TypeBox
JSON Schema Type Builder with Static Type Resolution for TypeScript
Install
Node
$ npm install @sinclair/typebox --save
Deno
import { Static, Type } from 'https://deno.land/x/typebox/src/typebox.ts'
Example
import { Static, Type } from '@sinclair/typebox'
const T = Type.String()
type T = Static<typeof T>
Overview
TypeBox is a type builder library that creates in-memory JSON Schema objects that can be statically inferred as TypeScript types. The schemas produced by this library are designed to match the static type checking rules of the TypeScript compiler. TypeBox allows one to compose unified types that can be statically asserted by the TypeScript compiler as well as runtime asserted using standard JSON Schema validation.
TypeBox can be used as a simple tool to build up complex schemas or integrated into RPC or REST services to help validate JSON data received over the wire. It can be used in both TypeScript and JavaScript environments.
License MIT
Contents
Usage
The following demonstrates TypeBox's general usage.
import { Static, Type } from '@sinclair/typebox'
type T = {
id: string,
name: string,
timestamp: number
}
const T = Type.Object({
id: Type.String(),
name: Type.String(),
timestamp: Type.Integer()
})
type T = Static<typeof T>
function receive(value: T) {
if(JSON.validate(T, value)) {
}
}
Types
The following table outlines the TypeBox mappings between TypeScript and JSON schema.
┌────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────┐
│ TypeBox │ TypeScript │ JSON Schema │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Any() │ type T = any │ const T = { } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Unknown() │ type T = unknown │ const T = { } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.String() │ type T = string │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Number() │ type T = number │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Integer() │ type T = number │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'integer' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Boolean() │ type T = boolean │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'boolean' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Null() │ type T = null │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'null' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.RegEx(/foo/) │ type T = string │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'string', │
│ │ │ pattern: 'foo' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Literal(42) │ type T = 42 │ const T = { │
│ │ │ const: 42 │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Array( │ type T = number[] │ const T = { │
│ Type.Number() │ │ type: 'array', │
│ ) │ │ items: { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Object({ │ type T = { │ const T = { │
│ x: Type.Number(), │ x: number, │ type: 'object', │
│ y: Type.Number() │ y: number │ properties: { │
│ }) │ } │ x: { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ y: { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['x', 'y'] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Tuple([ │ type T = [number, number] │ const T = { │
│ Type.Number(), │ │ type: 'array', │
│ Type.Number() │ │ items: [{ │
│ ]) │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ }, { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ }], │
│ │ │ additionalItems: false, │
│ │ │ minItems: 2, │
│ │ │ maxItems: 2, │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ enum Foo { │ enum Foo { │ const T = { │
│ A, │ A, │ anyOf: [{ │
│ B │ B │ type: 'number', │
│ } │ } │ const: 0 │
│ │ │ }, { │
│ const T = Type.Enum(Foo) │ type T = Foo │ type: 'number', │
│ │ │ const: 1 │
│ │ │ }] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.KeyOf( │ type T = keyof { │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x: number, │ anyOf: [{ │
│ x: Type.Number(), │ y: number │ type: 'string', │
│ y: Type.Number() │ } │ const: 'x' │
│ }) │ │ }, { │
│ ) │ │ type: 'string', │
│ │ │ const: 'y', │
│ │ │ }] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Union([ │ type T = string | number │ const T = { │
│ Type.String(), │ │ anyOf: [{ │
│ Type.Number() │ │ type: 'string' │
│ ]) │ │ }, { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ }] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Intersect([ │ type T = { │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x: number │ type: 'object', │
│ x: Type.Number() │ } & { │ properties: { │
│ }), │ y: number │ x: { │
│ Type.Object({ │ } │ type: 'number' │
│ y: Type.Number() │ │ }, │
│ }) │ │ y: { │
│ ]) │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['x', 'y'] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Record( │ type T = Record< │ const T = { │
│ Type.String(), │ string, │ type: 'object', │
│ Type.Number() │ number, │ patternProperties: { │
│ ) │ > │ '^.*$': { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Partial( │ type T = Partial<{ │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x: number, │ type: 'object', │
│ x: Type.Number(), │ y: number │ properties: { │
│ y: Type.Number() | }> │ x: { │
│ }) │ │ type: 'number' │
│ ) │ │ }, │
│ │ │ y: { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Required( │ type T = Required<{ │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x?: number, │ type: 'object', │
│ x: Type.Optional( │ y?: number │ properties: { │
│ Type.Number() | }> │ x: { │
│ ), │ │ type: 'number' │
│ y: Type.Optional( │ │ }, │
│ Type.Number() │ │ y: { │
│ ) │ │ type: 'number' │
│ }) │ │ } │
│ ) │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['x', 'y'] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Pick( │ type T = Pick<{ │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x: number, │ type: 'object', │
│ x: Type.Number(), │ y: number │ properties: { │
│ y: Type.Number(), | }, 'x'> │ x: { │
│ }), ['x'] │ │ type: 'number' │
│ ) │ │ } │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['x'] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Omit( │ type T = Omit<{ │ const T = { │
│ Type.Object({ │ x: number, │ type: 'object', │
│ x: Type.Number(), │ y: number │ properties: { │
│ y: Type.Number(), | }, 'x'> │ y: { │
│ }), ['x'] │ │ type: 'number' │
│ ) │ │ } │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['y'] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
└────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────┘
Modifiers
TypeBox provides modifiers that can be applied to an objects properties. This allows for optional
and readonly
to be applied to that property. The following table illustates how they map between TypeScript and JSON Schema.
┌────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────┐
│ TypeBox │ TypeScript │ JSON Schema │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Object({ │ type T = { │ const T = { │
│ name: Type.Optional( │ name?: string, │ type: 'object', │
│ Type.String(), │ } │ properties: { │
│ ) │ │ name: { │
│ }) │ │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Object({ │ type T = { │ const T = { │
│ name: Type.Readonly( │ readonly name: string, │ type: 'object', │
│ Type.String(), │ } │ properties: { │
│ ) │ │ name: { │
│ }) │ │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ }, │
│ │ │ required: ['name'] │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Object({ │ type T = { │ const T = { │
│ name: Type.ReadonlyOptional( │ readonly name?: string │ type: 'object', │
│ Type.String(), │ } │ properties: { │
│ ) │ │ name: { │
│ }) │ │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
└────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────┘
Options
You can pass additional JSON schema options on the last argument of any given type. The following are some examples.
const T = Type.String({ format: 'email' })
const T = Type.Number({ multipleOf: 2 })
const T = Type.Array(Type.Integer(), { minItems: 5 })
Extended Types
In addition to JSON schema types, TypeBox provides several extended types that allow for function
and constructor
types to be composed. These additional types are not valid JSON Schema and will not validate using typical JSON Schema validation. However, these types can be used to frame JSON schema and describe callable interfaces that may receive JSON validated data. These types are as follows.
┌────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────┐
│ TypeBox │ TypeScript │ Extended Schema │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Constructor([ │ type T = new ( │ const T = { │
│ Type.String(), │ arg0: string, │ type: 'constructor' │
│ Type.Number() │ arg1: number │ arguments: [{ │
│ ], Type.Boolean()) │ ) => boolean │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ }, { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ }], │
│ │ │ returns: { │
│ │ │ type: 'boolean' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Function([ │ type T = ( │ const T = { │
| Type.String(), │ arg0: string, │ type : 'function', │
│ Type.Number() │ arg1: number │ arguments: [{ │
│ ], Type.Boolean()) │ ) => boolean │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ }, { │
│ │ │ type: 'number' │
│ │ │ }], │
│ │ │ returns: { │
│ │ │ type: 'boolean' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Uint8Array() │ type T = Uint8Array │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'object', │
│ │ │ specialized: 'Uint8Array' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Promise( │ type T = Promise<string> │ const T = { │
│ Type.String() │ │ type: 'promise', │
│ ) │ │ item: { │
│ │ │ type: 'string' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Undefined() │ type T = undefined │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'object', │
│ │ │ specialized: 'Undefined' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│ const T = Type.Void() │ type T = void │ const T = { │
│ │ │ type: 'null' │
│ │ │ } │
│ │ │ │
└────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────┘
Reference Types
Types can be referenced with Type.Ref(...)
. To reference a type, the target type must specify an $id
.
const T = Type.String({ $id: 'T' })
const R = Type.Ref(T)
Recursive Types
Recursive types can be created with the Type.Recursive(...)
function.
const Node = Type.Recursive(Node => Type.Object({
id: Type.String(),
nodes: Type.Array(Node),
}), { $id: 'Node' })
type Node = Static<typeof Node>
function visit(node: Node) {
for(const inner of node.nodes) {
visit(inner)
}
}
Generic Types
Generic types can be created using functions. The following creates a generic Nullable<T>
type.
import { Type, Static, TSchema } from '@sinclair/typebox'
const Nullable = <T extends TSchema>(type: T) => Type.Union([type, Type.Null()])
const T = Nullable(Type.String())
type T = Static<typeof T>
const U = Nullable(Type.Number())
type U = Static<typeof U>
Unsafe Types
In some cases, you may need schema definitions that are not provided by TypeBox. In these scenarios, it's common to want to define your own schema and static type inference rules. The Type.Unsafe(...)
function provides this functionality, allowing you to specify both schema representation and a static type to infer. Consider the following which defines a number
schema, but will infer as a string
.
const T = Type.Unsafe<string>({ type: 'number' })
type T = Static<typeof T>
The Type.Unsafe(...)
function can be used with function generics to create custom schema representations for validators requiring specific schema representations. An example of which would be OpenAPI's nullable
and string-enum
representations which are not provided by TypeBox by default. The following demonstrates creating these schemas using the Type.Unsafe(...)
function.
import { Type, Static, TSchema } from '@sinclair/typebox'
function Nullable<T extends TSchema>(schema: T) {
return Type.Unsafe<Static<T> | null>({ ...schema, nullable: true })
}
const T = Nullable(Type.String())
type T = Static<typeof T>
function StringEnum<T extends string[]>(values: [...T]) {
return Type.Unsafe<T[number]>({ enum: values })
}
const T = StringEnum(['A', 'B', 'C'])
type T = Static<typeof T>
Values
TypeBox can create values from types. It creates reasonable defaults for each value which can overrided by specifying a default
value.
import { Value } from '@sinclair/typebox/value'
import { Type } from '@sinclair/typebox'
const T = Type.Object({
x: Type.Number({ default: 1 }),
y: Type.Number(),
})
const V = Value.Create(T)
TypeBox also allows values to be upgraded to match the schematics of a given type. The Value.Cast(...)
function can be used to upgrade a value into a target type while retaining as much information of the original value as possible. Casts are immutable operations.
import { Value } from '@sinclair/typebox/value'
import { Type } from '@sinclair/typebox'
const T = Type.Object({
x: Type.Number(),
y: Type.Number()
})
const A = Value.Cast(T, null)
const B = Value.Cast(T, { x: 1 })
const C = Value.Cast(T, { x: 1, y: 2, z: 3 })
Guards
If reflecting on TypeBox types, it can be helpful to test if a value matches a TypeBox schematic. This can be achieved using the TypeGuard namespace. The TypeGuard namespace offers exhaustive checks for each known TypeBox type.
import { TypeGuard } from '@sinclair/typebox/guard'
import { Type } from '@sinclair/typebox'
const T: any = {}
const { type } = T
if(TypeGuard.TString(T)) {
const { type } = T
}
Strict
TypeBox schemas contain the Kind
and Modifier
symbol properties. These properties are provided to enable runtime type reflection on schemas, as well as helping TypeBox internally compose types. These properties are not strictly valid JSON schema; so in some cases it may be desirable to omit them. TypeBox provides a Type.Strict()
function that will omit these properties if necessary.
const T = Type.Object({
name: Type.Optional(Type.String())
})
const U = Type.Strict(T)
Validation
TypeBox schemas target JSON Schema draft 6 so any validator capable of draft 6 should be fine. A good library to use for validation in JavaScript environments is AJV. The following example shows setting up AJV 7 to work with TypeBox.
$ npm install ajv ajv-formats --save
import { Type } from '@sinclair/typebox'
import addFormats from 'ajv-formats'
import Ajv from 'ajv'
const ajv = addFormats(new Ajv({}), [
'date-time',
'time',
'date',
'email',
'hostname',
'ipv4',
'ipv6',
'uri',
'uri-reference',
'uuid',
'uri-template',
'json-pointer',
'relative-json-pointer',
'regex'
])
const T = Type.Object({
x: Type.Number(),
y: Type.Number(),
z: Type.Number(),
}, { additionalProperties: false })
const OK = ajv.validate(T, {
x: 1,
y: 2,
z: 3
})
Please refer to the official AJV documentation for additional information on using AJV.
Compiler
TypeBox includes a specialized TypeCompiler
that can be used as a runtime type checker in lieu of a JSON Schema validator. This compiler is optimized for high throughput Web Socket messaging and can perform better than AJV for some structural checks. Please note that this compiler is not fully JSON Schema compliant and is limited to known TypeBox types only. The TypeCompiler
contains a Compile(T)
function that returns a TypeCheck<T>
object that can be used to test the validity of a value as well as obtain errors.
import { TypeCompiler } from '@sinclair/typebox/compiler'
import { Type } from '@sinclair/typebox'
const T = Type.Object({
x: Type.Number(),
y: Type.Number(),
z: Type.Number()
})
const C = TypeCompiler.Compile(T)
const OK = C.Check({
x: 1,
y: 2,
z: 3
})
Errors can be obtained by calling the Errors(...)
function. This function returns an iterator that may contain zero or more errors for the given value. For performance, you should only call Errors(V)
if the Check(V)
function returns false
.
const C = TypeCompiler.Compile(Type.Object({
x: Type.Number(),
y: Type.Number(),
z: Type.Number()
}))
const V = { }
if(!C.Check(V)) {
for(const error of C.Errors(V)) {
console.log(error)
}
}
The TypeCompiler generates JavaScript validation routines types that are evaluated at runtime. You can inspect the generated code by calling the Code()
function of the TypeCheck<T>
object.
const C = TypeCompiler.Compile(Type.String())
console.log(C.Code())
Contribute
TypeBox is open to community contribution. Please ensure you submit an open issue before submitting your pull request. The TypeBox project preferences open community discussion prior to accepting new features.