Resolve and inline JSON Schema / OpenAPI $refs — internal pointers, cross-file refs, and remote (http/https) documents — into a single dereferenced document.

One-pass, cached. Every unique ref is resolved once; the result is always finite. At a reference cycle the recursive branch is kept, not lost: the cycle point stays a $ref that resolves within the output document (a cross-file cycle target is hoisted into the root's $defs), so recursive schemas survive dereferencing intact.
Anchors + dynamic refs, $id-scoped. Beyond JSON-pointer $refs, plain-name $anchor references (#node), $dynamicRef/$dynamicAnchor (2020-12), and $recursiveRef/$recursiveAnchor (2019-09) are dereferenced too. $id base-URI scoping is modelled for the bundled-document case: a ref whose URI matches an embedded resource's $id resolves to it without fetching, and anchors bind within the resource that declares them (falling back to a document-global search). See $id scoping below for the exact subset.
Cross-file + remote. Relative refs resolve against the document they appear in (a ref inside a remote doc stays remote, one inside a local file stays local). Fetched remote documents are cached for the session, keyed by URL and by the credentials they were fetched with.
Default-deny SSRF guard. Remote refs to loopback, private, link-local, and cloud-metadata hosts — by IP (169.254.169.254) and by name (metadata.google.internal, anything under .internal) — are refused unless you opt in. Hostnames are additionally resolved and refused when any address they point at is non-public, so 127.0.0.1.nip.io does not slip through.
Default-deny local reads. A local $ref may only resolve under the root document's directory. {"$ref": "../../../secrets.env"} is refused; widen it with allowedRoots when your spec legitimately spans folders.
OpenAPI Reference Objects. A $ref whose only siblings are summary / description inlines the target with those annotations overriding — matching OpenAPI 3.1 Reference Object semantics, where an allOf wrapper would be invalid. Any other sibling keyword keeps the spec-correct allOf combination.

Usage

import { resolveRefs, resolveRefsFromFile } from '@amritk/resolve-refs'

// In-memory, internal (#/...) refs only. External refs (another file or an
// http(s) URL) are left in place and reported on `errors`, since this resolver
// can't load other documents — use resolveRefsFromFile for those:
const { resolved, errors } = resolveRefs(myDocument)

// From disk or a URL, including cross-file and remote refs:
const result = await resolveRefsFromFile('./schema.json')
const remote = await resolveRefsFromFile('https://api.example.com/schema.json', {
  allowedHosts: ['api.example.com'],
})

Options (`resolveRefsFromFile`)

Option	Default	Description
`remote`	`true`	Whether http(s) refs may be fetched at all.
`localRefs`	`true`	Whether `$ref`s to other files on disk may be read. `false` still reads the root document you named — it refuses everything a ref reaches out to.
`allowedRoots`	`[dirname(root)]`	Directories a local `$ref` must resolve inside. The default confines a ref to the folder holding the root document.
`allowedHosts`	`[]`	If non-empty, only these hosts may be fetched. Matched case-insensitively; an entry without a port matches any port, one with a port must match it (a URL that omits the port counts as its protocol default). An explicit entry bypasses the private-host and DNS guards.
`allowPrivateHosts`	`false`	Allow loopback/private/link-local targets. Left off, these are refused as an SSRF guard.
`verifyDns`	`true`	Resolve each remote host and refuse it when any address it resolves to is non-public. Pass `false` where names resolve at an egress proxy rather than locally.
`headers`	—	Extra headers for remote requests (record, or `(url) => headers` for per-host credentials). Never sent across a cross-origin redirect.
`fetch`	global `fetch`	Custom fetch implementation. The SSRF guard still evaluates every hop before it is called.
`timeoutMs`	`30_000`	Abort an unresponsive remote fetch after this many milliseconds.
`totalTimeoutMs`	`60_000`	Wall-clock budget for the whole resolve, across every document.
`maxDocuments`	`500`	Documents (root included) a single resolve may load.
`maxRedirects`	`5`	Redirect hops to follow per remote document (each hop re-runs the SSRF guard).
`maxBytes`	`16` MiB	Refuse to buffer a remote document larger than this.
`maxDepth`	`512`	How deep to walk before leaving a subtree unresolved and recording an error.
`cache`	`true`	Pass `false` to bypass the process-wide session cache for this call — everything is re-fetched, nothing is stored.
`parse`	`JSON.parse`	Custom content parser (e.g. YAML-aware).
`trackOrigins`	`false`	Record a per-node origin map on the result.

Errors (a missing file, a refused host, a refused path, a bad URL, a document too deeply nested) are collected on result.errors rather than thrown; the corresponding ref resolves to {} so the rest of the document still resolves.

clearRemoteCache() drops every cached remote document — useful in tests or long-lived sessions where remote schemas may change. Pass a URL (clearRemoteCache(url)) to drop just that one. The cache expires entries after 10 minutes and evicts the least recently used past 256 documents, so a long-lived process does not accumulate every schema it has ever seen.

Security posture

The remote path has always been default-deny; the local path now matches it.

Local reads are confined to dirname(rootLocation) unless you pass allowedRoots. This is deliberately strict: a ref like ../common/schemas.json — an ordinary split-spec layout — is refused until you opt in, because the same shape is what reads /etc/passwd out of a document you did not write. Both the lexical and the symlink-resolved path must land inside a root, so a symlink planted in the tree cannot be used to escape it. The root document itself is exempt: it is the file you explicitly named.
The session cache is credential-scoped. Its key covers the request headers, the fetch/parse callbacks, and the transfer limits, so a document fetched with one tenant's token is invisible to a call carrying different (or no) credentials — and no caller inherits another's fetch. In-flight coalescing uses the same key.
The SSRF guard runs in two passes. isPrivateHost is synchronous and reads only the URL (every IPv4 encoding, IPv4-in-IPv6 embeddings, ULA/link-local/ site-local IPv6, plus a name denylist for cloud-metadata endpoints). assertPublicHost then resolves the name and refuses it when any address is non-public. Both run on every redirect hop.
Known residual gap: DNS rebinding. A record that changes between the check and the connection still wins; closing that requires pinning the socket to the verified address, which Node's fetch does not let us do. What the DNS pass buys is that a name statically pointing at a private address is refused — which is the case that actually shows up.
A resolve is bounded by maxDocuments, totalTimeoutMs, and maxDepth, so a hostile document cannot use the resolver as an egress amplifier, hold the process for hours, or crash it with nesting.

`$id` scoping

The supported subset, chosen for the bundled-document reality rather than the full spec:

A subschema with $id is an embedded resource: its $id (resolved against the enclosing base) becomes the base URI for everything inside it.
A ref whose URI — resolved against the enclosing base — matches an embedded resource's $id resolves to that resource without fetching. A pointer or anchor fragment on such a ref applies within that resource.
Anchors bind within the resource that declares them first; an anchor not found in scope falls back to a document-global search (compatibility with documents that reference across sibling resources).
A plain #/pointer fragment resolves within the resource in scope first, and falls back to the document root when it matches nothing there — which is the behavior bundled real-world documents rely on (a bundled OpenAPI file points at #/components/schemas/… from inside an $id scope). When both could match, the resource wins, which is the order the spec asks for.
$dynamicRef prefers a $dynamicAnchor in scope, then degrades to $ref semantics; a pointer-form $dynamicRef (#/$defs/items) resolves exactly like a $ref, which is what the spec says it is. The full dynamic-scope algorithm (outermost anchor along the runtime reference chain) is not modelled, and cannot be by a resolver that inlines — see Conformance, measured.
Document retrieval is unaffected: which file/URL an external ref loads from is derived from the referencing document's location, never its $id — a root $id naming a remote URL cannot turn a local sibling-file ref into a network fetch.

Conformance, measured

Inlining a document must not change what it accepts, and that is checked against the corpus of $ref shapes the spec authors wrote for exactly this purpose. src/conformance.test.ts takes every reference-carrying case in the official JSON Schema Test Suite (required Draft 2020-12 tests), validates the instance twice with @amritk/runtime-validators — once through the original schema, once through the resolved one — and requires both to agree with the spec:

170 / 170 cases pass (100%).

The corpus is the reference-carrying cases the interpreter already answers correctly before resolution, so a disagreement afterwards is the resolver's and nobody else's.

Getting the last ten meant not answering them: a $dynamicRef whose $dynamicAnchor name is declared more than once binds at evaluation time, and inlining collapses that to one target by construction. Those are now kept in the output with the scaffolding they need, exactly as a reference cycle is — see $id scoping above. The expected-failure list is empty and kept in place, so the build names the first case that regresses rather than letting a percentage tick down. The corpus is vendored under fixtures/json-schema-test-suite; none of it is published.

Documents

Every document — local file or remote — is parsed as JSON by default, so the resolver stays dependency-free. Other formats plug in through the parse option: mjst lint passes a YAML-aware parser there, which is how a .lint.yaml document's cross-file $refs resolve without this package depending on a YAML parser.

Benchmarks

resolveRefs memoizes: every unique $ref string is resolved once per scope, with a sentinel that breaks cycles by keeping the reference node in place. But it is no longer only a memoized inliner — before resolving anything it walks the whole document once to build a resource registry ($id/$anchor scoping), keeps recursive cycles intact, and records a diagnostic for every external ref. The bench/ suite pits it against a bare naive inliner that does none of that — no registry, no scoping, no diagnostics — and re-resolves each ref on every encounter, so the gap is the production resolver's total per-call cost against the cheapest thing that produces the same inlined shape. Both are asserted to produce byte-identical output before either is timed. Representative numbers (Bun 1.3, Linux x64 — your hardware will differ, run bun run bench yourself):

schema	cached	naive	speedup
chain (40 `$ref` → `$ref` links)	~2.7k ops/s	~0.77k ops/s	~3.6×
reuse-heavy (50 refs → 1 def)	~4.2k ops/s	~8.9k ops/s	~0.47×
cyclic tree	~32k ops/s	~99k ops/s	~0.32×
wide-distinct (60 defs, each used once)	~2.3k ops/s	~7.7k ops/s	~0.29×

Memoization overtakes the naive walk only on the chain shape, where a long indirection path is expensive to re-resolve and the cache collapses it to one pass. On every other shape here the fixed cost of the up-front registry walk (paid once per call, no matter how the refs reuse) outweighs what memoization saves, and the bare inliner is faster — these are small schemas where that one document walk dominates. The takeaway is practical: the resolver's per-call floor is a full document traversal, so in a hot loop resolve a document once and reuse the result rather than re-resolving. The reuse-heavy, cyclic, and wide-distinct rows are kept in the table precisely to show that trade honestly rather than cherry-picking the one shape the cache wins.

Opting into trackOrigins (which records where each inlined value came from) adds roughly 0–15% on top, within run-to-run noise on these small schemas.