connection while they need to talk to the database. This package assumes SQLite will be used concurrently by the process through several connections, so the build options for SQLite enable multi-threading and the shared cache: https://www.sqlite.org/sharedcache.html The implementation automatically handles shared cache locking, see the documentation on Stmt.Step for details. The optional SQLite3 compiled in are: FTS5, RTree, JSON1, Session This is not a database/sql driver. Statements are prepared with the Prepare and PrepareTransient methods. When using Prepare, statements are keyed inside a connection by the original query string used to create them. This means long-running high-performance code paths can write: After all the connections in a pool have been warmed up by passing through one of these Prepare calls, subsequent calls are simply a map lookup that returns an existing statement. The sqlite package supports the SQLite incremental I/O interface for streaming blob data into and out of the the database without loading the entire blob into a single []byte. (This is important when working either with very large blobs, or more commonly, a large number of moderate-sized blobs concurrently.) To write a blob, first use an INSERT statement to set the size of the blob and assign a rowid: Use BindZeroBlob or SetZeroBlob to set the size of myblob. Then you can open the blob with: Every connection can have a done channel associated with it using the SetInterrupt method. This is typically the channel returned by a context.Context Done method. For example, a timeout can be associated with a connection session: As database connections are long-lived, the SetInterrupt method can be called multiple times to reset the associated lifetime. When using pools, the shorthand for associating a context with a connection is: SQLite transactions have to be managed manually with this package by directly calling BEGIN / COMMIT / ROLLBACK or SAVEPOINT / RELEASE/ ROLLBACK. The sqliteutil has a Savepoint function that helps automate this. Using a Pool to execute SQL in a concurrent HTTP handler. For helper functions that make some kinds of statements easier to write see the sqliteutil package.

Package iris provides a beautifully expressive and easy to use foundation for your next website, API, or distributed app. Source code and other details for the project are available at GitHub: 8.5.9 Final The only requirement is the Go Programming Language, at least version 1.8 but 1.9 is highly recommended. Iris takes advantage of the vendor directory feature wisely: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Bz5-UB7g2uPBdOx-rw5t9MxJwkfpx90cqG9AFL0JAYo. You get truly reproducible builds, as this method guards against upstream renames and deletes. A simple copy-paste and `go get ./...` to resolve two dependencies: https://github.com/kataras/golog and the https://github.com/iris-contrib/httpexpect will work for ever even for older versions, the newest version can be retrieved by `go get` but this file contains documentation for an older version of Iris. Follow the instructions below: 1. install the Go Programming Language: https://golang.org/dl 2. clear yours previously `$GOPATH/src/github.com/kataras/iris` folder or create new 3. download the Iris v8.5.9 (final): https://github.com/kataras/iris/archive/v8.zip 4. extract the contents of the `iris-v8` folder that's inside the downloaded zip file to your `$GOPATH/src/github.com/kataras/iris` 5. navigate to your `$GOPATH/src/github.com/kataras/iris` folder if you're not already there and open a terminal/command prompt, execute the command: `go get ./...` and you're ready to GO:) Example code: You can start the server(s) listening to any type of `net.Listener` or even `http.Server` instance. The method for initialization of the server should be passed at the end, via `Run` function. Below you'll see some useful examples: UNIX and BSD hosts can take advandage of the reuse port feature. Example code: That's all with listening, you have the full control when you need it. Let's continue by learning how to catch CONTROL+C/COMMAND+C or unix kill command and shutdown the server gracefully. In order to manually manage what to do when app is interrupted, we have to disable the default behavior with the option `WithoutInterruptHandler` and register a new interrupt handler (globally, across all possible hosts). Example code: Access to all hosts that serve your application can be provided by the `Application#Hosts` field, after the `Run` method. But the most common scenario is that you may need access to the host before the `Run` method, there are two ways of gain access to the host supervisor, read below. First way is to use the `app.NewHost` to create a new host and use one of its `Serve` or `Listen` functions to start the application via the `iris#Raw` Runner. Note that this way needs an extra import of the `net/http` package. Example Code: Second, and probably easier way is to use the `host.Configurator`. Note that this method requires an extra import statement of "github.com/kataras/iris/core/host" when using go < 1.9, if you're targeting on go1.9 then you can use the `iris#Supervisor` and omit the extra host import. All common `Runners` we saw earlier (`iris#Addr, iris#Listener, iris#Server, iris#TLS, iris#AutoTLS`) accept a variadic argument of `host.Configurator`, there are just `func(*host.Supervisor)`. Therefore the `Application` gives you the rights to modify the auto-created host supervisor through these. Example Code: Read more about listening and gracefully shutdown by navigating to: All HTTP methods are supported, developers can also register handlers for same paths for different methods. The first parameter is the HTTP Method, second parameter is the request path of the route, third variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: In order to make things easier for the user, iris provides functions for all HTTP Methods. The first parameter is the request path of the route, second variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: A set of routes that are being groupped by path prefix can (optionally) share the same middleware handlers and template layout. A group can have a nested group too. `.Party` is being used to group routes, developers can declare an unlimited number of (nested) groups. Example code: iris developers are able to register their own handlers for http statuses like 404 not found, 500 internal server error and so on. Example code: With the help of iris's expressionist router you can build any form of API you desire, with safety. Example code: Iris has first-class support for the MVC pattern, you'll not find these stuff anywhere else in the Go world. Example Code: Iris web framework supports Request data, Models, Persistence Data and Binding with the fastest possible execution. Characteristics: All HTTP Methods are supported, for example if want to serve `GET` then the controller should have a function named `Get()`, you can define more than one method function to serve in the same Controller struct. Persistence data inside your Controller struct (share data between requests) via `iris:"persistence"` tag right to the field or Bind using `app.Controller("/" , new(myController), theBindValue)`. Models inside your Controller struct (set-ed at the Method function and rendered by the View) via `iris:"model"` tag right to the field, i.e User UserModel `iris:"model" name:"user"` view will recognise it as `{{.user}}`. If `name` tag is missing then it takes the field's name, in this case the `"User"`. Access to the request path and its parameters via the `Path and Params` fields. Access to the template file that should be rendered via the `Tmpl` field. Access to the template data that should be rendered inside the template file via `Data` field. Access to the template layout via the `Layout` field. Access to the low-level `iris.Context` via the `Ctx` field. Get the relative request path by using the controller's name via `RelPath()`. Get the relative template path directory by using the controller's name via `RelTmpl()`. Flow as you used to, `Controllers` can be registered to any `Party`, including Subdomains, the Party's begin and done handlers work as expected. Optional `BeginRequest(ctx)` function to perform any initialization before the method execution, useful to call middlewares or when many methods use the same collection of data. Optional `EndRequest(ctx)` function to perform any finalization after any method executed. Inheritance, recursively, see for example our `mvc.SessionController/iris.SessionController`, it has the `mvc.Controller/iris.Controller` as an embedded field and it adds its logic to its `BeginRequest`. Source file: https://github.com/kataras/iris/blob/v8/mvc/session_controller.go. Read access to the current route via the `Route` field. Support for more than one input arguments (map to dynamic request path parameters). Register one or more relative paths and able to get path parameters, i.e Response via output arguments, optionally, i.e Where `any` means everything, from custom structs to standard language's types-. `Result` is an interface which contains only that function: Dispatch(ctx iris.Context) and Get where HTTP Method function(Post, Put, Delete...). Iris has a very powerful and blazing fast MVC support, you can return any value of any type from a method function and it will be sent to the client as expected. * if `string` then it's the body. * if `string` is the second output argument then it's the content type. * if `int` then it's the status code. * if `bool` is false then it throws 404 not found http error by skipping everything else. * if `error` and not nil then (any type) response will be omitted and error's text with a 400 bad request will be rendered instead. * if `(int, error)` and error is not nil then the response result will be the error's text with the status code as `int`. * if `custom struct` or `interface{}` or `slice` or `map` then it will be rendered as json, unless a `string` content type is following. * if `mvc.Result` then it executes its `Dispatch` function, so good design patters can be used to split the model's logic where needed. The example below is not intended to be used in production but it's a good showcase of some of the return types we saw before; Another good example with a typical folder structure, that many developers are used to work, can be found at: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/v8/_examples/mvc/overview. By creating components that are independent of one another, developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications. The same (or similar) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user. If you're new to back-end web development read about the MVC architectural pattern first, a good start is that wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller. Follow the examples at: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/v8/_examples/#mvc At the previous example, we've seen static routes, group of routes, subdomains, wildcard subdomains, a small example of parameterized path with a single known parameter and custom http errors, now it's time to see wildcard parameters and macros. iris, like net/http std package registers route's handlers by a Handler, the iris' type of handler is just a func(ctx iris.Context) where context comes from github.com/kataras/iris/context. Iris has the easiest and the most powerful routing process you have ever meet. At the same time, iris has its own interpeter(yes like a programming language) for route's path syntax and their dynamic path parameters parsing and evaluation, We call them "macros" for shortcut. How? It calculates its needs and if not any special regexp needed then it just registers the route with the low-level path syntax, otherwise it pre-compiles the regexp and adds the necessary middleware(s). Standard macro types for parameters: if type is missing then parameter's type is defaulted to string, so {param} == {param:string}. If a function not found on that type then the "string"'s types functions are being used. i.e: Besides the fact that iris provides the basic types and some default "macro funcs" you are able to register your own too!. Register a named path parameter function: at the func(argument ...) you can have any standard type, it will be validated before the server starts so don't care about performance here, the only thing it runs at serve time is the returning func(paramValue string) bool. Example Code: A path parameter name should contain only alphabetical letters, symbols, containing '_' and numbers are NOT allowed. If route failed to be registered, the app will panic without any warnings if you didn't catch the second return value(error) on .Handle/.Get.... Last, do not confuse ctx.Values() with ctx.Params(). Path parameter's values goes to ctx.Params() and context's local storage that can be used to communicate between handlers and middleware(s) goes to ctx.Values(), path parameters and the rest of any custom values are separated for your own good. Run Static Files Example code: More examples can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/v8/_examples/beginner/file-server Middleware is just a concept of ordered chain of handlers. Middleware can be registered globally, per-party, per-subdomain and per-route. Example code: iris is able to wrap and convert any external, third-party Handler you used to use to your web application. Let's convert the https://github.com/rs/cors net/http external middleware which returns a `next form` handler. Example code: Iris supports 5 template engines out-of-the-box, developers can still use any external golang template engine, as `context/context#ResponseWriter()` is an `io.Writer`. All of these five template engines have common features with common API, like Layout, Template Funcs, Party-specific layout, partial rendering and more. Example code: View engine supports bundled(https://github.com/jteeuwen/go-bindata) template files too. go-bindata gives you two functions, asset and assetNames, these can be setted to each of the template engines using the `.Binary` func. Example code: A real example can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/v8/_examples/view/embedding-templates-into-app. Enable auto-reloading of templates on each request. Useful while developers are in dev mode as they no neeed to restart their app on every template edit. Example code: Note: In case you're wondering, the code behind the view engines derives from the "github.com/kataras/iris/view" package, access to the engines' variables can be granded by "github.com/kataras/iris" package too. Each one of these template engines has different options located here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/v8/view . This example will show how to store and access data from a session. You don’t need any third-party library, but If you want you can use any session manager compatible or not. In this example we will only allow authenticated users to view our secret message on the /secret page. To get access to it, the will first have to visit /login to get a valid session cookie, which logs him in. Additionally he can visit /logout to revoke his access to our secret message. Example code: Running the example: Sessions persistence can be achieved using one (or more) `sessiondb`. Example Code: More examples: In this example we will create a small chat between web sockets via browser. Example Server Code: Example Client(javascript) Code: Running the example: But you should have a basic idea of the framework by now, we just scratched the surface. If you enjoy what you just saw and want to learn more, please follow the below links: Examples: Middleware: Home Page:

Package p9p implements a compliant 9P2000 client and server library for use in modern, production Go services. This package differentiates itself in that is has departed from the plan 9 implementation primitives and better follows idiomatic Go style. The package revolves around the session type, which is an enumeration of raw 9p message calls. A few calls, such as flush and version, have been elided, defering their usage to the server implementation. Sessions can be trivially proxied through clients and servers. The best place to get started is with Serve. Serve can be provided a connection and a handler. A typical implementation will call Serve as part of a listen/accept loop. As each network connection is created, Serve can be called with a handler for the specific connection. The handler can be implemented with a Session via the Dispatch function or can generate sessions for dispatch in response to client messages. (See cmd/9ps for an example) On the client side, NewSession provides a 9p session from a connection. After a version negotiation, methods can be called on the session, in parallel, and calls will be sent over the connection. Call timeouts can be controlled via the context provided to each method call. This package has the beginning of a nice client-server framework for working with 9p. Some of the abstractions aren't entirely fleshed out, but most of this can center around the Handler. Missing from this are a number of tools for implementing 9p servers. The most glaring are directory read and walk helpers. Other, more complex additions might be a system to manage in memory filesystem trees that expose multi-user sessions. The largest difference between this package and other 9p packages is simplification of the types needed to implement a server. To avoid confusing bugs and odd behavior, the components are separated by each level of the protocol. One example is that requests and responses are separated and they no longer hold mutable state. This means that framing, transport management, encoding, and dispatching are componentized. Little work will be required to swap out encodings, transports or connection implementations. This package has been wired from top to bottom to support context-based resource management. Everything from startup to shutdown can have timeouts using contexts. Not all close methods are fully in place, but we are very close to having controlled, predictable cleanup for both servers and clients. Timeouts can be very granular or very course, depending on the context of the timeout. For example, it is very easy to set a short timeout for a stat call but a long timeout for reading data. Currently, there is not multiversion support. The hooks and functionality are in place to add multi-version support. Generally, the correct space to do this is in the codec. Types, such as Dir, simply need to be extended to support the possibility of extra fields. The real question to ask here is what is the role of the version number in the 9p protocol. It really comes down to the level of support required. Do we just need it at the protocol level, or do handlers and sessions need to be have differently based on negotiated versions? This package has a number of TODOs to make it easier to use. Most of the existing code provides a solid base to work from. Don't be discouraged by the sawdust. In addition, the testing is embarassingly lacking. With time, we can get full testing going and ensure we have confidence in the implementation.

Package ion provides a beautifully expressive and easy to use foundation for your next website, API, or distributed app. Source code and other details for the project are available at GitHub: 1.1.0 The only requirement is the Go Programming Language, at least version 1.8.x Example code: You can listen to a server using any type of net.Listener or http.Server instance. The method for initialization of the server should be passed at the end, via `Run` function. Below you'll read some usage examples: UNIX and BSD hosts can take advandage of the reuse port feature. Example code: That's all with listening, you have the full control when you need it. Let's continue by learning how to catch CONTROL+C/COMMAND+C or unix kill command and shutdown the server gracefuly. In order to manually manage what to do when app is interrupted, we have to disable the default behavior with the option `WithoutInterruptHandler` and register a new interrupt handler (globally, across all possible hosts). Example code: Read more about listening and gracefully shutdown by navigating to: All HTTP methods are supported, developers can also register handlers for same paths for different methods. The first parameter is the HTTP Method, second parameter is the request path of the route, third variadic parameter should contains one or more context.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: In order to make things easier for the user, ion provides functions for all HTTP Methods. The first parameter is the request path of the route, second variadic parameter should contains one or more context.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: A set of routes that are being groupped by path prefix can (optionally) share the same middleware handlers and template layout. A group can have a nested group too. `.Party` is being used to group routes, developers can declare an unlimited number of (nested) groups. Example code: ion developers are able to register their own handlers for http statuses like 404 not found, 500 internal server error and so on. Example code: With the help of ion's expressionist router you can build any form of API you desire, with safety. Example code: At the previous example, we've seen static routes, group of routes, subdomains, wildcard subdomains, a small example of parameterized path with a single known paramete and custom http errors, now it's time to see wildcard parameters and macros. ion, like net/http std package registers route's handlers by a Handler, the ion' type of handler is just a func(ctx context.Context) where context comes from github.com/get-ion/ion/context. Until go 1.9 you will have to import that package too, after go 1.9 this will be not be necessary. ion has the easiest and the most powerful routing process you have ever meet. At the same time, ion has its own interpeter(yes like a programming language) for route's path syntax and their dynamic path parameters parsing and evaluation, I am calling them "macros" for shortcut. How? It calculates its needs and if not any special regexp needed then it just registers the route with the low-level path syntax, otherwise it pre-compiles the regexp and adds the necessary middleware(s). Standard macro types for parameters: if type is missing then parameter's type is defaulted to string, so {param} == {param:string}. If a function not found on that type then the "string"'s types functions are being used. i.e: Besides the fact that ion provides the basic types and some default "macro funcs" you are able to register your own too!. Register a named path parameter function: at the func(argument ...) you can have any standard type, it will be validated before the server starts so don't care about performance here, the only thing it runs at serve time is the returning func(paramValue string) bool. Example code: A path parameter name should contain only alphabetical letters, symbols, containing '_' and numbers are NOT allowed. If route failed to be registered, the app will panic without any warnings if you didn't catch the second return value(error) on .Handle/.Get.... Last, do not confuse ctx.Values() with ctx.Params(). Path parameter's values goes to ctx.Params() and context's local storage that can be used to communicate between handlers and middleware(s) goes to ctx.Values(), path parameters and the rest of any custom values are separated for your own good. Run Static Files Example code: More examples can be found here: https://github.com/get-ion/ion/tree/master/_examples/beginner/file-server Middleware is just a concept of ordered chain of handlers. Middleware can be registered globally, per-party, per-subdomain and per-route. Example code: ion is able to wrap and convert any external, third-party Handler you used to use to your web application. Let's convert the https://github.com/rs/cors net/http external middleware which returns a `next form` handler. Example code: ion supports 5 template engines out-of-the-box, developers can still use any external golang template engine, as `context.ResponseWriter()` is an `io.Writer`. All of these five template engines have common features with common API, like Layout, Template Funcs, Party-specific layout, partial rendering and more. Example code: View engine supports bundled(https://github.com/jteeuwen/go-bindata) template files too. go-bindata gives you two functions, asset and assetNames, these can be setted to each of the template engines using the `.Binary` func. Example code: A real example can be found here: https://github.com/get-ion/ion/tree/master/_examples/view/embedding-templates-into-app. Enable auto-reloading of templates on each request. Useful while developers are in dev mode as they no neeed to restart their app on every template edit. Example code: Note: In case you're wondering, the code behind the view engines derives from the "github.com/get-ion/ion/view" package, access to the engines' variables can be granded by "github.com/get-ion/ion" package too. Each one of these template engines has different options located here: https://github.com/get-ion/ion/tree/master/view . This example will show how to store and access data from a session. You don’t need any third-party library, but If you want you can use any session manager compatible or not. In this example we will only allow authenticated users to view our secret message on the /secret page. To get access to it, the will first have to visit /login to get a valid session cookie, which logs him in. Additionally he can visit /logout to revoke his access to our secret message. Example code: Running the example: More examples: In this example we will create a small chat between web sockets via browser. Example Server Code: Example Client(javascript) Code: Running the example: But you should have a basic idea of the framework by now, we just scratched the surface. If you enjoy what you just saw and want to learn more, please follow the below links: Examples: Built'n Middleware: Home Page:

Package iris is a fully-featured HTTP/2 backend web framework written entirely in Google’s Go Language. Source code and other details for the project are available at GitHub: The only requirement is the Go Programming Language, at least version 1.8 Example code: All HTTP methods are supported, developers can also register handlers for same paths for different methods. The first parameter is the HTTP Method, second parameter is the request path of the route, third variadic parameter should contains one or more context.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: In order to make things easier for the user, Iris provides functions for all HTTP Methods. The first parameter is the request path of the route, second variadic parameter should contains one or more context.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: A set of routes that are being groupped by path prefix can (optionally) share the same middleware handlers and template layout. A group can have a nested group too. `.Party` is being used to group routes, developers can declare an unlimited number of (nested) groups. Example code: Iris developers are able to register their own handlers for http statuses like 404 not found, 500 internal server error and so on. Example code: With the help of Iris's expressionist router you can build any form of API you desire, with safety. Example code: At the previous example, we've seen static routes, group of routes, subdomains, wildcard subdomains, a small example of parameterized path with a single known paramete and custom http errors, now it's time to see wildcard parameters and macros. Iris, like net/http std package registers route's handlers by a Handler, the Iris' type of handler is just a func(ctx context.Context) where context comes from github.com/kataras/iris/context. Until go 1.9 you will have to import that package too, after go 1.9 this will be not be necessary. Iris has the easiest and the most powerful routing process you have ever meet. At the same time, Iris has its own interpeter(yes like a programming language) for route's path syntax and their dynamic path parameters parsing and evaluation, I am calling them "macros" for shortcut. How? It calculates its needs and if not any special regexp needed then it just registers the route with the low-level path syntax, otherwise it pre-compiles the regexp and adds the necessary middleware(s). Standard macro types for parameters: if type is missing then parameter's type is defaulted to string, so {param} == {param:string}. If a function not found on that type then the "string"'s types functions are being used. i.e: Besides the fact that Iris provides the basic types and some default "macro funcs" you are able to register your own too!. Register a named path parameter function: at the func(argument ...) you can have any standard type, it will be validated before the server starts so don't care about performance here, the only thing it runs at serve time is the returning func(paramValue string) bool. Example code: A path parameter name should contain only alphabetical letters, symbols, containing '_' and numbers are NOT allowed. If route failed to be registered, the app will panic without any warnings if you didn't catch the second return value(error) on .Handle/.Get.... Last, do not confuse ctx.Values() with ctx.Params(). Path parameter's values goes to ctx.Params() and context's local storage that can be used to communicate between handlers and middleware(s) goes to ctx.Values(), path parameters and the rest of any custom values are separated for your own good. Run Static Files Example code: More examples can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/beginner/file-server Middleware is just a concept of ordered chain of handlers. Middleware can be registered globally, per-party, per-subdomain and per-route. Example code: Iris is able to wrap and convert any external, third-party Handler you used to use to your web application. Let's convert the https://github.com/rs/cors net/http external middleware which returns a `next form` handler. Example code: Iris supports 5 template engines out-of-the-box, developers can still use any external golang template engine, as `context.ResponseWriter()` is an `io.Writer`. All of these five template engines have common features with common API, like Layout, Template Funcs, Party-specific layout, partial rendering and more. Example code: View engine supports bundled(https://github.com/jteeuwen/go-bindata) template files too. go-bindata gives you two functions, asset and assetNames, these can be setted to each of the template engines using the `.Binary` func. Example code: A real example can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/intermediate/view/embedding-templates-into-app. Enable auto-reloading of templates on each request. Useful while developers are in dev mode as they no neeed to restart their app on every template edit. Example code: Each one of these template engines has different options located here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/view . This example will show how to store and access data from a session. You don’t need any third-party library, but If you want you can use any session manager compatible or not. In this example we will only allow authenticated users to view our secret message on the /secret page. To get access to it, the will first have to visit /login to get a valid session cookie, which logs him in. Additionally he can visit /logout to revoke his access to our secret message. Example code: Running the example: But you should have a basic idea of the framework by now, we just scratched the surface. If you enjoy what you just saw and want to learn more, please follow the below links: Examples: Built'n Middleware: Community Middleware: Home Page:

Package iris provides a beautifully expressive and easy to use foundation for your next website, API, or distributed app. Source code and other details for the project are available at GitHub: 11.1.1 The only requirement is the Go Programming Language, at least version 1.8 but 1.11.1 and above is highly recommended. Example code: You can start the server(s) listening to any type of `net.Listener` or even `http.Server` instance. The method for initialization of the server should be passed at the end, via `Run` function. Below you'll see some useful examples: UNIX and BSD hosts can take advantage of the reuse port feature. Example code: That's all with listening, you have the full control when you need it. Let's continue by learning how to catch CONTROL+C/COMMAND+C or unix kill command and shutdown the server gracefully. In order to manually manage what to do when app is interrupted, we have to disable the default behavior with the option `WithoutInterruptHandler` and register a new interrupt handler (globally, across all possible hosts). Example code: Access to all hosts that serve your application can be provided by the `Application#Hosts` field, after the `Run` method. But the most common scenario is that you may need access to the host before the `Run` method, there are two ways of gain access to the host supervisor, read below. First way is to use the `app.NewHost` to create a new host and use one of its `Serve` or `Listen` functions to start the application via the `iris#Raw` Runner. Note that this way needs an extra import of the `net/http` package. Example Code: Second, and probably easier way is to use the `host.Configurator`. Note that this method requires an extra import statement of "github.com/kataras/iris/core/host" when using go < 1.9, if you're targeting on go1.9 then you can use the `iris#Supervisor` and omit the extra host import. All common `Runners` we saw earlier (`iris#Addr, iris#Listener, iris#Server, iris#TLS, iris#AutoTLS`) accept a variadic argument of `host.Configurator`, there are just `func(*host.Supervisor)`. Therefore the `Application` gives you the rights to modify the auto-created host supervisor through these. Example Code: Read more about listening and gracefully shutdown by navigating to: All HTTP methods are supported, developers can also register handlers for same paths for different methods. The first parameter is the HTTP Method, second parameter is the request path of the route, third variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: In order to make things easier for the user, iris provides functions for all HTTP Methods. The first parameter is the request path of the route, second variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: A set of routes that are being groupped by path prefix can (optionally) share the same middleware handlers and template layout. A group can have a nested group too. `.Party` is being used to group routes, developers can declare an unlimited number of (nested) groups. Example code: iris developers are able to register their own handlers for http statuses like 404 not found, 500 internal server error and so on. Example code: With the help of iris's expressionist router you can build any form of API you desire, with safety. Example code: At the previous example, we've seen static routes, group of routes, subdomains, wildcard subdomains, a small example of parameterized path with a single known parameter and custom http errors, now it's time to see wildcard parameters and macros. iris, like net/http std package registers route's handlers by a Handler, the iris' type of handler is just a func(ctx iris.Context) where context comes from github.com/kataras/iris/context. Iris has the easiest and the most powerful routing process you have ever meet. At the same time, iris has its own interpeter(yes like a programming language) for route's path syntax and their dynamic path parameters parsing and evaluation, We call them "macros" for shortcut. How? It calculates its needs and if not any special regexp needed then it just registers the route with the low-level path syntax, otherwise it pre-compiles the regexp and adds the necessary middleware(s). Standard macro types for parameters: if type is missing then parameter's type is defaulted to string, so {param} == {param:string}. If a function not found on that type then the "string"'s types functions are being used. i.e: Besides the fact that iris provides the basic types and some default "macro funcs" you are able to register your own too!. Register a named path parameter function: at the func(argument ...) you can have any standard type, it will be validated before the server starts so don't care about performance here, the only thing it runs at serve time is the returning func(paramValue string) bool. Example Code: Last, do not confuse ctx.Values() with ctx.Params(). Path parameter's values goes to ctx.Params() and context's local storage that can be used to communicate between handlers and middleware(s) goes to ctx.Values(), path parameters and the rest of any custom values are separated for your own good. Run Static Files Example code: More examples can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/beginner/file-server Middleware is just a concept of ordered chain of handlers. Middleware can be registered globally, per-party, per-subdomain and per-route. Example code: iris is able to wrap and convert any external, third-party Handler you used to use to your web application. Let's convert the https://github.com/rs/cors net/http external middleware which returns a `next form` handler. Example code: Iris supports 5 template engines out-of-the-box, developers can still use any external golang template engine, as `context/context#ResponseWriter()` is an `io.Writer`. All of these five template engines have common features with common API, like Layout, Template Funcs, Party-specific layout, partial rendering and more. Example code: View engine supports bundled(https://github.com/shuLhan/go-bindata) template files too. go-bindata gives you two functions, asset and assetNames, these can be setted to each of the template engines using the `.Binary` func. Example code: A real example can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/view/embedding-templates-into-app. Enable auto-reloading of templates on each request. Useful while developers are in dev mode as they no neeed to restart their app on every template edit. Example code: Note: In case you're wondering, the code behind the view engines derives from the "github.com/kataras/iris/view" package, access to the engines' variables can be granded by "github.com/kataras/iris" package too. Each one of these template engines has different options located here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/view . This example will show how to store and access data from a session. You don’t need any third-party library, but If you want you can use any session manager compatible or not. In this example we will only allow authenticated users to view our secret message on the /secret page. To get access to it, the will first have to visit /login to get a valid session cookie, which logs him in. Additionally he can visit /logout to revoke his access to our secret message. Example code: Running the example: Sessions persistence can be achieved using one (or more) `sessiondb`. Example Code: More examples: In this example we will create a small chat between web sockets via browser. Example Server Code: Example Client(javascript) Code: Running the example: Iris has first-class support for the MVC pattern, you'll not find these stuff anywhere else in the Go world. Example Code: // GetUserBy serves // Method: GET // Resource: http://localhost:8080/user/{username:string} // By is a reserved "keyword" to tell the framework that you're going to // bind path parameters in the function's input arguments, and it also // helps to have "Get" and "GetBy" in the same controller. // // func (c *ExampleController) GetUserBy(username string) mvc.Result { // return mvc.View{ // Name: "user/username.html", // Data: username, // } // } Can use more than one, the factory will make sure that the correct http methods are being registered for each route for this controller, uncomment these if you want: Iris web framework supports Request data, Models, Persistence Data and Binding with the fastest possible execution. Characteristics: All HTTP Methods are supported, for example if want to serve `GET` then the controller should have a function named `Get()`, you can define more than one method function to serve in the same Controller. Register custom controller's struct's methods as handlers with custom paths(even with regex parametermized path) via the `BeforeActivation` custom event callback, per-controller. Example: Persistence data inside your Controller struct (share data between requests) by defining services to the Dependencies or have a `Singleton` controller scope. Share the dependencies between controllers or register them on a parent MVC Application, and ability to modify dependencies per-controller on the `BeforeActivation` optional event callback inside a Controller, i.e Access to the `Context` as a controller's field(no manual binding is neede) i.e `Ctx iris.Context` or via a method's input argument, i.e Models inside your Controller struct (set-ed at the Method function and rendered by the View). You can return models from a controller's method or set a field in the request lifecycle and return that field to another method, in the same request lifecycle. Flow as you used to, mvc application has its own `Router` which is a type of `iris/router.Party`, the standard iris api. `Controllers` can be registered to any `Party`, including Subdomains, the Party's begin and done handlers work as expected. Optional `BeginRequest(ctx)` function to perform any initialization before the method execution, useful to call middlewares or when many methods use the same collection of data. Optional `EndRequest(ctx)` function to perform any finalization after any method executed. Session dynamic dependency via manager's `Start` to the MVC Application, i.e Inheritance, recursively. Access to the dynamic path parameters via the controller's methods' input arguments, no binding is needed. When you use the Iris' default syntax to parse handlers from a controller, you need to suffix the methods with the `By` word, uppercase is a new sub path. Example: Register one or more relative paths and able to get path parameters, i.e Response via output arguments, optionally, i.e Where `any` means everything, from custom structs to standard language's types-. `Result` is an interface which contains only that function: Dispatch(ctx iris.Context) and Get where HTTP Method function(Post, Put, Delete...). Iris has a very powerful and blazing fast MVC support, you can return any value of any type from a method function and it will be sent to the client as expected. * if `string` then it's the body. * if `string` is the second output argument then it's the content type. * if `int` then it's the status code. * if `bool` is false then it throws 404 not found http error by skipping everything else. * if `error` and not nil then (any type) response will be omitted and error's text with a 400 bad request will be rendered instead. * if `(int, error)` and error is not nil then the response result will be the error's text with the status code as `int`. * if `custom struct` or `interface{}` or `slice` or `map` then it will be rendered as json, unless a `string` content type is following. * if `mvc.Result` then it executes its `Dispatch` function, so good design patters can be used to split the model's logic where needed. Examples with good patterns to follow but not intend to be used in production of course can be found at: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/#mvc. By creating components that are independent of one another, developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications. The same (or similar) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user. If you're new to back-end web development read about the MVC architectural pattern first, a good start is that wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller. But you should have a basic idea of the framework by now, we just scratched the surface. If you enjoy what you just saw and want to learn more, please follow the below links: Examples: Middleware: Home Page: Book (in-progress):

Package dragonboat is a multi-group Raft implementation. The NodeHost struct is the facade interface for all features provided by the dragonboat package. Each NodeHost instance, identified by its RaftAddress property, usually runs on a separate host managing its CPU, storage and network resources. Each NodeHost can manage Raft nodes from many different Raft groups known as Raft clusters. Each Raft cluster is identified by its ClusterID Each Raft cluster usually consists of multiple nodes, identified by their NodeID values. Nodes from the same Raft cluster are suppose to be distributed on different NodeHost instances across the network, this brings fault tolerance to node failures as application data stored in such a Raft cluster can be available as long as the majority of its managing NodeHost instances (i.e. its underlying hosts) are available. User applications can leverage the power of the Raft protocol implemented in dragonboat by implementing its IStateMachine component. IStateMachine is defined in github.com/lni/dragonboat/sm. Each cluster node is associated with an IStateMachine instance, it is in charge of updating, querying and snapshotting application data, with minimum exposure to the complexity of the Raft protocol implementation. User applications can use NodeHost's APIs to update the state of their IStateMachine instances, this is called making proposals. Once accepted by the majority nodes of a Raft cluster, the proposal is considered as committed and it will be applied on all member nodes of the Raft cluster. Applications can also make linearizable reads to query the state of their IStateMachine instances. Dragonboat employs the ReadIndex protocol invented by Diego Ongaro to implement linearizable reads. Both read and write operations can be initiated on any member nodes, although initiating from the leader nodes incurs the lowest overhead. Dragonboat guarantees the linearizability of your I/O when interacting with the IStateMachine. In plain English, writes (via making proposal) to your Raft cluster appears to be instantaneous, once a write is completed, all later reads (linearizable read using the ReadIndex protocol as implemented and provided in dragonboat) should return the value of that write or a later write. Once a value is returned by a linearizable read, all later reads should return the same value or the result of a later write. To strictly provide such guarantee, we need to implement the at-most-once semantic required by linearizability. For a client, when it retries the proposal that failed to complete before its deadline during the previous attempt, it has the risk to have the same proposal committed and applied twice into the IStateMachine. Dragonboat prevents this by implementing the client session concept described in Diego Ongaro's PhD thesis. Dragonboat is a feature complete Multi-Group Raft implementation - snapshotting, membership change, leadership transfer and non-voting members are also provided. Dragonboat is also extensively optimized. The Raft protocol implementation is fully pipelined, meaning proposals can start before the completion of previous proposals. This is critical for system throughput in high latency environment. Dragonboat is also fully batched, it batches internal operations whenever possible to maximize system throughput.

Package sdk is the official AWS SDK for the Go programming language. The AWS SDK for Go provides APIs and utilities that developers can use to build Go applications that use AWS services, such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) and Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). The SDK removes the complexity of coding directly against a web service interface. It hides a lot of the lower-level plumbing, such as authentication, request retries, and error handling. The SDK also includes helpful utilities on top of the AWS APIs that add additional capabilities and functionality. For example, the Amazon S3 Download and Upload Manager will automatically split up large objects into multiple parts and transfer them concurrently. See the s3manager package documentation for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/service/s3/s3manager/ Checkout the Getting Started Guide and API Reference Docs detailed the SDK's components and details on each AWS client the SDK supports. The Getting Started Guide provides examples and detailed description of how to get setup with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/welcome.html The API Reference Docs include a detailed breakdown of the SDK's components such as utilities and AWS clients. Use this as a reference of the Go types included with the SDK, such as AWS clients, API operations, and API parameters. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/ The SDK is composed of two main components, SDK core, and service clients. The SDK core packages are all available under the aws package at the root of the SDK. Each client for a supported AWS service is available within its own package under the service folder at the root of the SDK. aws - SDK core, provides common shared types such as Config, Logger, and utilities to make working with API parameters easier. awserr - Provides the error interface that the SDK will use for all errors that occur in the SDK's processing. This includes service API response errors as well. The Error type is made up of a code and message. Cast the SDK's returned error type to awserr.Error and call the Code method to compare returned error to specific error codes. See the package's documentation for additional values that can be extracted such as RequestId. credentials - Provides the types and built in credentials providers the SDK will use to retrieve AWS credentials to make API requests with. Nested under this folder are also additional credentials providers such as stscreds for assuming IAM roles, and ec2rolecreds for EC2 Instance roles. endpoints - Provides the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata for the SDK. Use this to lookup AWS service endpoint information such as which services are in a region, and what regions a service is in. Constants are also provided for all region identifiers, e.g UsWest2RegionID for "us-west-2". session - Provides initial default configuration, and load configuration from external sources such as environment and shared credentials file. request - Provides the API request sending, and retry logic for the SDK. This package also includes utilities for defining your own request retryer, and configuring how the SDK processes the request. service - Clients for AWS services. All services supported by the SDK are available under this folder. The SDK includes the Go types and utilities you can use to make requests to AWS service APIs. Within the service folder at the root of the SDK you'll find a package for each AWS service the SDK supports. All service clients follows a common pattern of creation and usage. When creating a client for an AWS service you'll first need to have a Session value constructed. The Session provides shared configuration that can be shared between your service clients. When service clients are created you can pass in additional configuration via the aws.Config type to override configuration provided by in the Session to create service client instances with custom configuration. Once the service's client is created you can use it to make API requests the AWS service. These clients are safe to use concurrently. In the AWS SDK for Go, you can configure settings for service clients, such as the log level and maximum number of retries. Most settings are optional; however, for each service client, you must specify a region and your credentials. The SDK uses these values to send requests to the correct AWS region and sign requests with the correct credentials. You can specify these values as part of a session or as environment variables. See the SDK's configuration guide for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/configuring-sdk.html See the session package documentation for more information on how to use Session with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/session/ See the Config type in the aws package for more information on configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config When using the SDK you'll generally need your AWS credentials to authenticate with AWS services. The SDK supports multiple methods of supporting these credentials. By default the SDK will source credentials automatically from its default credential chain. See the session package for more information on this chain, and how to configure it. The common items in the credential chain are the following: Environment Credentials - Set of environment variables that are useful when sub processes are created for specific roles. Shared Credentials file (~/.aws/credentials) - This file stores your credentials based on a profile name and is useful for local development. EC2 Instance Role Credentials - Use EC2 Instance Role to assign credentials to application running on an EC2 instance. This removes the need to manage credential files in production. Credentials can be configured in code as well by setting the Config's Credentials value to a custom provider or using one of the providers included with the SDK to bypass the default credential chain and use a custom one. This is helpful when you want to instruct the SDK to only use a specific set of credentials or providers. This example creates a credential provider for assuming an IAM role, "myRoleARN" and configures the S3 service client to use that role for API requests. See the credentials package documentation for more information on credential providers included with the SDK, and how to customize the SDK's usage of credentials. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/credentials The SDK has support for the shared configuration file (~/.aws/config). This support can be enabled by setting the environment variable, "AWS_SDK_LOAD_CONFIG=1", or enabling the feature in code when creating a Session via the Option's SharedConfigState parameter. In addition to the credentials you'll need to specify the region the SDK will use to make AWS API requests to. In the SDK you can specify the region either with an environment variable, or directly in code when a Session or service client is created. The last value specified in code wins if the region is specified multiple ways. To set the region via the environment variable set the "AWS_REGION" to the region you want to the SDK to use. Using this method to set the region will allow you to run your application in multiple regions without needing additional code in the application to select the region. The endpoints package includes constants for all regions the SDK knows. The values are all suffixed with RegionID. These values are helpful, because they reduce the need to type the region string manually. To set the region on a Session use the aws package's Config struct parameter Region to the AWS region you want the service clients created from the session to use. This is helpful when you want to create multiple service clients, and all of the clients make API requests to the same region. See the endpoints package for the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/endpoints/ In addition to setting the region when creating a Session you can also set the region on a per service client bases. This overrides the region of a Session. This is helpful when you want to create service clients in specific regions different from the Session's region. See the Config type in the aws package for more information and additional options such as setting the Endpoint, and other service client configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config Once the client is created you can make an API request to the service. Each API method takes a input parameter, and returns the service response and an error. The SDK provides methods for making the API call in multiple ways. In this list we'll use the S3 ListObjects API as an example for the different ways of making API requests. ListObjects - Base API operation that will make the API request to the service. ListObjectsRequest - API methods suffixed with Request will construct the API request, but not send it. This is also helpful when you want to get a presigned URL for a request, and share the presigned URL instead of your application making the request directly. ListObjectsPages - Same as the base API operation, but uses a callback to automatically handle pagination of the API's response. ListObjectsWithContext - Same as base API operation, but adds support for the Context pattern. This is helpful for controlling the canceling of in flight requests. See the Go standard library context package for more information. This method also takes request package's Option functional options as the variadic argument for modifying how the request will be made, or extracting information from the raw HTTP response. ListObjectsPagesWithContext - same as ListObjectsPages, but adds support for the Context pattern. Similar to ListObjectsWithContext this method also takes the request package's Option function option types as the variadic argument. In addition to the API operations the SDK also includes several higher level methods that abstract checking for and waiting for an AWS resource to be in a desired state. In this list we'll use WaitUntilBucketExists to demonstrate the different forms of waiters. WaitUntilBucketExists. - Method to make API request to query an AWS service for a resource's state. Will return successfully when that state is accomplished. WaitUntilBucketExistsWithContext - Same as WaitUntilBucketExists, but adds support for the Context pattern. In addition these methods take request package's WaiterOptions to configure the waiter, and how underlying request will be made by the SDK. The API method will document which error codes the service might return for the operation. These errors will also be available as const strings prefixed with "ErrCode" in the service client's package. If there are no errors listed in the API's SDK documentation you'll need to consult the AWS service's API documentation for the errors that could be returned. Pagination helper methods are suffixed with "Pages", and provide the functionality needed to round trip API page requests. Pagination methods take a callback function that will be called for each page of the API's response. Waiter helper methods provide the functionality to wait for an AWS resource state. These methods abstract the logic needed to to check the state of an AWS resource, and wait until that resource is in a desired state. The waiter will block until the resource is in the state that is desired, an error occurs, or the waiter times out. If a resource times out the error code returned will be request.WaiterResourceNotReadyErrorCode. This example shows a complete working Go file which will upload a file to S3 and use the Context pattern to implement timeout logic that will cancel the request if it takes too long. This example highlights how to use sessions, create a service client, make a request, handle the error, and process the response.

Package crowd provides user and session management for applications where users are identified by a session ID or HTTP cookie. For a basic usage example see the file example/main.go. This is how you would use the Store methods in net/http HandlerFuncs. (Code shortened for this example.)

Package dragonboat is a multi-group Raft implementation. The NodeHost struct is the facade interface for all features provided by the dragonboat package. Each NodeHost instance, identified by its RaftAddress property, usually runs on a separate host managing its CPU, storage and network resources. Each NodeHost can manage Raft nodes from many different Raft groups known as Raft clusters. Each Raft cluster is identified by its ClusterID Each Raft cluster usually consists of multiple nodes, identified by their NodeID values. Nodes from the same Raft cluster are suppose to be distributed on different NodeHost instances across the network, this brings fault tolerance to node failures as application data stored in such a Raft cluster can be available as long as the majority of its managing NodeHost instances (i.e. its underlying hosts) are available. User applications can leverage the power of the Raft protocol implemented in dragonboat by implementing its IStateMachine component. IStateMachine is defined in github.com/lni/dragonboat/statemachine. Each cluster node is associated with an IStateMachine instance, it is in charge of updating, querying and snapshotting application data, with minimum exposure to the complexity of the Raft protocol implementation. User applications can use NodeHost's APIs to update the state of their IStateMachine instances, this is called making proposals. Once accepted by the majority nodes of a Raft cluster, the proposal is considered as committed and it will be applied on all member nodes of the Raft cluster. Applications can also make linearizable reads to query the state of their IStateMachine instances. Dragonboat employs the ReadIndex protocol invented by Diego Ongaro to implement linearizable reads. Both read and write operations can be initiated on any member nodes, although initiating from the leader nodes incurs the lowest overhead. Dragonboat guarantees the linearizability of your I/O when interacting with the IStateMachine. In plain English, writes (via making proposal) to your Raft cluster appears to be instantaneous, once a write is completed, all later reads (linearizable read using the ReadIndex protocol as implemented and provided in dragonboat) should return the value of that write or a later write. Once a value is returned by a linearizable read, all later reads should return the same value or the result of a later write. To strictly provide such guarantee, we need to implement the at-most-once semantic required by linearizability. For a client, when it retries the proposal that failed to complete before its deadline during the previous attempt, it has the risk to have the same proposal committed and applied twice into the IStateMachine. Dragonboat prevents this by implementing the client session concept described in Diego Ongaro's PhD thesis. Dragonboat is a feature complete Multi-Group Raft implementation - snapshotting, membership change, leadership transfer and non-voting members are also provided. Dragonboat is also extensively optimized. The Raft protocol implementation is fully pipelined, meaning proposals can start before the completion of previous proposals. This is critical for system throughput in high latency environment. Dragonboat is also fully batched, it batches internal operations whenever possible to maximize system throughput.

This package is the root package of the govmomi library. The library is structured as follows: The minimal usable functionality is available through the vim25 package. It contains subpackages that contain generated types, managed objects, and all available methods. The vim25 package is entirely independent of the other packages in the govmomi tree -- it has no dependencies on its peers. The vim25 package itself contains a client structure that is passed around throughout the entire library. It abstracts a session and its immutable state. See the vim25 package for more information. The session package contains an abstraction for the session manager that allows a user to login and logout. It also provides access to the current session (i.e. to determine if the user is in fact logged in) The object package contains wrappers for a selection of managed objects. The constructors of these objects all take a *vim25.Client, which they pass along to derived objects, if applicable. The govc package contains the govc CLI. The code in this tree is not intended to be used as a library. Any functionality that govc contains that _could_ be used as a library function but isn't, _should_ live in a root level package. Other packages, such as "event", "guest", or "license", provide wrappers for the respective subsystems. They are typically not needed in normal workflows so are kept outside the object package.

This package is the root package of the govmomi library. The library is structured as follows: The minimal usable functionality is available through the vim25 package. It contains subpackages that contain generated types, managed objects, and all available methods. The vim25 package is entirely independent of the other packages in the govmomi tree -- it has no dependencies on its peers. The vim25 package itself contains a client structure that is passed around throughout the entire library. It abstracts a session and its immutable state. See the vim25 package for more information. The session package contains an abstraction for the session manager that allows a user to login and logout. It also provides access to the current session (i.e. to determine if the user is in fact logged in) The object package contains wrappers for a selection of managed objects. The constructors of these objects all take a *vim25.Client, which they pass along to derived objects, if applicable. The govc package contains the govc CLI. The code in this tree is not intended to be used as a library. Any functionality that govc contains that _could_ be used as a library function but isn't, _should_ live in a root level package. Other packages, such as "event", "guest", or "license", provide wrappers for the respective subsystems. They are typically not needed in normal workflows so are kept outside the object package.

Package sdk is the official AWS SDK for the Go programming language. The AWS SDK for Go provides APIs and utilities that developers can use to build Go applications that use AWS services, such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) and Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). The SDK removes the complexity of coding directly against a web service interface. It hides a lot of the lower-level plumbing, such as authentication, request retries, and error handling. The SDK also includes helpful utilities on top of the AWS APIs that add additional capabilities and functionality. For example, the Amazon S3 Download and Upload Manager will automatically split up large objects into multiple parts and transfer them concurrently. See the s3manager package documentation for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/service/s3/s3manager/ Checkout the Getting Started Guide and API Reference Docs detailed the SDK's components and details on each AWS client the SDK supports. The Getting Started Guide provides examples and detailed description of how to get setup with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/welcome.html The API Reference Docs include a detailed breakdown of the SDK's components such as utilities and AWS clients. Use this as a reference of the Go types included with the SDK, such as AWS clients, API operations, and API parameters. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/ The SDK is composed of two main components, SDK core, and service clients. The SDK core packages are all available under the aws package at the root of the SDK. Each client for a supported AWS service is available within its own package under the service folder at the root of the SDK. aws - SDK core, provides common shared types such as Config, Logger, and utilities to make working with API parameters easier. awserr - Provides the error interface that the SDK will use for all errors that occur in the SDK's processing. This includes service API response errors as well. The Error type is made up of a code and message. Cast the SDK's returned error type to awserr.Error and call the Code method to compare returned error to specific error codes. See the package's documentation for additional values that can be extracted such as RequestId. credentials - Provides the types and built in credentials providers the SDK will use to retrieve AWS credentials to make API requests with. Nested under this folder are also additional credentials providers such as stscreds for assuming IAM roles, and ec2rolecreds for EC2 Instance roles. endpoints - Provides the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata for the SDK. Use this to lookup AWS service endpoint information such as which services are in a region, and what regions a service is in. Constants are also provided for all region identifiers, e.g UsWest2RegionID for "us-west-2". session - Provides initial default configuration, and load configuration from external sources such as environment and shared credentials file. request - Provides the API request sending, and retry logic for the SDK. This package also includes utilities for defining your own request retryer, and configuring how the SDK processes the request. service - Clients for AWS services. All services supported by the SDK are available under this folder. The SDK includes the Go types and utilities you can use to make requests to AWS service APIs. Within the service folder at the root of the SDK you'll find a package for each AWS service the SDK supports. All service clients follows a common pattern of creation and usage. When creating a client for an AWS service you'll first need to have a Session value constructed. The Session provides shared configuration that can be shared between your service clients. When service clients are created you can pass in additional configuration via the aws.Config type to override configuration provided by in the Session to create service client instances with custom configuration. Once the service's client is created you can use it to make API requests the AWS service. These clients are safe to use concurrently. In the AWS SDK for Go, you can configure settings for service clients, such as the log level and maximum number of retries. Most settings are optional; however, for each service client, you must specify a region and your credentials. The SDK uses these values to send requests to the correct AWS region and sign requests with the correct credentials. You can specify these values as part of a session or as environment variables. See the SDK's configuration guide for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/configuring-sdk.html See the session package documentation for more information on how to use Session with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/session/ See the Config type in the aws package for more information on configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config When using the SDK you'll generally need your AWS credentials to authenticate with AWS services. The SDK supports multiple methods of supporting these credentials. By default the SDK will source credentials automatically from its default credential chain. See the session package for more information on this chain, and how to configure it. The common items in the credential chain are the following: Environment Credentials - Set of environment variables that are useful when sub processes are created for specific roles. Shared Credentials file (~/.aws/credentials) - This file stores your credentials based on a profile name and is useful for local development. EC2 Instance Role Credentials - Use EC2 Instance Role to assign credentials to application running on an EC2 instance. This removes the need to manage credential files in production. Credentials can be configured in code as well by setting the Config's Credentials value to a custom provider or using one of the providers included with the SDK to bypass the default credential chain and use a custom one. This is helpful when you want to instruct the SDK to only use a specific set of credentials or providers. This example creates a credential provider for assuming an IAM role, "myRoleARN" and configures the S3 service client to use that role for API requests. See the credentials package documentation for more information on credential providers included with the SDK, and how to customize the SDK's usage of credentials. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/credentials The SDK has support for the shared configuration file (~/.aws/config). This support can be enabled by setting the environment variable, "AWS_SDK_LOAD_CONFIG=1", or enabling the feature in code when creating a Session via the Option's SharedConfigState parameter. In addition to the credentials you'll need to specify the region the SDK will use to make AWS API requests to. In the SDK you can specify the region either with an environment variable, or directly in code when a Session or service client is created. The last value specified in code wins if the region is specified multiple ways. To set the region via the environment variable set the "AWS_REGION" to the region you want to the SDK to use. Using this method to set the region will allow you to run your application in multiple regions without needing additional code in the application to select the region. The endpoints package includes constants for all regions the SDK knows. The values are all suffixed with RegionID. These values are helpful, because they reduce the need to type the region string manually. To set the region on a Session use the aws package's Config struct parameter Region to the AWS region you want the service clients created from the session to use. This is helpful when you want to create multiple service clients, and all of the clients make API requests to the same region. See the endpoints package for the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/endpoints/ In addition to setting the region when creating a Session you can also set the region on a per service client bases. This overrides the region of a Session. This is helpful when you want to create service clients in specific regions different from the Session's region. See the Config type in the aws package for more information and additional options such as setting the Endpoint, and other service client configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config Once the client is created you can make an API request to the service. Each API method takes a input parameter, and returns the service response and an error. The SDK provides methods for making the API call in multiple ways. In this list we'll use the S3 ListObjects API as an example for the different ways of making API requests. ListObjects - Base API operation that will make the API request to the service. ListObjectsRequest - API methods suffixed with Request will construct the API request, but not send it. This is also helpful when you want to get a presigned URL for a request, and share the presigned URL instead of your application making the request directly. ListObjectsPages - Same as the base API operation, but uses a callback to automatically handle pagination of the API's response. ListObjectsWithContext - Same as base API operation, but adds support for the Context pattern. This is helpful for controlling the canceling of in flight requests. See the Go standard library context package for more information. This method also takes request package's Option functional options as the variadic argument for modifying how the request will be made, or extracting information from the raw HTTP response. ListObjectsPagesWithContext - same as ListObjectsPages, but adds support for the Context pattern. Similar to ListObjectsWithContext this method also takes the request package's Option function option types as the variadic argument. In addition to the API operations the SDK also includes several higher level methods that abstract checking for and waiting for an AWS resource to be in a desired state. In this list we'll use WaitUntilBucketExists to demonstrate the different forms of waiters. WaitUntilBucketExists. - Method to make API request to query an AWS service for a resource's state. Will return successfully when that state is accomplished. WaitUntilBucketExistsWithContext - Same as WaitUntilBucketExists, but adds support for the Context pattern. In addition these methods take request package's WaiterOptions to configure the waiter, and how underlying request will be made by the SDK. The API method will document which error codes the service might return for the operation. These errors will also be available as const strings prefixed with "ErrCode" in the service client's package. If there are no errors listed in the API's SDK documentation you'll need to consult the AWS service's API documentation for the errors that could be returned. Pagination helper methods are suffixed with "Pages", and provide the functionality needed to round trip API page requests. Pagination methods take a callback function that will be called for each page of the API's response. Waiter helper methods provide the functionality to wait for an AWS resource state. These methods abstract the logic needed to to check the state of an AWS resource, and wait until that resource is in a desired state. The waiter will block until the resource is in the state that is desired, an error occurs, or the waiter times out. If a resource times out the error code returned will be request.WaiterResourceNotReadyErrorCode. This example shows a complete working Go file which will upload a file to S3 and use the Context pattern to implement timeout logic that will cancel the request if it takes too long. This example highlights how to use sessions, create a service client, make a request, handle the error, and process the response.

Package iris provides a beautifully expressive and easy to use foundation for your next website, API, or distributed app. Source code and other details for the project are available at GitHub: 8.4.5 The only requirement is the Go Programming Language, at least version 1.8 but 1.9 is highly recommended. Example code: You can start the server(s) listening to any type of `net.Listener` or even `http.Server` instance. The method for initialization of the server should be passed at the end, via `Run` function. Below you'll see some useful examples: UNIX and BSD hosts can take advandage of the reuse port feature. Example code: That's all with listening, you have the full control when you need it. Let's continue by learning how to catch CONTROL+C/COMMAND+C or unix kill command and shutdown the server gracefully. In order to manually manage what to do when app is interrupted, we have to disable the default behavior with the option `WithoutInterruptHandler` and register a new interrupt handler (globally, across all possible hosts). Example code: Access to all hosts that serve your application can be provided by the `Application#Hosts` field, after the `Run` method. But the most common scenario is that you may need access to the host before the `Run` method, there are two ways of gain access to the host supervisor, read below. First way is to use the `app.NewHost` to create a new host and use one of its `Serve` or `Listen` functions to start the application via the `iris#Raw` Runner. Note that this way needs an extra import of the `net/http` package. Example Code: Second, and probably easier way is to use the `host.Configurator`. Note that this method requires an extra import statement of "github.com/kataras/iris/core/host" when using go < 1.9, if you're targeting on go1.9 then you can use the `iris#Supervisor` and omit the extra host import. All common `Runners` we saw earlier (`iris#Addr, iris#Listener, iris#Server, iris#TLS, iris#AutoTLS`) accept a variadic argument of `host.Configurator`, there are just `func(*host.Supervisor)`. Therefore the `Application` gives you the rights to modify the auto-created host supervisor through these. Example Code: Read more about listening and gracefully shutdown by navigating to: All HTTP methods are supported, developers can also register handlers for same paths for different methods. The first parameter is the HTTP Method, second parameter is the request path of the route, third variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: In order to make things easier for the user, iris provides functions for all HTTP Methods. The first parameter is the request path of the route, second variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: A set of routes that are being groupped by path prefix can (optionally) share the same middleware handlers and template layout. A group can have a nested group too. `.Party` is being used to group routes, developers can declare an unlimited number of (nested) groups. Example code: iris developers are able to register their own handlers for http statuses like 404 not found, 500 internal server error and so on. Example code: With the help of iris's expressionist router you can build any form of API you desire, with safety. Example code: Iris has first-class support for the MVC pattern, you'll not find these stuff anywhere else in the Go world. Example Code: Iris web framework supports Request data, Models, Persistence Data and Binding with the fastest possible execution. Characteristics: All HTTP Methods are supported, for example if want to serve `GET` then the controller should have a function named `Get()`, you can define more than one method function to serve in the same Controller struct. Persistence data inside your Controller struct (share data between requests) via `iris:"persistence"` tag right to the field or Bind using `app.Controller("/" , new(myController), theBindValue)`. Models inside your Controller struct (set-ed at the Method function and rendered by the View) via `iris:"model"` tag right to the field, i.e User UserModel `iris:"model" name:"user"` view will recognise it as `{{.user}}`. If `name` tag is missing then it takes the field's name, in this case the `"User"`. Access to the request path and its parameters via the `Path and Params` fields. Access to the template file that should be rendered via the `Tmpl` field. Access to the template data that should be rendered inside the template file via `Data` field. Access to the template layout via the `Layout` field. Access to the low-level `iris.Context` via the `Ctx` field. Get the relative request path by using the controller's name via `RelPath()`. Get the relative template path directory by using the controller's name via `RelTmpl()`. Flow as you used to, `Controllers` can be registered to any `Party`, including Subdomains, the Party's begin and done handlers work as expected. Optional `BeginRequest(ctx)` function to perform any initialization before the method execution, useful to call middlewares or when many methods use the same collection of data. Optional `EndRequest(ctx)` function to perform any finalization after any method executed. Inheritance, recursively, see for example our `mvc.SessionController/iris.SessionController`, it has the `mvc.Controller/iris.Controller` as an embedded field and it adds its logic to its `BeginRequest`. Source file: https://github.com/kataras/iris/blob/master/mvc/session_controller.go. Read access to the current route via the `Route` field. Support for more than one input arguments (map to dynamic request path parameters). Register one or more relative paths and able to get path parameters, i.e By creating components that are independent of one another, developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications. The same (or similar) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user. If you're new to back-end web development read about the MVC architectural pattern first, a good start is that wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller. Follow the examples below, - Hello world: https://github.com/kataras/iris/blob/master/_examples/mvc/hello-world/main.go - Session Controller usage: https://github.com/kataras/iris/blob/master/_examples/mvc/session-controller/main.go - A simple but featured Controller with model and views: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/mvc/controller-with-model-and-view At the previous example, we've seen static routes, group of routes, subdomains, wildcard subdomains, a small example of parameterized path with a single known parameter and custom http errors, now it's time to see wildcard parameters and macros. iris, like net/http std package registers route's handlers by a Handler, the iris' type of handler is just a func(ctx iris.Context) where context comes from github.com/kataras/iris/context. Iris has the easiest and the most powerful routing process you have ever meet. At the same time, iris has its own interpeter(yes like a programming language) for route's path syntax and their dynamic path parameters parsing and evaluation, We call them "macros" for shortcut. How? It calculates its needs and if not any special regexp needed then it just registers the route with the low-level path syntax, otherwise it pre-compiles the regexp and adds the necessary middleware(s). Standard macro types for parameters: if type is missing then parameter's type is defaulted to string, so {param} == {param:string}. If a function not found on that type then the "string"'s types functions are being used. i.e: Besides the fact that iris provides the basic types and some default "macro funcs" you are able to register your own too!. Register a named path parameter function: at the func(argument ...) you can have any standard type, it will be validated before the server starts so don't care about performance here, the only thing it runs at serve time is the returning func(paramValue string) bool. Example Code: A path parameter name should contain only alphabetical letters, symbols, containing '_' and numbers are NOT allowed. If route failed to be registered, the app will panic without any warnings if you didn't catch the second return value(error) on .Handle/.Get.... Last, do not confuse ctx.Values() with ctx.Params(). Path parameter's values goes to ctx.Params() and context's local storage that can be used to communicate between handlers and middleware(s) goes to ctx.Values(), path parameters and the rest of any custom values are separated for your own good. Run Static Files Example code: More examples can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/beginner/file-server Middleware is just a concept of ordered chain of handlers. Middleware can be registered globally, per-party, per-subdomain and per-route. Example code: iris is able to wrap and convert any external, third-party Handler you used to use to your web application. Let's convert the https://github.com/rs/cors net/http external middleware which returns a `next form` handler. Example code: Iris supports 5 template engines out-of-the-box, developers can still use any external golang template engine, as `context/context#ResponseWriter()` is an `io.Writer`. All of these five template engines have common features with common API, like Layout, Template Funcs, Party-specific layout, partial rendering and more. Example code: View engine supports bundled(https://github.com/jteeuwen/go-bindata) template files too. go-bindata gives you two functions, asset and assetNames, these can be setted to each of the template engines using the `.Binary` func. Example code: A real example can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/view/embedding-templates-into-app. Enable auto-reloading of templates on each request. Useful while developers are in dev mode as they no neeed to restart their app on every template edit. Example code: Note: In case you're wondering, the code behind the view engines derives from the "github.com/kataras/iris/view" package, access to the engines' variables can be granded by "github.com/kataras/iris" package too. Each one of these template engines has different options located here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/view . This example will show how to store and access data from a session. You don’t need any third-party library, but If you want you can use any session manager compatible or not. In this example we will only allow authenticated users to view our secret message on the /secret page. To get access to it, the will first have to visit /login to get a valid session cookie, which logs him in. Additionally he can visit /logout to revoke his access to our secret message. Example code: Running the example: Sessions persistence can be achieved using one (or more) `sessiondb`. Example Code: More examples: In this example we will create a small chat between web sockets via browser. Example Server Code: Example Client(javascript) Code: Running the example: But you should have a basic idea of the framework by now, we just scratched the surface. If you enjoy what you just saw and want to learn more, please follow the below links: Examples: Middleware: Home Page: Book (in-progress):

Package sdk is the official AWS SDK for the Go programming language. The AWS SDK for Go provides APIs and utilities that developers can use to build Go applications that use AWS services, such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) and Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). The SDK removes the complexity of coding directly against a web service interface. It hides a lot of the lower-level plumbing, such as authentication, request retries, and error handling. The SDK also includes helpful utilities on top of the AWS APIs that add additional capabilities and functionality. For example, the Amazon S3 Download and Upload Manager will automatically split up large objects into multiple parts and transfer them concurrently. See the s3manager package documentation for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/service/s3/s3manager/ Checkout the Getting Started Guide and API Reference Docs detailed the SDK's components and details on each AWS client the SDK supports. The Getting Started Guide provides examples and detailed description of how to get setup with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/welcome.html The API Reference Docs include a detailed breakdown of the SDK's components such as utilities and AWS clients. Use this as a reference of the Go types included with the SDK, such as AWS clients, API operations, and API parameters. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/ The SDK is composed of two main components, SDK core, and service clients. The SDK core packages are all available under the aws package at the root of the SDK. Each client for a supported AWS service is available within its own package under the service folder at the root of the SDK. aws - SDK core, provides common shared types such as Config, Logger, and utilities to make working with API parameters easier. awserr - Provides the error interface that the SDK will use for all errors that occur in the SDK's processing. This includes service API response errors as well. The Error type is made up of a code and message. Cast the SDK's returned error type to awserr.Error and call the Code method to compare returned error to specific error codes. See the package's documentation for additional values that can be extracted such as RequestId. credentials - Provides the types and built in credentials providers the SDK will use to retrieve AWS credentials to make API requests with. Nested under this folder are also additional credentials providers such as stscreds for assuming IAM roles, and ec2rolecreds for EC2 Instance roles. endpoints - Provides the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata for the SDK. Use this to lookup AWS service endpoint information such as which services are in a region, and what regions a service is in. Constants are also provided for all region identifiers, e.g UsWest2RegionID for "us-west-2". session - Provides initial default configuration, and load configuration from external sources such as environment and shared credentials file. request - Provides the API request sending, and retry logic for the SDK. This package also includes utilities for defining your own request retryer, and configuring how the SDK processes the request. service - Clients for AWS services. All services supported by the SDK are available under this folder. The SDK includes the Go types and utilities you can use to make requests to AWS service APIs. Within the service folder at the root of the SDK you'll find a package for each AWS service the SDK supports. All service clients follows a common pattern of creation and usage. When creating a client for an AWS service you'll first need to have a Session value constructed. The Session provides shared configuration that can be shared between your service clients. When service clients are created you can pass in additional configuration via the aws.Config type to override configuration provided by in the Session to create service client instances with custom configuration. Once the service's client is created you can use it to make API requests the AWS service. These clients are safe to use concurrently. In the AWS SDK for Go, you can configure settings for service clients, such as the log level and maximum number of retries. Most settings are optional; however, for each service client, you must specify a region and your credentials. The SDK uses these values to send requests to the correct AWS region and sign requests with the correct credentials. You can specify these values as part of a session or as environment variables. See the SDK's configuration guide for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/configuring-sdk.html See the session package documentation for more information on how to use Session with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/session/ See the Config type in the aws package for more information on configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config When using the SDK you'll generally need your AWS credentials to authenticate with AWS services. The SDK supports multiple methods of supporting these credentials. By default the SDK will source credentials automatically from its default credential chain. See the session package for more information on this chain, and how to configure it. The common items in the credential chain are the following: Environment Credentials - Set of environment variables that are useful when sub processes are created for specific roles. Shared Credentials file (~/.aws/credentials) - This file stores your credentials based on a profile name and is useful for local development. EC2 Instance Role Credentials - Use EC2 Instance Role to assign credentials to application running on an EC2 instance. This removes the need to manage credential files in production. Credentials can be configured in code as well by setting the Config's Credentials value to a custom provider or using one of the providers included with the SDK to bypass the default credential chain and use a custom one. This is helpful when you want to instruct the SDK to only use a specific set of credentials or providers. This example creates a credential provider for assuming an IAM role, "myRoleARN" and configures the S3 service client to use that role for API requests. See the credentials package documentation for more information on credential providers included with the SDK, and how to customize the SDK's usage of credentials. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/credentials The SDK has support for the shared configuration file (~/.aws/config). This support can be enabled by setting the environment variable, "AWS_SDK_LOAD_CONFIG=1", or enabling the feature in code when creating a Session via the Option's SharedConfigState parameter. In addition to the credentials you'll need to specify the region the SDK will use to make AWS API requests to. In the SDK you can specify the region either with an environment variable, or directly in code when a Session or service client is created. The last value specified in code wins if the region is specified multiple ways. To set the region via the environment variable set the "AWS_REGION" to the region you want to the SDK to use. Using this method to set the region will allow you to run your application in multiple regions without needing additional code in the application to select the region. The endpoints package includes constants for all regions the SDK knows. The values are all suffixed with RegionID. These values are helpful, because they reduce the need to type the region string manually. To set the region on a Session use the aws package's Config struct parameter Region to the AWS region you want the service clients created from the session to use. This is helpful when you want to create multiple service clients, and all of the clients make API requests to the same region. See the endpoints package for the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/endpoints/ In addition to setting the region when creating a Session you can also set the region on a per service client bases. This overrides the region of a Session. This is helpful when you want to create service clients in specific regions different from the Session's region. See the Config type in the aws package for more information and additional options such as setting the Endpoint, and other service client configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config Once the client is created you can make an API request to the service. Each API method takes a input parameter, and returns the service response and an error. The SDK provides methods for making the API call in multiple ways. In this list we'll use the S3 ListObjects API as an example for the different ways of making API requests. ListObjects - Base API operation that will make the API request to the service. ListObjectsRequest - API methods suffixed with Request will construct the API request, but not send it. This is also helpful when you want to get a presigned URL for a request, and share the presigned URL instead of your application making the request directly. ListObjectsPages - Same as the base API operation, but uses a callback to automatically handle pagination of the API's response. ListObjectsWithContext - Same as base API operation, but adds support for the Context pattern. This is helpful for controlling the canceling of in flight requests. See the Go standard library context package for more information. This method also takes request package's Option functional options as the variadic argument for modifying how the request will be made, or extracting information from the raw HTTP response. ListObjectsPagesWithContext - same as ListObjectsPages, but adds support for the Context pattern. Similar to ListObjectsWithContext this method also takes the request package's Option function option types as the variadic argument. In addition to the API operations the SDK also includes several higher level methods that abstract checking for and waiting for an AWS resource to be in a desired state. In this list we'll use WaitUntilBucketExists to demonstrate the different forms of waiters. WaitUntilBucketExists. - Method to make API request to query an AWS service for a resource's state. Will return successfully when that state is accomplished. WaitUntilBucketExistsWithContext - Same as WaitUntilBucketExists, but adds support for the Context pattern. In addition these methods take request package's WaiterOptions to configure the waiter, and how underlying request will be made by the SDK. The API method will document which error codes the service might return for the operation. These errors will also be available as const strings prefixed with "ErrCode" in the service client's package. If there are no errors listed in the API's SDK documentation you'll need to consult the AWS service's API documentation for the errors that could be returned. Pagination helper methods are suffixed with "Pages", and provide the functionality needed to round trip API page requests. Pagination methods take a callback function that will be called for each page of the API's response. Waiter helper methods provide the functionality to wait for an AWS resource state. These methods abstract the logic needed to to check the state of an AWS resource, and wait until that resource is in a desired state. The waiter will block until the resource is in the state that is desired, an error occurs, or the waiter times out. If a resource times out the error code returned will be request.WaiterResourceNotReadyErrorCode. This example shows a complete working Go file which will upload a file to S3 and use the Context pattern to implement timeout logic that will cancel the request if it takes too long. This example highlights how to use sessions, create a service client, make a request, handle the error, and process the response.

Package iris provides a beautifully expressive and easy to use foundation for your next website, API, or distributed app. Source code and other details for the project are available at GitHub: 10.7.0 The only requirement is the Go Programming Language, at least version 1.8 but 1.10 and above is highly recommended. Example code: You can start the server(s) listening to any type of `net.Listener` or even `http.Server` instance. The method for initialization of the server should be passed at the end, via `Run` function. Below you'll see some useful examples: UNIX and BSD hosts can take advantage of the reuse port feature. Example code: That's all with listening, you have the full control when you need it. Let's continue by learning how to catch CONTROL+C/COMMAND+C or unix kill command and shutdown the server gracefully. In order to manually manage what to do when app is interrupted, we have to disable the default behavior with the option `WithoutInterruptHandler` and register a new interrupt handler (globally, across all possible hosts). Example code: Access to all hosts that serve your application can be provided by the `Application#Hosts` field, after the `Run` method. But the most common scenario is that you may need access to the host before the `Run` method, there are two ways of gain access to the host supervisor, read below. First way is to use the `app.NewHost` to create a new host and use one of its `Serve` or `Listen` functions to start the application via the `iris#Raw` Runner. Note that this way needs an extra import of the `net/http` package. Example Code: Second, and probably easier way is to use the `host.Configurator`. Note that this method requires an extra import statement of "github.com/kataras/iris/core/host" when using go < 1.9, if you're targeting on go1.9 then you can use the `iris#Supervisor` and omit the extra host import. All common `Runners` we saw earlier (`iris#Addr, iris#Listener, iris#Server, iris#TLS, iris#AutoTLS`) accept a variadic argument of `host.Configurator`, there are just `func(*host.Supervisor)`. Therefore the `Application` gives you the rights to modify the auto-created host supervisor through these. Example Code: Read more about listening and gracefully shutdown by navigating to: All HTTP methods are supported, developers can also register handlers for same paths for different methods. The first parameter is the HTTP Method, second parameter is the request path of the route, third variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: In order to make things easier for the user, iris provides functions for all HTTP Methods. The first parameter is the request path of the route, second variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: A set of routes that are being groupped by path prefix can (optionally) share the same middleware handlers and template layout. A group can have a nested group too. `.Party` is being used to group routes, developers can declare an unlimited number of (nested) groups. Example code: iris developers are able to register their own handlers for http statuses like 404 not found, 500 internal server error and so on. Example code: With the help of iris's expressionist router you can build any form of API you desire, with safety. Example code: At the previous example, we've seen static routes, group of routes, subdomains, wildcard subdomains, a small example of parameterized path with a single known parameter and custom http errors, now it's time to see wildcard parameters and macros. iris, like net/http std package registers route's handlers by a Handler, the iris' type of handler is just a func(ctx iris.Context) where context comes from github.com/kataras/iris/context. Iris has the easiest and the most powerful routing process you have ever meet. At the same time, iris has its own interpeter(yes like a programming language) for route's path syntax and their dynamic path parameters parsing and evaluation, We call them "macros" for shortcut. How? It calculates its needs and if not any special regexp needed then it just registers the route with the low-level path syntax, otherwise it pre-compiles the regexp and adds the necessary middleware(s). Standard macro types for parameters: if type is missing then parameter's type is defaulted to string, so {param} == {param:string}. If a function not found on that type then the "string"'s types functions are being used. i.e: Besides the fact that iris provides the basic types and some default "macro funcs" you are able to register your own too!. Register a named path parameter function: at the func(argument ...) you can have any standard type, it will be validated before the server starts so don't care about performance here, the only thing it runs at serve time is the returning func(paramValue string) bool. Example Code: A path parameter name should contain only alphabetical letters, symbols, containing '_' and numbers are NOT allowed. If route failed to be registered, the app will panic without any warnings if you didn't catch the second return value(error) on .Handle/.Get.... Last, do not confuse ctx.Values() with ctx.Params(). Path parameter's values goes to ctx.Params() and context's local storage that can be used to communicate between handlers and middleware(s) goes to ctx.Values(), path parameters and the rest of any custom values are separated for your own good. Run Static Files Example code: More examples can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/beginner/file-server Middleware is just a concept of ordered chain of handlers. Middleware can be registered globally, per-party, per-subdomain and per-route. Example code: iris is able to wrap and convert any external, third-party Handler you used to use to your web application. Let's convert the https://github.com/rs/cors net/http external middleware which returns a `next form` handler. Example code: Iris supports 5 template engines out-of-the-box, developers can still use any external golang template engine, as `context/context#ResponseWriter()` is an `io.Writer`. All of these five template engines have common features with common API, like Layout, Template Funcs, Party-specific layout, partial rendering and more. Example code: View engine supports bundled(https://github.com/shuLhan/go-bindata) template files too. go-bindata gives you two functions, asset and assetNames, these can be setted to each of the template engines using the `.Binary` func. Example code: A real example can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/view/embedding-templates-into-app. Enable auto-reloading of templates on each request. Useful while developers are in dev mode as they no neeed to restart their app on every template edit. Example code: Note: In case you're wondering, the code behind the view engines derives from the "github.com/kataras/iris/view" package, access to the engines' variables can be granded by "github.com/kataras/iris" package too. Each one of these template engines has different options located here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/view . This example will show how to store and access data from a session. You don’t need any third-party library, but If you want you can use any session manager compatible or not. In this example we will only allow authenticated users to view our secret message on the /secret page. To get access to it, the will first have to visit /login to get a valid session cookie, which logs him in. Additionally he can visit /logout to revoke his access to our secret message. Example code: Running the example: Sessions persistence can be achieved using one (or more) `sessiondb`. Example Code: More examples: In this example we will create a small chat between web sockets via browser. Example Server Code: Example Client(javascript) Code: Running the example: Iris has first-class support for the MVC pattern, you'll not find these stuff anywhere else in the Go world. Example Code: // GetUserBy serves // Method: GET // Resource: http://localhost:8080/user/{username:string} // By is a reserved "keyword" to tell the framework that you're going to // bind path parameters in the function's input arguments, and it also // helps to have "Get" and "GetBy" in the same controller. // // func (c *ExampleController) GetUserBy(username string) mvc.Result { // return mvc.View{ // Name: "user/username.html", // Data: username, // } // } Can use more than one, the factory will make sure that the correct http methods are being registered for each route for this controller, uncomment these if you want: Iris web framework supports Request data, Models, Persistence Data and Binding with the fastest possible execution. Characteristics: All HTTP Methods are supported, for example if want to serve `GET` then the controller should have a function named `Get()`, you can define more than one method function to serve in the same Controller. Register custom controller's struct's methods as handlers with custom paths(even with regex parametermized path) via the `BeforeActivation` custom event callback, per-controller. Example: Persistence data inside your Controller struct (share data between requests) by defining services to the Dependencies or have a `Singleton` controller scope. Share the dependencies between controllers or register them on a parent MVC Application, and ability to modify dependencies per-controller on the `BeforeActivation` optional event callback inside a Controller, i.e Access to the `Context` as a controller's field(no manual binding is neede) i.e `Ctx iris.Context` or via a method's input argument, i.e Models inside your Controller struct (set-ed at the Method function and rendered by the View). You can return models from a controller's method or set a field in the request lifecycle and return that field to another method, in the same request lifecycle. Flow as you used to, mvc application has its own `Router` which is a type of `iris/router.Party`, the standard iris api. `Controllers` can be registered to any `Party`, including Subdomains, the Party's begin and done handlers work as expected. Optional `BeginRequest(ctx)` function to perform any initialization before the method execution, useful to call middlewares or when many methods use the same collection of data. Optional `EndRequest(ctx)` function to perform any finalization after any method executed. Session dynamic dependency via manager's `Start` to the MVC Application, i.e Inheritance, recursively. Access to the dynamic path parameters via the controller's methods' input arguments, no binding is needed. When you use the Iris' default syntax to parse handlers from a controller, you need to suffix the methods with the `By` word, uppercase is a new sub path. Example: Register one or more relative paths and able to get path parameters, i.e Response via output arguments, optionally, i.e Where `any` means everything, from custom structs to standard language's types-. `Result` is an interface which contains only that function: Dispatch(ctx iris.Context) and Get where HTTP Method function(Post, Put, Delete...). Iris has a very powerful and blazing fast MVC support, you can return any value of any type from a method function and it will be sent to the client as expected. * if `string` then it's the body. * if `string` is the second output argument then it's the content type. * if `int` then it's the status code. * if `bool` is false then it throws 404 not found http error by skipping everything else. * if `error` and not nil then (any type) response will be omitted and error's text with a 400 bad request will be rendered instead. * if `(int, error)` and error is not nil then the response result will be the error's text with the status code as `int`. * if `custom struct` or `interface{}` or `slice` or `map` then it will be rendered as json, unless a `string` content type is following. * if `mvc.Result` then it executes its `Dispatch` function, so good design patters can be used to split the model's logic where needed. Examples with good patterns to follow but not intend to be used in production of course can be found at: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/#mvc. By creating components that are independent of one another, developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications. The same (or similar) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user. If you're new to back-end web development read about the MVC architectural pattern first, a good start is that wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller. But you should have a basic idea of the framework by now, we just scratched the surface. If you enjoy what you just saw and want to learn more, please follow the below links: Examples: Middleware: Home Page: Book (in-progress):

Package iris provides a beautifully expressive and easy to use foundation for your next website, API, or distributed app. Source code and other details for the project are available at GitHub: 10.6.6 The only requirement is the Go Programming Language, at least version 1.8 but 1.10.2 is highly recommended. Example code: You can start the server(s) listening to any type of `net.Listener` or even `http.Server` instance. The method for initialization of the server should be passed at the end, via `Run` function. Below you'll see some useful examples: UNIX and BSD hosts can take advantage of the reuse port feature. Example code: That's all with listening, you have the full control when you need it. Let's continue by learning how to catch CONTROL+C/COMMAND+C or unix kill command and shutdown the server gracefully. In order to manually manage what to do when app is interrupted, we have to disable the default behavior with the option `WithoutInterruptHandler` and register a new interrupt handler (globally, across all possible hosts). Example code: Access to all hosts that serve your application can be provided by the `Application#Hosts` field, after the `Run` method. But the most common scenario is that you may need access to the host before the `Run` method, there are two ways of gain access to the host supervisor, read below. First way is to use the `app.NewHost` to create a new host and use one of its `Serve` or `Listen` functions to start the application via the `iris#Raw` Runner. Note that this way needs an extra import of the `net/http` package. Example Code: Second, and probably easier way is to use the `host.Configurator`. Note that this method requires an extra import statement of "github.com/kataras/iris/core/host" when using go < 1.9, if you're targeting on go1.9 then you can use the `iris#Supervisor` and omit the extra host import. All common `Runners` we saw earlier (`iris#Addr, iris#Listener, iris#Server, iris#TLS, iris#AutoTLS`) accept a variadic argument of `host.Configurator`, there are just `func(*host.Supervisor)`. Therefore the `Application` gives you the rights to modify the auto-created host supervisor through these. Example Code: Read more about listening and gracefully shutdown by navigating to: All HTTP methods are supported, developers can also register handlers for same paths for different methods. The first parameter is the HTTP Method, second parameter is the request path of the route, third variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: In order to make things easier for the user, iris provides functions for all HTTP Methods. The first parameter is the request path of the route, second variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: A set of routes that are being groupped by path prefix can (optionally) share the same middleware handlers and template layout. A group can have a nested group too. `.Party` is being used to group routes, developers can declare an unlimited number of (nested) groups. Example code: iris developers are able to register their own handlers for http statuses like 404 not found, 500 internal server error and so on. Example code: With the help of iris's expressionist router you can build any form of API you desire, with safety. Example code: At the previous example, we've seen static routes, group of routes, subdomains, wildcard subdomains, a small example of parameterized path with a single known parameter and custom http errors, now it's time to see wildcard parameters and macros. iris, like net/http std package registers route's handlers by a Handler, the iris' type of handler is just a func(ctx iris.Context) where context comes from github.com/kataras/iris/context. Iris has the easiest and the most powerful routing process you have ever meet. At the same time, iris has its own interpeter(yes like a programming language) for route's path syntax and their dynamic path parameters parsing and evaluation, We call them "macros" for shortcut. How? It calculates its needs and if not any special regexp needed then it just registers the route with the low-level path syntax, otherwise it pre-compiles the regexp and adds the necessary middleware(s). Standard macro types for parameters: if type is missing then parameter's type is defaulted to string, so {param} == {param:string}. If a function not found on that type then the "string"'s types functions are being used. i.e: Besides the fact that iris provides the basic types and some default "macro funcs" you are able to register your own too!. Register a named path parameter function: at the func(argument ...) you can have any standard type, it will be validated before the server starts so don't care about performance here, the only thing it runs at serve time is the returning func(paramValue string) bool. Example Code: A path parameter name should contain only alphabetical letters, symbols, containing '_' and numbers are NOT allowed. If route failed to be registered, the app will panic without any warnings if you didn't catch the second return value(error) on .Handle/.Get.... Last, do not confuse ctx.Values() with ctx.Params(). Path parameter's values goes to ctx.Params() and context's local storage that can be used to communicate between handlers and middleware(s) goes to ctx.Values(), path parameters and the rest of any custom values are separated for your own good. Run Static Files Example code: More examples can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/beginner/file-server Middleware is just a concept of ordered chain of handlers. Middleware can be registered globally, per-party, per-subdomain and per-route. Example code: iris is able to wrap and convert any external, third-party Handler you used to use to your web application. Let's convert the https://github.com/rs/cors net/http external middleware which returns a `next form` handler. Example code: Iris supports 5 template engines out-of-the-box, developers can still use any external golang template engine, as `context/context#ResponseWriter()` is an `io.Writer`. All of these five template engines have common features with common API, like Layout, Template Funcs, Party-specific layout, partial rendering and more. Example code: View engine supports bundled(https://github.com/shuLhan/go-bindata) template files too. go-bindata gives you two functions, asset and assetNames, these can be setted to each of the template engines using the `.Binary` func. Example code: A real example can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/view/embedding-templates-into-app. Enable auto-reloading of templates on each request. Useful while developers are in dev mode as they no neeed to restart their app on every template edit. Example code: Note: In case you're wondering, the code behind the view engines derives from the "github.com/kataras/iris/view" package, access to the engines' variables can be granded by "github.com/kataras/iris" package too. Each one of these template engines has different options located here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/view . This example will show how to store and access data from a session. You don’t need any third-party library, but If you want you can use any session manager compatible or not. In this example we will only allow authenticated users to view our secret message on the /secret page. To get access to it, the will first have to visit /login to get a valid session cookie, which logs him in. Additionally he can visit /logout to revoke his access to our secret message. Example code: Running the example: Sessions persistence can be achieved using one (or more) `sessiondb`. Example Code: More examples: In this example we will create a small chat between web sockets via browser. Example Server Code: Example Client(javascript) Code: Running the example: Iris has first-class support for the MVC pattern, you'll not find these stuff anywhere else in the Go world. Example Code: // GetUserBy serves // Method: GET // Resource: http://localhost:8080/user/{username:string} // By is a reserved "keyword" to tell the framework that you're going to // bind path parameters in the function's input arguments, and it also // helps to have "Get" and "GetBy" in the same controller. // // func (c *ExampleController) GetUserBy(username string) mvc.Result { // return mvc.View{ // Name: "user/username.html", // Data: username, // } // } Can use more than one, the factory will make sure that the correct http methods are being registered for each route for this controller, uncomment these if you want: Iris web framework supports Request data, Models, Persistence Data and Binding with the fastest possible execution. Characteristics: All HTTP Methods are supported, for example if want to serve `GET` then the controller should have a function named `Get()`, you can define more than one method function to serve in the same Controller. Register custom controller's struct's methods as handlers with custom paths(even with regex parametermized path) via the `BeforeActivation` custom event callback, per-controller. Example: Persistence data inside your Controller struct (share data between requests) by defining services to the Dependencies or have a `Singleton` controller scope. Share the dependencies between controllers or register them on a parent MVC Application, and ability to modify dependencies per-controller on the `BeforeActivation` optional event callback inside a Controller, i.e Access to the `Context` as a controller's field(no manual binding is neede) i.e `Ctx iris.Context` or via a method's input argument, i.e Models inside your Controller struct (set-ed at the Method function and rendered by the View). You can return models from a controller's method or set a field in the request lifecycle and return that field to another method, in the same request lifecycle. Flow as you used to, mvc application has its own `Router` which is a type of `iris/router.Party`, the standard iris api. `Controllers` can be registered to any `Party`, including Subdomains, the Party's begin and done handlers work as expected. Optional `BeginRequest(ctx)` function to perform any initialization before the method execution, useful to call middlewares or when many methods use the same collection of data. Optional `EndRequest(ctx)` function to perform any finalization after any method executed. Session dynamic dependency via manager's `Start` to the MVC Application, i.e Inheritance, recursively. Access to the dynamic path parameters via the controller's methods' input arguments, no binding is needed. When you use the Iris' default syntax to parse handlers from a controller, you need to suffix the methods with the `By` word, uppercase is a new sub path. Example: Register one or more relative paths and able to get path parameters, i.e Response via output arguments, optionally, i.e Where `any` means everything, from custom structs to standard language's types-. `Result` is an interface which contains only that function: Dispatch(ctx iris.Context) and Get where HTTP Method function(Post, Put, Delete...). Iris has a very powerful and blazing fast MVC support, you can return any value of any type from a method function and it will be sent to the client as expected. * if `string` then it's the body. * if `string` is the second output argument then it's the content type. * if `int` then it's the status code. * if `bool` is false then it throws 404 not found http error by skipping everything else. * if `error` and not nil then (any type) response will be omitted and error's text with a 400 bad request will be rendered instead. * if `(int, error)` and error is not nil then the response result will be the error's text with the status code as `int`. * if `custom struct` or `interface{}` or `slice` or `map` then it will be rendered as json, unless a `string` content type is following. * if `mvc.Result` then it executes its `Dispatch` function, so good design patters can be used to split the model's logic where needed. Examples with good patterns to follow but not intend to be used in production of course can be found at: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/#mvc. By creating components that are independent of one another, developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications. The same (or similar) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user. If you're new to back-end web development read about the MVC architectural pattern first, a good start is that wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller. But you should have a basic idea of the framework by now, we just scratched the surface. If you enjoy what you just saw and want to learn more, please follow the below links: Examples: Middleware: Home Page: Book (in-progress):

This package is the root package of the govmomi library. The library is structured as follows: The minimal usable functionality is available through the vim25 package. It contains subpackages that contain generated types, managed objects, and all available methods. The vim25 package is entirely independent of the other packages in the govmomi tree -- it has no dependencies on its peers. The vim25 package itself contains a client structure that is passed around throughout the entire library. It abstracts a session and its immutable state. See the vim25 package for more information. The session package contains an abstraction for the session manager that allows a user to login and logout. It also provides access to the current session (i.e. to determine if the user is in fact logged in) The object package contains wrappers for a selection of managed objects. The constructors of these objects all take a *vim25.Client, which they pass along to derived objects, if applicable. The govc package contains the govc CLI. The code in this tree is not intended to be used as a library. Any functionality that govc contains that _could_ be used as a library function but isn't, _should_ live in a root level package. Other packages, such as "event", "guest", or "license", provide wrappers for the respective subsystems. They are typically not needed in normal workflows so are kept outside the object package.

Package sdk is the official AWS SDK for the Go programming language. The AWS SDK for Go provides APIs and utilities that developers can use to build Go applications that use AWS services, such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) and Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). The SDK removes the complexity of coding directly against a web service interface. It hides a lot of the lower-level plumbing, such as authentication, request retries, and error handling. The SDK also includes helpful utilities on top of the AWS APIs that add additional capabilities and functionality. For example, the Amazon S3 Download and Upload Manager will automatically split up large objects into multiple parts and transfer them concurrently. See the s3manager package documentation for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/service/s3/s3manager/ Checkout the Getting Started Guide and API Reference Docs detailed the SDK's components and details on each AWS client the SDK supports. The Getting Started Guide provides examples and detailed description of how to get setup with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/welcome.html The API Reference Docs include a detailed breakdown of the SDK's components such as utilities and AWS clients. Use this as a reference of the Go types included with the SDK, such as AWS clients, API operations, and API parameters. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/ The SDK is composed of two main components, SDK core, and service clients. The SDK core packages are all available under the aws package at the root of the SDK. Each client for a supported AWS service is available within its own package under the service folder at the root of the SDK. aws - SDK core, provides common shared types such as Config, Logger, and utilities to make working with API parameters easier. awserr - Provides the error interface that the SDK will use for all errors that occur in the SDK's processing. This includes service API response errors as well. The Error type is made up of a code and message. Cast the SDK's returned error type to awserr.Error and call the Code method to compare returned error to specific error codes. See the package's documentation for additional values that can be extracted such as RequestId. credentials - Provides the types and built in credentials providers the SDK will use to retrieve AWS credentials to make API requests with. Nested under this folder are also additional credentials providers such as stscreds for assuming IAM roles, and ec2rolecreds for EC2 Instance roles. endpoints - Provides the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata for the SDK. Use this to lookup AWS service endpoint information such as which services are in a region, and what regions a service is in. Constants are also provided for all region identifiers, e.g UsWest2RegionID for "us-west-2". session - Provides initial default configuration, and load configuration from external sources such as environment and shared credentials file. request - Provides the API request sending, and retry logic for the SDK. This package also includes utilities for defining your own request retryer, and configuring how the SDK processes the request. service - Clients for AWS services. All services supported by the SDK are available under this folder. The SDK includes the Go types and utilities you can use to make requests to AWS service APIs. Within the service folder at the root of the SDK you'll find a package for each AWS service the SDK supports. All service clients follows a common pattern of creation and usage. When creating a client for an AWS service you'll first need to have a Session value constructed. The Session provides shared configuration that can be shared between your service clients. When service clients are created you can pass in additional configuration via the aws.Config type to override configuration provided by in the Session to create service client instances with custom configuration. Once the service's client is created you can use it to make API requests the AWS service. These clients are safe to use concurrently. In the AWS SDK for Go, you can configure settings for service clients, such as the log level and maximum number of retries. Most settings are optional; however, for each service client, you must specify a region and your credentials. The SDK uses these values to send requests to the correct AWS region and sign requests with the correct credentials. You can specify these values as part of a session or as environment variables. See the SDK's configuration guide for more information. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/v1/developer-guide/configuring-sdk.html See the session package documentation for more information on how to use Session with the SDK. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/session/ See the Config type in the aws package for more information on configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config When using the SDK you'll generally need your AWS credentials to authenticate with AWS services. The SDK supports multiple methods of supporting these credentials. By default the SDK will source credentials automatically from its default credential chain. See the session package for more information on this chain, and how to configure it. The common items in the credential chain are the following: Environment Credentials - Set of environment variables that are useful when sub processes are created for specific roles. Shared Credentials file (~/.aws/credentials) - This file stores your credentials based on a profile name and is useful for local development. EC2 Instance Role Credentials - Use EC2 Instance Role to assign credentials to application running on an EC2 instance. This removes the need to manage credential files in production. Credentials can be configured in code as well by setting the Config's Credentials value to a custom provider or using one of the providers included with the SDK to bypass the default credential chain and use a custom one. This is helpful when you want to instruct the SDK to only use a specific set of credentials or providers. This example creates a credential provider for assuming an IAM role, "myRoleARN" and configures the S3 service client to use that role for API requests. See the credentials package documentation for more information on credential providers included with the SDK, and how to customize the SDK's usage of credentials. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/credentials The SDK has support for the shared configuration file (~/.aws/config). This support can be enabled by setting the environment variable, "AWS_SDK_LOAD_CONFIG=1", or enabling the feature in code when creating a Session via the Option's SharedConfigState parameter. In addition to the credentials you'll need to specify the region the SDK will use to make AWS API requests to. In the SDK you can specify the region either with an environment variable, or directly in code when a Session or service client is created. The last value specified in code wins if the region is specified multiple ways. To set the region via the environment variable set the "AWS_REGION" to the region you want to the SDK to use. Using this method to set the region will allow you to run your application in multiple regions without needing additional code in the application to select the region. The endpoints package includes constants for all regions the SDK knows. The values are all suffixed with RegionID. These values are helpful, because they reduce the need to type the region string manually. To set the region on a Session use the aws package's Config struct parameter Region to the AWS region you want the service clients created from the session to use. This is helpful when you want to create multiple service clients, and all of the clients make API requests to the same region. See the endpoints package for the AWS Regions and Endpoints metadata. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/endpoints/ In addition to setting the region when creating a Session you can also set the region on a per service client bases. This overrides the region of a Session. This is helpful when you want to create service clients in specific regions different from the Session's region. See the Config type in the aws package for more information and additional options such as setting the Endpoint, and other service client configuration options. https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-go/api/aws/#Config Once the client is created you can make an API request to the service. Each API method takes a input parameter, and returns the service response and an error. The SDK provides methods for making the API call in multiple ways. In this list we'll use the S3 ListObjects API as an example for the different ways of making API requests. ListObjects - Base API operation that will make the API request to the service. ListObjectsRequest - API methods suffixed with Request will construct the API request, but not send it. This is also helpful when you want to get a presigned URL for a request, and share the presigned URL instead of your application making the request directly. ListObjectsPages - Same as the base API operation, but uses a callback to automatically handle pagination of the API's response. ListObjectsWithContext - Same as base API operation, but adds support for the Context pattern. This is helpful for controlling the canceling of in flight requests. See the Go standard library context package for more information. This method also takes request package's Option functional options as the variadic argument for modifying how the request will be made, or extracting information from the raw HTTP response. ListObjectsPagesWithContext - same as ListObjectsPages, but adds support for the Context pattern. Similar to ListObjectsWithContext this method also takes the request package's Option function option types as the variadic argument. In addition to the API operations the SDK also includes several higher level methods that abstract checking for and waiting for an AWS resource to be in a desired state. In this list we'll use WaitUntilBucketExists to demonstrate the different forms of waiters. WaitUntilBucketExists. - Method to make API request to query an AWS service for a resource's state. Will return successfully when that state is accomplished. WaitUntilBucketExistsWithContext - Same as WaitUntilBucketExists, but adds support for the Context pattern. In addition these methods take request package's WaiterOptions to configure the waiter, and how underlying request will be made by the SDK. The API method will document which error codes the service might return for the operation. These errors will also be available as const strings prefixed with "ErrCode" in the service client's package. If there are no errors listed in the API's SDK documentation you'll need to consult the AWS service's API documentation for the errors that could be returned. Pagination helper methods are suffixed with "Pages", and provide the functionality needed to round trip API page requests. Pagination methods take a callback function that will be called for each page of the API's response. Waiter helper methods provide the functionality to wait for an AWS resource state. These methods abstract the logic needed to to check the state of an AWS resource, and wait until that resource is in a desired state. The waiter will block until the resource is in the state that is desired, an error occurs, or the waiter times out. If a resource times out the error code returned will be request.WaiterResourceNotReadyErrorCode. This example shows a complete working Go file which will upload a file to S3 and use the Context pattern to implement timeout logic that will cancel the request if it takes too long. This example highlights how to use sessions, create a service client, make a request, handle the error, and process the response.

Package dragonboat is a feature complete and highly optimized multi-group Raft implementation for providing consensus in distributed systems. The NodeHost struct is the facade interface for all features provided by the dragonboat package. Each NodeHost instance usually runs on a separate server managing CPU, storage and network resources used for achieving consensus. Each NodeHost manages Raft nodes from different Raft groups known as Raft clusters. Each Raft cluster is identified by its ClusterID, it usually consists of multiple nodes (also known as replicas) each identified by a NodeID value. Nodes from the same Raft cluster suppose to be distributed on different NodeHost instances across the network, this brings fault tolerance for machine and network failures as application data stored in the Raft cluster will be available as long as the majority of its managing NodeHost instances (i.e. its underlying servers) are accessible. Arbitrary number of Raft clusters can be launched across the network to aggregate distributed processing and storage capacities. Users can also make membership change requests to add or remove nodes from selected Raft cluster. User applications can leverage the power of the Raft protocol by implementing the IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine component, as defined in github.com/lni/dragonboat/v3/statemachine. Known as user state machines, each IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine instance is in charge of updating, querying and snapshotting application data with minimum exposure to the Raft protocol itself. Dragonboat guarantees the linearizability of your I/O when interacting with the IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine instances. In plain English, writes (via making proposals) to your Raft cluster appears to be instantaneous, once a write is completed, all later reads (via linearizable read based on Raft's ReadIndex protocol) should return the value of that write or a later write. Once a value is returned by a linearizable read, all later reads should return the same value or the result of a later write. To strictly provide such guarantee, we need to implement the at-most-once semantic. For a client, when it retries the proposal that failed to complete by its deadline, it faces the risk of having the same proposal committed and applied twice into the user state machine. Dragonboat prevents this by implementing the client session concept described in Diego Ongaro's PhD thesis.

Taowm is The Acutely Opinionated Window Manager. It is a minimalist, keyboard driven, low distraction, tiling window manager for someone who uses a computer primarily to run just two GUI programs: a web browser and a terminal emulator. To install taowm: This will install taowm in your $GOPATH, or under $GOROOT/bin if $GOPATH is empty. Run "go help gopath" to read more about $GOPATH. Taowm is designed to run from an Xsession session. Add this line to the end of your ~/.xsession file: where the path is wherever "go get" or "go install" wrote to. Again, run "go help gopath" for more information. Log out and log back in with the "Xsession" option. Some systems, such as Ubuntu 12.04 "Precise", do not offer an Xsession option by default. To enable it, create a new file /usr/share/xsessions/custom.desktop that contains: Taowm starts with each screen divided into two side-by-side frames, outlined in green. Frames can frame windows, but they can also be empty: closing a frame's window will not collapse that frame. The frame that contains the mouse pointer is the focused frame, and its border is brighter than other frames. Its window (if it contains one) will have the keyboard focus. Taowm is primarily keyboard driven, and all keyboard shortcuts involve first holding down the Caps Lock key, similar to how holding down the Control key followed by the 'N' key, in your web browser, creates a new browser window. The default Caps Lock behavior, CHANGING ALL TYPED LETTERS TO UPPER CASE, is disabled. Caps Lock and the Space key will open a new web browser window. Caps Lock and the Enter key will open a new terminal emulator window. Caps Lock and the Shift key and the '|' pipe key will lock the screen. Caps Lock and the Backspace key will close the window in the focused frame. Caps Lock and the Tab key will cycle through the frames. To quit taowm and return to the log in screen, hold down Caps Lock and the Shift key and hit the Escape key three times in quick succession. Normally, this will quit immediately. Some programs may ask for something before closing, such as a file name to write unsaved data to. In this case, taowm will quit in 60 seconds or whenever all such programs have closed, instead of quitting immediately, and the frame borders will turn red. If there are more windows than frames, then Caps Lock and the 'D' or 'F' key will cycle through hidden windows. Caps Lock and a number key like '1', '2', etc. will move the 1st, 2nd, etc. window to the focused frame. Caps Lock and the 'A' key will show a list of windows: the one currently in the focused frame is marked with a '+', other windows in other frames are marked with a '-', hidden windows that have not been seen yet are marked with an '@', and hidden windows that have been seen before are unmarked. In particular, newly created windows will not automatically be shown. Taowm prevents new windows from popping up and 'stealing' keyboard focus, a problem if the password you are typing into your terminal emulator accidentally gets written to a chat window that popped up at the wrong time. Instead, if there isn't an empty frame to accept a new window, taowm keeps that window hidden (and marked with an '@' in the window list) until you are ready to deal with it. If there are any such windows that have not been seen yet, the green frame borders will pulsate to remind you. Selected windows are also marked with a '#'; selection is described below. Caps Lock and the 'G' key will toggle the focused frame in occupying the entire screen. Caps Lock and Shift and the 'G' key will hide the window in the focused frame. Caps Lock and the '-' key, the '=' key or Shift and the '+' key will split the current frame horizontally, vertically, or merge a frame to undo a frame split respectively. A screen contains workspaces like a frame contains windows. Caps Lock and the 'T' key will create a new workspace, hiding the current one. Caps Lock and the 'E' or 'R' key will cycle through hidden workspaces. Caps Lock and Shift and the 'T' key will delete the current workspace, provided that it holds no windows and there is another hidden workspace to switch to. Caps Lock and the 'Q' key will show a list of workspaces (and their windows). Caps Lock and the '`' key will cycle through the screens. Caps Lock and the F1 key, F2 key, etc. will move the 1st, 2nd, etc. workspace to the current screen. Caps Lock and the 'S' key will select a window, or unselect a selected window. More than one window may be selected at a time. Caps Lock and Shift and the 'S' key will select or unselect all windows in the current workspace. Caps Lock and the 'W' key will migrate all selected windows to the current workspace and unselect them. Taowm also provides alternative ways to navigate within a program's window. Caps Lock and the 'H', 'J', 'K' or 'L' keys are equivalent to pressing the Left, Down, Up or Right arrow keys. Similarly, Caps Lock and the 'Y', 'U', 'B' or 'N' keys are equivalent to Home, Page Up, End or Page Down. The 'I' or 'M' keys are equivalent to a mouse wheel scrolling up or down, and the ',' or '.' keys are equivalent to the Backspace or Delete keys. Taowm provides similar shortcuts for other common actions. Caps Lock and the 'O' or 'P' keys will copy or paste, '/' or Shift-and-'?' will open or close a tab in the current window, 'C' or 'V' will cycle through tabs, 'Z' or 'X' will zoom in or out. By default, these keys will only work with the google-chrome web browser and the gnome-terminal terminal emulator. Making these work with other programs will require some customization. Customizing the keyboard shortcuts, web browser, terminal emulator, colors, etc., is done by editing config.go and re-compiling (and re-installing): run "go install github.com/nigeltao/taowm". When working on taowm, it can be run in a nested X server such as Xephyr. From the github.com/nigeltao/taowm directory under $GOPATH: The taowm mailing list is at http://groups.google.com/group/taowm Taowm is copyright 2013 The Taowm Authors. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

Package dragonboat is a multi-group Raft implementation. The NodeHost struct is the facade interface for all features provided by the dragonboat package. Each NodeHost instance, identified by its RaftAddress property, usually runs on a separate host managing its CPU, storage and network resources. Each NodeHost can manage Raft nodes from many different Raft groups known as Raft clusters. Each Raft cluster is identified by its ClusterID Each Raft cluster usually consists of multiple nodes, identified by their NodeID values. Nodes from the same Raft cluster are suppose to be distributed on different NodeHost instances across the network, this brings fault tolerance to node failures as application data stored in such a Raft cluster can be available as long as the majority of its managing NodeHost instances (i.e. its underlying hosts) are available. User applications can leverage the power of the Raft protocol implemented in dragonboat by implementing its IStateMachine component. IStateMachine is defined in github.com/lni/dragonboat/statemachine. Each cluster node is associated with an IStateMachine instance, it is in charge of updating, querying and snapshotting application data, with minimum exposure to the complexity of the Raft protocol implementation. User applications can use NodeHost's APIs to update the state of their IStateMachine instances, this is called making proposals. Once accepted by the majority nodes of a Raft cluster, the proposal is considered as committed and it will be applied on all member nodes of the Raft cluster. Applications can also make linearizable reads to query the state of their IStateMachine instances. Dragonboat employs the ReadIndex protocol invented by Diego Ongaro to implement linearizable reads. Both read and write operations can be initiated on any member nodes, although initiating from the leader nodes incurs the lowest overhead. Dragonboat guarantees the linearizability of your I/O when interacting with the IStateMachine. In plain English, writes (via making proposal) to your Raft cluster appears to be instantaneous, once a write is completed, all later reads (linearizable read using the ReadIndex protocol as implemented and provided in dragonboat) should return the value of that write or a later write. Once a value is returned by a linearizable read, all later reads should return the same value or the result of a later write. To strictly provide such guarantee, we need to implement the at-most-once semantic required by linearizability. For a client, when it retries the proposal that failed to complete before its deadline during the previous attempt, it has the risk to have the same proposal committed and applied twice into the IStateMachine. Dragonboat prevents this by implementing the client session concept described in Diego Ongaro's PhD thesis. Dragonboat is a feature complete Multi-Group Raft implementation - snapshotting, membership change, leadership transfer and non-voting members are also provided. Dragonboat is also extensively optimized. The Raft protocol implementation is fully pipelined, meaning proposals can start before the completion of previous proposals. This is critical for system throughput in high latency environment. Dragonboat is also fully batched, it batches internal operations whenever possible to maximize system throughput.

Package iris provides a beautifully expressive and easy to use foundation for your next website, API, or distributed app. Source code and other details for the project are available at GitHub: 11.1.1 The only requirement is the Go Programming Language, at least version 1.8 but 1.11.1 and above is highly recommended. Example code: You can start the server(s) listening to any type of `net.Listener` or even `http.Server` instance. The method for initialization of the server should be passed at the end, via `Run` function. Below you'll see some useful examples: UNIX and BSD hosts can take advantage of the reuse port feature. Example code: That's all with listening, you have the full control when you need it. Let's continue by learning how to catch CONTROL+C/COMMAND+C or unix kill command and shutdown the server gracefully. In order to manually manage what to do when app is interrupted, we have to disable the default behavior with the option `WithoutInterruptHandler` and register a new interrupt handler (globally, across all possible hosts). Example code: Access to all hosts that serve your application can be provided by the `Application#Hosts` field, after the `Run` method. But the most common scenario is that you may need access to the host before the `Run` method, there are two ways of gain access to the host supervisor, read below. First way is to use the `app.NewHost` to create a new host and use one of its `Serve` or `Listen` functions to start the application via the `iris#Raw` Runner. Note that this way needs an extra import of the `net/http` package. Example Code: Second, and probably easier way is to use the `host.Configurator`. Note that this method requires an extra import statement of "github.com/kataras/iris/core/host" when using go < 1.9, if you're targeting on go1.9 then you can use the `iris#Supervisor` and omit the extra host import. All common `Runners` we saw earlier (`iris#Addr, iris#Listener, iris#Server, iris#TLS, iris#AutoTLS`) accept a variadic argument of `host.Configurator`, there are just `func(*host.Supervisor)`. Therefore the `Application` gives you the rights to modify the auto-created host supervisor through these. Example Code: Read more about listening and gracefully shutdown by navigating to: All HTTP methods are supported, developers can also register handlers for same paths for different methods. The first parameter is the HTTP Method, second parameter is the request path of the route, third variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: In order to make things easier for the user, iris provides functions for all HTTP Methods. The first parameter is the request path of the route, second variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: A set of routes that are being groupped by path prefix can (optionally) share the same middleware handlers and template layout. A group can have a nested group too. `.Party` is being used to group routes, developers can declare an unlimited number of (nested) groups. Example code: iris developers are able to register their own handlers for http statuses like 404 not found, 500 internal server error and so on. Example code: With the help of iris's expressionist router you can build any form of API you desire, with safety. Example code: At the previous example, we've seen static routes, group of routes, subdomains, wildcard subdomains, a small example of parameterized path with a single known parameter and custom http errors, now it's time to see wildcard parameters and macros. iris, like net/http std package registers route's handlers by a Handler, the iris' type of handler is just a func(ctx iris.Context) where context comes from github.com/kataras/iris/context. Iris has the easiest and the most powerful routing process you have ever meet. At the same time, iris has its own interpeter(yes like a programming language) for route's path syntax and their dynamic path parameters parsing and evaluation, We call them "macros" for shortcut. How? It calculates its needs and if not any special regexp needed then it just registers the route with the low-level path syntax, otherwise it pre-compiles the regexp and adds the necessary middleware(s). Standard macro types for parameters: if type is missing then parameter's type is defaulted to string, so {param} == {param:string}. If a function not found on that type then the "string"'s types functions are being used. i.e: Besides the fact that iris provides the basic types and some default "macro funcs" you are able to register your own too!. Register a named path parameter function: at the func(argument ...) you can have any standard type, it will be validated before the server starts so don't care about performance here, the only thing it runs at serve time is the returning func(paramValue string) bool. Example Code: Last, do not confuse ctx.Values() with ctx.Params(). Path parameter's values goes to ctx.Params() and context's local storage that can be used to communicate between handlers and middleware(s) goes to ctx.Values(), path parameters and the rest of any custom values are separated for your own good. Run Static Files Example code: More examples can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/beginner/file-server Middleware is just a concept of ordered chain of handlers. Middleware can be registered globally, per-party, per-subdomain and per-route. Example code: iris is able to wrap and convert any external, third-party Handler you used to use to your web application. Let's convert the https://github.com/rs/cors net/http external middleware which returns a `next form` handler. Example code: Iris supports 5 template engines out-of-the-box, developers can still use any external golang template engine, as `context/context#ResponseWriter()` is an `io.Writer`. All of these five template engines have common features with common API, like Layout, Template Funcs, Party-specific layout, partial rendering and more. Example code: View engine supports bundled(https://github.com/shuLhan/go-bindata) template files too. go-bindata gives you two functions, asset and assetNames, these can be setted to each of the template engines using the `.Binary` func. Example code: A real example can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/view/embedding-templates-into-app. Enable auto-reloading of templates on each request. Useful while developers are in dev mode as they no neeed to restart their app on every template edit. Example code: Note: In case you're wondering, the code behind the view engines derives from the "github.com/kataras/iris/view" package, access to the engines' variables can be granded by "github.com/kataras/iris" package too. Each one of these template engines has different options located here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/view . This example will show how to store and access data from a session. You don’t need any third-party library, but If you want you can use any session manager compatible or not. In this example we will only allow authenticated users to view our secret message on the /secret page. To get access to it, the will first have to visit /login to get a valid session cookie, which logs him in. Additionally he can visit /logout to revoke his access to our secret message. Example code: Running the example: Sessions persistence can be achieved using one (or more) `sessiondb`. Example Code: More examples: In this example we will create a small chat between web sockets via browser. Example Server Code: Example Client(javascript) Code: Running the example: Iris has first-class support for the MVC pattern, you'll not find these stuff anywhere else in the Go world. Example Code: // GetUserBy serves // Method: GET // Resource: http://localhost:8080/user/{username:string} // By is a reserved "keyword" to tell the framework that you're going to // bind path parameters in the function's input arguments, and it also // helps to have "Get" and "GetBy" in the same controller. // // func (c *ExampleController) GetUserBy(username string) mvc.Result { // return mvc.View{ // Name: "user/username.html", // Data: username, // } // } Can use more than one, the factory will make sure that the correct http methods are being registered for each route for this controller, uncomment these if you want: Iris web framework supports Request data, Models, Persistence Data and Binding with the fastest possible execution. Characteristics: All HTTP Methods are supported, for example if want to serve `GET` then the controller should have a function named `Get()`, you can define more than one method function to serve in the same Controller. Register custom controller's struct's methods as handlers with custom paths(even with regex parametermized path) via the `BeforeActivation` custom event callback, per-controller. Example: Persistence data inside your Controller struct (share data between requests) by defining services to the Dependencies or have a `Singleton` controller scope. Share the dependencies between controllers or register them on a parent MVC Application, and ability to modify dependencies per-controller on the `BeforeActivation` optional event callback inside a Controller, i.e Access to the `Context` as a controller's field(no manual binding is neede) i.e `Ctx iris.Context` or via a method's input argument, i.e Models inside your Controller struct (set-ed at the Method function and rendered by the View). You can return models from a controller's method or set a field in the request lifecycle and return that field to another method, in the same request lifecycle. Flow as you used to, mvc application has its own `Router` which is a type of `iris/router.Party`, the standard iris api. `Controllers` can be registered to any `Party`, including Subdomains, the Party's begin and done handlers work as expected. Optional `BeginRequest(ctx)` function to perform any initialization before the method execution, useful to call middlewares or when many methods use the same collection of data. Optional `EndRequest(ctx)` function to perform any finalization after any method executed. Session dynamic dependency via manager's `Start` to the MVC Application, i.e Inheritance, recursively. Access to the dynamic path parameters via the controller's methods' input arguments, no binding is needed. When you use the Iris' default syntax to parse handlers from a controller, you need to suffix the methods with the `By` word, uppercase is a new sub path. Example: Register one or more relative paths and able to get path parameters, i.e Response via output arguments, optionally, i.e Where `any` means everything, from custom structs to standard language's types-. `Result` is an interface which contains only that function: Dispatch(ctx iris.Context) and Get where HTTP Method function(Post, Put, Delete...). Iris has a very powerful and blazing fast MVC support, you can return any value of any type from a method function and it will be sent to the client as expected. * if `string` then it's the body. * if `string` is the second output argument then it's the content type. * if `int` then it's the status code. * if `bool` is false then it throws 404 not found http error by skipping everything else. * if `error` and not nil then (any type) response will be omitted and error's text with a 400 bad request will be rendered instead. * if `(int, error)` and error is not nil then the response result will be the error's text with the status code as `int`. * if `custom struct` or `interface{}` or `slice` or `map` then it will be rendered as json, unless a `string` content type is following. * if `mvc.Result` then it executes its `Dispatch` function, so good design patters can be used to split the model's logic where needed. Examples with good patterns to follow but not intend to be used in production of course can be found at: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/#mvc. By creating components that are independent of one another, developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications. The same (or similar) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user. If you're new to back-end web development read about the MVC architectural pattern first, a good start is that wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller. But you should have a basic idea of the framework by now, we just scratched the surface. If you enjoy what you just saw and want to learn more, please follow the below links: Examples: Middleware: Home Page: Book (in-progress):

Package dragonboat is a multi-group Raft implementation. The NodeHost struct is the facade interface for all features provided by the dragonboat package. Each NodeHost instance usually runs on a separate host managing its CPU, storage and network resources. Each NodeHost can manage Raft nodes from many different Raft groups known as Raft clusters. Each Raft cluster is identified by its ClusterID and it usually consists of multiple nodes, each identified its NodeID value. Nodes from the same Raft cluster can be considered as replicas of the same data, they are suppose to be distributed on different NodeHost instances across the network, this brings fault tolerance to machine and network failures as application data stored in the Raft cluster will be available as long as the majority of its managing NodeHost instances (i.e. its underlying hosts) are available. User applications can leverage the power of the Raft protocol implemented in dragonboat by implementing the IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine component, as defined in github.com/vyevenko/dragonboat/v3/statemachine. Known as user state machines, each IStateMachine and IOnDiskStateMachine instance is in charge of updating, querying and snapshotting application data with minimum exposure to the complexity of the Raft protocol implementation. User applications can use NodeHost's APIs to update the state of their IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine instances, this is called making proposals. Once accepted by the majority nodes of a Raft cluster, the proposal is considered as committed and it will be applied on all member nodes of the Raft cluster. Applications can also make linearizable reads to query the state of the IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine instances. Dragonboat employs the ReadIndex protocol invented by Diego Ongaro for fast linearizable reads. Dragonboat guarantees the linearizability of your I/O when interacting with the IStateMachine or IOnDiskStateMachine instances. In plain English, writes (via making proposal) to your Raft cluster appears to be instantaneous, once a write is completed, all later reads (linearizable read using the ReadIndex protocol as implemented and provided in dragonboat) should return the value of that write or a later write. Once a value is returned by a linearizable read, all later reads should return the same value or the result of a later write. To strictly provide such guarantee, we need to implement the at-most-once semantic required by linearizability. For a client, when it retries the proposal that failed to complete before its deadline during the previous attempt, it has the risk to have the same proposal committed and applied twice into the user state machine. Dragonboat prevents this by implementing the client session concept described in Diego Ongaro's PhD thesis. Arbitrary number of Raft clusters can be launched across the network simultaneously to aggregate distributed processing and storage capacities. Users can also make membership change requests to add or remove nodes from any interested Raft cluster. NodeHost APIs for making the above mentioned requests can be loosely classified into two categories, synchronous and asynchronous APIs. Synchronous APIs will not return until the completion of the requested operation. Their method names all start with Sync*. The asynchronous counterparts of such synchronous APIs, on the other hand, usually return immediately. This allows users to concurrently initiate multiple such asynchronous operations to save the total amount of time required to complete all of them. Dragonboat is a feature complete Multi-Group Raft implementation - snapshotting, membership change, leadership transfer, non-voting members and disk based state machine are all provided. Dragonboat is also extensively optimized. The Raft protocol implementation is fully pipelined, meaning proposals can start before the completion of previous proposals. This is critical for system throughput in high latency environment. Dragonboat is also fully batched, internal operations are batched whenever possible to maximize the overall throughput.

Package iris provides a beautifully expressive and easy to use foundation for your next website, API, or distributed app. Source code and other details for the project are available at GitHub: 11.1.1 The only requirement is the Go Programming Language, at least version 1.8 but 1.11.1 and above is highly recommended. Example code: You can start the server(s) listening to any type of `net.Listener` or even `http.Server` instance. The method for initialization of the server should be passed at the end, via `Run` function. Below you'll see some useful examples: UNIX and BSD hosts can take advantage of the reuse port feature. Example code: That's all with listening, you have the full control when you need it. Let's continue by learning how to catch CONTROL+C/COMMAND+C or unix kill command and shutdown the server gracefully. In order to manually manage what to do when app is interrupted, we have to disable the default behavior with the option `WithoutInterruptHandler` and register a new interrupt handler (globally, across all possible hosts). Example code: Access to all hosts that serve your application can be provided by the `Application#Hosts` field, after the `Run` method. But the most common scenario is that you may need access to the host before the `Run` method, there are two ways of gain access to the host supervisor, read below. First way is to use the `app.NewHost` to create a new host and use one of its `Serve` or `Listen` functions to start the application via the `iris#Raw` Runner. Note that this way needs an extra import of the `net/http` package. Example Code: Second, and probably easier way is to use the `host.Configurator`. Note that this method requires an extra import statement of "github.com/kataras/iris/core/host" when using go < 1.9, if you're targeting on go1.9 then you can use the `iris#Supervisor` and omit the extra host import. All common `Runners` we saw earlier (`iris#Addr, iris#Listener, iris#Server, iris#TLS, iris#AutoTLS`) accept a variadic argument of `host.Configurator`, there are just `func(*host.Supervisor)`. Therefore the `Application` gives you the rights to modify the auto-created host supervisor through these. Example Code: Read more about listening and gracefully shutdown by navigating to: All HTTP methods are supported, developers can also register handlers for same paths for different methods. The first parameter is the HTTP Method, second parameter is the request path of the route, third variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: In order to make things easier for the user, iris provides functions for all HTTP Methods. The first parameter is the request path of the route, second variadic parameter should contains one or more iris.Handler executed by the registered order when a user requests for that specific resouce path from the server. Example code: A set of routes that are being groupped by path prefix can (optionally) share the same middleware handlers and template layout. A group can have a nested group too. `.Party` is being used to group routes, developers can declare an unlimited number of (nested) groups. Example code: iris developers are able to register their own handlers for http statuses like 404 not found, 500 internal server error and so on. Example code: With the help of iris's expressionist router you can build any form of API you desire, with safety. Example code: At the previous example, we've seen static routes, group of routes, subdomains, wildcard subdomains, a small example of parameterized path with a single known parameter and custom http errors, now it's time to see wildcard parameters and macros. iris, like net/http std package registers route's handlers by a Handler, the iris' type of handler is just a func(ctx iris.Context) where context comes from github.com/kataras/iris/context. Iris has the easiest and the most powerful routing process you have ever meet. At the same time, iris has its own interpeter(yes like a programming language) for route's path syntax and their dynamic path parameters parsing and evaluation, We call them "macros" for shortcut. How? It calculates its needs and if not any special regexp needed then it just registers the route with the low-level path syntax, otherwise it pre-compiles the regexp and adds the necessary middleware(s). Standard macro types for parameters: if type is missing then parameter's type is defaulted to string, so {param} == {param:string}. If a function not found on that type then the "string"'s types functions are being used. i.e: Besides the fact that iris provides the basic types and some default "macro funcs" you are able to register your own too!. Register a named path parameter function: at the func(argument ...) you can have any standard type, it will be validated before the server starts so don't care about performance here, the only thing it runs at serve time is the returning func(paramValue string) bool. Example Code: Last, do not confuse ctx.Values() with ctx.Params(). Path parameter's values goes to ctx.Params() and context's local storage that can be used to communicate between handlers and middleware(s) goes to ctx.Values(), path parameters and the rest of any custom values are separated for your own good. Run Static Files Example code: More examples can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/beginner/file-server Middleware is just a concept of ordered chain of handlers. Middleware can be registered globally, per-party, per-subdomain and per-route. Example code: iris is able to wrap and convert any external, third-party Handler you used to use to your web application. Let's convert the https://github.com/rs/cors net/http external middleware which returns a `next form` handler. Example code: Iris supports 5 template engines out-of-the-box, developers can still use any external golang template engine, as `context/context#ResponseWriter()` is an `io.Writer`. All of these five template engines have common features with common API, like Layout, Template Funcs, Party-specific layout, partial rendering and more. Example code: View engine supports bundled(https://github.com/shuLhan/go-bindata) template files too. go-bindata gives you two functions, asset and assetNames, these can be setted to each of the template engines using the `.Binary` func. Example code: A real example can be found here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/view/embedding-templates-into-app. Enable auto-reloading of templates on each request. Useful while developers are in dev mode as they no neeed to restart their app on every template edit. Example code: Note: In case you're wondering, the code behind the view engines derives from the "github.com/kataras/iris/view" package, access to the engines' variables can be granded by "github.com/kataras/iris" package too. Each one of these template engines has different options located here: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/view . This example will show how to store and access data from a session. You don’t need any third-party library, but If you want you can use any session manager compatible or not. In this example we will only allow authenticated users to view our secret message on the /secret page. To get access to it, the will first have to visit /login to get a valid session cookie, which logs him in. Additionally he can visit /logout to revoke his access to our secret message. Example code: Running the example: Sessions persistence can be achieved using one (or more) `sessiondb`. Example Code: More examples: In this example we will create a small chat between web sockets via browser. Example Server Code: Example Client(javascript) Code: Running the example: Iris has first-class support for the MVC pattern, you'll not find these stuff anywhere else in the Go world. Example Code: // GetUserBy serves // Method: GET // Resource: http://localhost:8080/user/{username:string} // By is a reserved "keyword" to tell the framework that you're going to // bind path parameters in the function's input arguments, and it also // helps to have "Get" and "GetBy" in the same controller. // // func (c *ExampleController) GetUserBy(username string) mvc.Result { // return mvc.View{ // Name: "user/username.html", // Data: username, // } // } Can use more than one, the factory will make sure that the correct http methods are being registered for each route for this controller, uncomment these if you want: Iris web framework supports Request data, Models, Persistence Data and Binding with the fastest possible execution. Characteristics: All HTTP Methods are supported, for example if want to serve `GET` then the controller should have a function named `Get()`, you can define more than one method function to serve in the same Controller. Register custom controller's struct's methods as handlers with custom paths(even with regex parametermized path) via the `BeforeActivation` custom event callback, per-controller. Example: Persistence data inside your Controller struct (share data between requests) by defining services to the Dependencies or have a `Singleton` controller scope. Share the dependencies between controllers or register them on a parent MVC Application, and ability to modify dependencies per-controller on the `BeforeActivation` optional event callback inside a Controller, i.e Access to the `Context` as a controller's field(no manual binding is neede) i.e `Ctx iris.Context` or via a method's input argument, i.e Models inside your Controller struct (set-ed at the Method function and rendered by the View). You can return models from a controller's method or set a field in the request lifecycle and return that field to another method, in the same request lifecycle. Flow as you used to, mvc application has its own `Router` which is a type of `iris/router.Party`, the standard iris api. `Controllers` can be registered to any `Party`, including Subdomains, the Party's begin and done handlers work as expected. Optional `BeginRequest(ctx)` function to perform any initialization before the method execution, useful to call middlewares or when many methods use the same collection of data. Optional `EndRequest(ctx)` function to perform any finalization after any method executed. Session dynamic dependency via manager's `Start` to the MVC Application, i.e Inheritance, recursively. Access to the dynamic path parameters via the controller's methods' input arguments, no binding is needed. When you use the Iris' default syntax to parse handlers from a controller, you need to suffix the methods with the `By` word, uppercase is a new sub path. Example: Register one or more relative paths and able to get path parameters, i.e Response via output arguments, optionally, i.e Where `any` means everything, from custom structs to standard language's types-. `Result` is an interface which contains only that function: Dispatch(ctx iris.Context) and Get where HTTP Method function(Post, Put, Delete...). Iris has a very powerful and blazing fast MVC support, you can return any value of any type from a method function and it will be sent to the client as expected. * if `string` then it's the body. * if `string` is the second output argument then it's the content type. * if `int` then it's the status code. * if `bool` is false then it throws 404 not found http error by skipping everything else. * if `error` and not nil then (any type) response will be omitted and error's text with a 400 bad request will be rendered instead. * if `(int, error)` and error is not nil then the response result will be the error's text with the status code as `int`. * if `custom struct` or `interface{}` or `slice` or `map` then it will be rendered as json, unless a `string` content type is following. * if `mvc.Result` then it executes its `Dispatch` function, so good design patters can be used to split the model's logic where needed. Examples with good patterns to follow but not intend to be used in production of course can be found at: https://github.com/kataras/iris/tree/master/_examples/#mvc. By creating components that are independent of one another, developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications. The same (or similar) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user. If you're new to back-end web development read about the MVC architectural pattern first, a good start is that wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller. But you should have a basic idea of the framework by now, we just scratched the surface. If you enjoy what you just saw and want to learn more, please follow the below links: Examples: Middleware: Home Page: Book (in-progress):

Package sessions provides sessions support for net/http and valyala/fasthttp unique with auto-GC, register unlimited number of databases to Load and Update/Save the sessions in external server or to an external (no/or/and sql) database Usage net/http: // init a new sessions manager( if you use only one web framework inside your app then you can use the package-level functions like: sessions.Start/sessions.Destroy) manager := sessions.New(sessions.Config{}) // start a session for a particular client manager.Start(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) // destroy a session from the server and client, manager.Destroy(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) Usage valyala/fasthttp: // init a new sessions manager( if you use only one web framework inside your app then you can use the package-level functions like: sessions.Start/sessions.Destroy) manager := sessions.New(sessions.Config{}) // start a session for a particular client manager.StartFasthttp(*fasthttp.RequestCtx) // destroy a session from the server and client, manager.DestroyFasthttp(*fasthttp.Request) Note that, now, you can use both fasthttp and net/http within the same sessions manager(.New) instance! So now, you can share sessions between a net/http app and valyala/fasthttp app