downlevel-dts

What is downlevel-dts?

The downlevel-dts npm package is used to downlevel TypeScript declaration files (.d.ts) to an older version of TypeScript. This is useful for library authors who want to support older versions of TypeScript without maintaining multiple versions of their codebase.

What are downlevel-dts's main functionalities?

Downlevel TypeScript Declarations

This feature allows you to downlevel TypeScript declaration files to a specified TypeScript version. In this example, the input .d.ts file is downleveled to TypeScript version 3.7 and written to the output file.

const downlevelDts = require('downlevel-dts');
const fs = require('fs');

const inputFilePath = 'path/to/input.d.ts';
const outputFilePath = 'path/to/output.d.ts';

const inputDts = fs.readFileSync(inputFilePath, 'utf8');
const outputDts = downlevelDts(inputDts, '3.7');

fs.writeFileSync(outputFilePath, outputDts);

Other packages similar to downlevel-dts

typescript

The TypeScript package itself can be used to generate declaration files, but it does not provide functionality to downlevel existing declaration files. It is more focused on compiling TypeScript code to JavaScript and generating .d.ts files from TypeScript source code.

api-extractor

API Extractor is a tool for managing and analyzing the public API surface of a TypeScript library. While it provides features for generating and validating .d.ts files, it does not specifically focus on downleveling them to older TypeScript versions.

dts-bundle-generator

dts-bundle-generator is a tool for generating a single .d.ts file from a TypeScript project. It focuses on bundling multiple declaration files into one, rather than downleveling existing declaration files.

README

downlevel-dts rewrites .d.ts files created by any version of TypeScript so that they work with TypeScript 3.4 or later. It does this by converting code with new features into code that uses equivalent old features. For example, it rewrites accessors to properties, because TypeScript didn't support accessors in .d.ts files until 3.6:

declare class C {
  get x(): number;
}

becomes

declare class C {
  readonly x: number;
}

Note that not all features can be downlevelled. For example, TypeScript 4.0 allows spreading multiple tuple type variables, at any position in a tuple. This is not allowed in previous versions, but has no obvious downlevel emit, so downlevel-dts doesn't attempt to do anything. Be sure to test the output of downlevel-dts with the appropriate version of TypeScript.

Features

Here is the list of features that are downlevelled:

Omit (3.5)

type Less = Omit<T, K>;

becomes

type Less = Pick<T, Exclude<keyof T, K>>;

Omit has had non-builtin implementations since TypeScript 2.2, but became built-in in TypeScript 3.5.

Semantics

Omit is a type alias, so the downlevel should behave exactly the same.

Accessors (3.6)

TypeScript prevented accessors from being in .d.ts files until TypeScript 3.6 because they behave very similarly to properties. However, they behave differently with inheritance, so the distinction can be useful.

declare class C {
  get x(): number;
}

becomes

declare class C {
  readonly x: number;
}

Semantics

The properties emitted downlevel can be overridden in more cases than the original accessors, so the downlevel d.ts will be less strict. See the TypeScript 3.7 release notes for more detail.

asserts assertion guards (3.7)

TypeScript 3.7 introduced the asserts keyword, which provides a way to indicate that a function will throw if a parameter doesn't meet a condition. This allows TypeScript to understand that whatever condition such a function checks must be true for the remainder of the containing scope.

Since there is no way to model this before 3.7, such functions are downlevelled to return void:

declare function assertIsString(val: any, msg?: string): asserts val is string;
declare function assert(val: any, msg?: string): asserts val;

becomes

declare function assertIsString(val: any, msg?: string): void;
declare function assert(val: any, msg?: string): void;

Type-only import/export (3.8)

The downlevel emit is quite simple:

import type { T } from 'x';

becomes

import { T } from "x";

Semantics

The downlevel d.ts will be less strict because a class will be constructable:

declare class C {
}
export type { C };

becomes

declare class C {}
export { C };

and the latter allows construction:

import { C } from "x";
var c = new C();

type modifiers on import/export names (4.5)

The downlevel emit depends on the TypeScript target version and whether type and value imports/exports are mixed.

An import/export declaration with only import/export names that have type modifiers

import { type A, type B } from "x";
export { type A, type B };

becomes:

// TS 3.8+
import type { A, B } from "x";
export type { A, B };

// TS 3.7 or less
import { A, B } from "x";
export { A, B };

A mixed import/export declaration

import { A, type B } from "x";
export { A, type B };

becomes:

// TS 3.8+
import type { B } from "x";
import { A } from "x";
export type { B };
export { A };

// TS 3.7 or less
import { A, B } from "x";
export { A, B };

Semantics

When an import/export declaration has only import/export names with type modifiers, it is emitted as a type-only import/export declaration for TS 3.8+ and as a value import/export declaration for TS 3.7 or less. The latter will be less strict (see type-only import/export).

When type and value imports/exports are mixed, two import/export declarations are emitted for TS 3.8+, one for type-only imports/exports and another one for value imports/exports. For TS 3.7 or less, one value import/export declaration is emitted which will be less strict (see type-only import/export).

#private (3.8)

TypeScript 3.8 supports the new ECMAScript-standard #private properties in addition to its compile-time-only private properties. Since neither are accessible at compile-time, downlevel-dts converts #private properties to compile-time private properties:

declare class C {
  #private
}

It becomes:

declare class C {
  private "#private"`
}

Semantics

The standard emit for any class with a #private property just adds a single #private line. Similarly, a class with a private property adds only the name of the property, but not the type. The d.ts includes only enough information for consumers to avoid interfering with the private property:

class C {
  #x = 1
  private y = 2
}

emits

declare class C {
  #private
  private y
}

which then downlevels to

declare class C {
  private "#private";
  private y;
}

This is incorrect if your class already has a field named "#private". But you really shouldn't do this!

The downlevel d.ts incorrectly prevents consumers from creating a private property themselves named "#private". The consumers of the d.ts also shouldn't do this.

export * from 'x' (3.8)

TypeScript 3.8 supports the new ECMAScript-standard export * as namespace syntax, which is just syntactic sugar for two import/export statements:

export * as ns from 'x';

becomes

import * as ns_1 from "x";
export { ns_1 as ns };

Semantics

The downlevel semantics should be exactly the same as the original.

[named: number, tuple: string, ...members: boolean[]] (4.0)

TypeScript 4.0 supports naming tuple members:

type T = [foo: number, bar: string];

becomes

type T = [/** foo */ number, /** bar */ string];

Semantics

The downlevel semantics are exactly the same as the original, but the TypeScript language service won't be able to show the member names.

in out T (4.7)

Typescript 4.7 supports variance annotations on type parameter declarations:

interface State<in out T> {
    get: () => T;
    set: (value: T) => void;
}

becomes:

interface State<T> {
  get: () => T;
  set: (value: T) => void;
}

Semantics

The downlevel .d.ts omits the variance annotations, which will change the variance in the cases where they were added because the compiler gets it wrong.

Target

Since the earliest downlevel feature is from TypeScript 3.5, downlevel-dts targets TypeScript 3.4 by default. The downlevel target is configurable with --to argument.

Currently, TypeScript 3.0 features like unknown are not downlevelled, nor are there any other plans to support TypeScript 2.x.

Downlevel semantics

Usage

1. $ npm install downlevel-dts
2. $ npx downlevel-dts . ts3.4 [--to=3.4]
3. To your package.json, add

"typesVersions": {
  "<4.0": { "*": ["ts3.4/*"] }
}

1. $ cp tsconfig.json ts3.9/tsconfig.json

These instructions are modified and simplified from the Definitely Typed ones.