postcss-preset-env

What is postcss-preset-env?

The postcss-preset-env package is a plugin for PostCSS, a tool for transforming CSS with JavaScript. This package allows developers to use future CSS features today. It converts modern CSS into something most browsers can understand, determining the polyfills needed based on the target browsers or runtime environments specified by the developer. It's like Babel but for CSS.

What are postcss-preset-env's main functionalities?

Stage 0-4 CSS features

Enables the use of future CSS features by setting the stage from 0 to 4. Lower stages include more experimental features.

postcssPresetEnv({
  stage: 0
})

Custom Media Queries

Allows the use of custom media queries, making it easier to manage and reuse media queries.

@custom-media --small-viewport (max-width: 30em);

@media (--small-viewport) {
  /* CSS rules for small viewport */
}

Custom Properties (CSS Variables)

Facilitates the use of CSS variables for easier theme management and component styling.

:root {
  --mainColor: #123456;
}

a {
  color: var(--mainColor);
}

Nested Rules

Supports nesting rules within rules, similar to what is possible in preprocessors like SASS or LESS.

a {
  &::before {
    content: '';
  }
}

Other packages similar to postcss-preset-env

autoprefixer

Autoprefixer is a PostCSS plugin that parses your CSS and adds vendor prefixes to CSS rules using values from Can I Use. It is similar to postcss-preset-env in that it helps make modern CSS compatible with different browsers. However, autoprefixer focuses specifically on adding necessary prefixes, while postcss-preset-env includes this functionality as part of a broader feature set.

cssnano

cssnano is a modular minifier for CSS, also built on top of PostCSS. It optimizes CSS by rewriting rules, reducing whitespace, and through other transformations. While cssnano focuses on minimizing CSS for production environments, postcss-preset-env focuses on enabling future CSS features for development. Both can be used together in a build process for optimal results.

postcss-cssnext

postcss-cssnext was a predecessor to postcss-preset-env that allowed you to use future CSS features. However, postcss-preset-env has since replaced postcss-cssnext, offering a more updated and comprehensive solution for using modern CSS today. postcss-cssnext is no longer maintained, making postcss-preset-env the preferred choice for developers looking to use future CSS features.

README

PostCSS Preset Env

PostCSS Preset Env lets you convert modern CSS into something most browsers can understand, determining the polyfills you need based on your targeted browsers or runtime environments.

Quick start

PostCSS Preset Env is a PostCSS plugin.
If you are already using PostCSS to build your CSS, you can simply add PostCSS Preset Env to your configuration.

• Install postcss-preset-env from npm.
• Add postcss-preset-env to your configuration:

const postcssPresetEnv = require('postcss-preset-env');

const yourConfig = {
	plugins: [
		postcssPresetEnv(/* pluginOptions */)
	]
}

Read more on how to use and install PostCSS Preset Env.

How does it work?

PostCSS Preset Env is a Plugin Pack for PostCSS. It leverages the list of the features we keep an eye from CSSDB and applies plugins, so you can use those new features without having to worry about browser support.

CSSDB exposes the browser support that each feature has which can come from Can I Use or from MDN (through mdn/browser-compat-data).

By providing a list of browser targets for your project, plugins that aren't needed will be skipped. Over time your targets might change and by updating the settings your CSS bundle will only ever contain the needed fallbacks.

What PostCSS Preset Env does is to take the support data that comes from MDN and Can I Use and determine from a browserlist whether those transformations are needed. It also packs Autoprefixer within and shares the list with it, so prefixes are only applied when you're going to need them given your browser support list.

Glossary:

• Browser list option: Browserlist is a package that gives you a list of browsers for a given query. For example, chrome < 42 will give you a list of every Chrome version that has been released up to, but not including, 42.
• Browser support stats: Features get introduced on browsers at certain versions. They're often visible on MDN and Can I Use. Comparing these stats with the needed support for your project tells you if it's safe to use a feature or not.
• CSS Feature: A CSS feature is often part of some spec that enables a specific feature. For example, hwb functional notation lets you express a given color according to its hue, whiteness, and blackness. This is part of the CSS Color 4 Spec.
• CSS Spec: A Spec is a document that collects new features, what problems are they trying to solve and how it's intended to be solved (generally). This is usually an evolving document that goes over lengthy discussions between several people from different companies.
• Plugin: A plugin is package that's intended (usually) to enable a new CSS Feature by leveraging PostCSS. This doesn't need to be part of any spec. An example of the latter is PostCSS Mixins, a concept that existed on Less or Sass, but it's not part of any spec. This plugin plack only packs plugins that enable features acknowledged by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) which will then be implemented by browsers later.
• Polyfill: A polyfill is a piece of code (usually JavaScript on the Web) used to provide modern functionality on older browsers that do not natively support it. A polyfill should be indistinguishable from the native behaviour.

Here's a quick example of the syntax you can leverage by using PostCSS Preset Env.

@custom-media --viewport-medium (width <= 50rem);
@custom-selector :--heading h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6;

:root {
  --mainColor: #12345678;
}

body {
  color: var(--mainColor);
  font-family: system-ui;
  overflow-wrap: break-word;
}

:--heading {
  background-image: image-set(url(img/heading.png) 1x, url(img/[e-mail]) 2x);

  @media (--viewport-medium) {
    margin-block: 0;
  }
}

a {
  color: rgb(0 0 100% / 90%);

  &:hover {
    color: rebeccapurple;
  }
}

/* becomes */

:root {
  --mainColor: rgba(18, 52, 86, 0.47059);
}

body {
  color: rgba(18, 52, 86, 0.47059);
  color: var(--mainColor);
  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Droid Sans, Helvetica Neue;
  word-wrap: break-word;
}

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
  background-image: url(img/heading.png);
}

@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 192dpi) {
  h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
    background-image: url(img/[e-mail])
  }
}

@media (max-width: 50rem) {
  h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
    margin-top: 0;
    margin-bottom: 0;
  }
}

a {
  color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.9)
}

a:hover {
  color: #639;
}

Without any configuration options, PostCSS Preset Env enables Stage 2 features and supports all browsers.

⚠️ Please note that some features need a companion library that makes the feature work. While we try to avoid this requirement, there are instances in which this isn't possible to polyfill a new behaviour with just CSS.

See the list below.

Usage

Add PostCSS Preset Env to your project:

npm install postcss-preset-env --save-dev

Use PostCSS Preset Env as a PostCSS plugin:

const postcss = require('postcss');
const postcssPresetEnv = require('postcss-preset-env');

postcss([
  postcssPresetEnv(/* pluginOptions */)
]).process(YOUR_CSS /*, processOptions */);

PostCSS Preset Env runs in all Node environments, with special instructions for:

Node	PostCSS CLI	Webpack	Create React App	Gulp	Grunt	Rollup

Options

stage

The stage option determines which CSS features to polyfill, based upon their stability in the process of becoming implemented web standards.

postcssPresetEnv({ stage: 0 })

The stage can be 0 (experimental) through 4 (stable), or false. Setting stage to false will disable every polyfill. Doing this would only be useful if you intended to exclusively use the features option.

Default: 2

minimumVendorImplementations

The minimumVendorImplementations option determines which CSS features to polyfill, based their implementation status. This can be used to enable plugins that are available in browsers regardless of the spec status.

postcssPresetEnv({ minimumVendorImplementations: 2 })

minimumVendorImplementations can be 0 (no vendor has implemented it) through 3 (all major vendors).

Default: 0

Note:

When a feature has not yet been implemented by any vendor it can be considered experimental.
Even with a single implementation it might still change in the future.
Sometimes issues with a feature/specification are only discovered after it becomes available.

A value of 2 is recommended when you want to use only those features that should be stable.

Having 2 independent implementations is a critical step in proposals becoming standards and a good indicator of a feature's stability.

features

The features option enables or disables specific polyfills by ID. Passing true to a specific feature ID will enable its polyfill, while passing false will disable it. List of Features

postcssPresetEnv({
  /* use stage 3 features + css nesting rules */
  stage: 3,
  features: {
    'nesting-rules': true
  }
})

Passing an object to a specific feature ID will both enable and configure it.

postcssPresetEnv({
  /* use stage 3 features + css color-mod (warning on unresolved) */
  stage: 3,
  features: {
    'color-mod-function': { unresolved: 'warn' }
  }
})

Any polyfills not explicitly enabled or disabled through features are determined by the stage option.

browsers

The browsers option determines which polyfills are required based upon the browsers you are supporting.

PostCSS Preset Env supports any standard browserslist configuration, which can be a .browserslistrc file, a browserslist key in package.json, or browserslist environment variables.

The browsers option should only be used when a standard browserslist configuration is not available.

postcssPresetEnv({ browsers: 'last 2 versions' })

If no valid browserslist configuration is specified, the default browserslist query will be used.

insertBefore / insertAfter

The insertBefore and insertAfter keys allow you to insert other PostCSS plugins into the chain. This is only useful if you are also using sugary PostCSS plugins that must execute before or after certain polyfills. Both insertBefore and insertAfter support chaining one or multiple plugins.

import postcssSimpleVars from 'postcss-simple-vars';

postcssPresetEnv({
  insertBefore: {
    'all-property': postcssSimpleVars
  }
})

autoprefixer

PostCSS Preset Env includes autoprefixer and browsers option will be passed to it automatically.

Specifying the autoprefixer option enables passing additional options into autoprefixer.

postcssPresetEnv({
  autoprefixer: { grid: true }
})

Passing autoprefixer: false disables autoprefixer.

⚠️ autoprefixer has complex logic to fix CSS Grid in IE en older Edge.

This can have unexpected results with certain features and when preserve: true is used. (defaults to true)

:root {
  --grid-gap: 15px;
}

.test-grid {
	grid-gap: var(--grid-gap);
	grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
}

Becomes :

.test-grid {
	grid-gap: 15px;
	grid-gap: var(--grid-gap);
	-ms-grid-columns: 1fr var(--grid-gap) 1fr;
	grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
}

The prefixed -ms-grid-columns still has a custom property: 1fr var(--grid-gap) 1fr; which won't work.
This example shows issues with custom properties but other transforms might have similar issues.

If you target IE or older Edge it is best to avoid using other modern features in grid property values.
As a last resort you can set preserve: false, we do not advice this as doing so purely to fix issues with CSS grid.

older Edge is any version before chromium (<79)

preserve

The preserve option determines whether all plugins should receive a preserve option, which may preserve or remove otherwise-polyfilled CSS. By default, this option is not configured.

postcssPresetEnv({
  preserve: false // instruct all plugins to omit pre-polyfilled CSS
});

importFrom

The importFrom option specifies sources where variables like Custom Media, Custom Properties, Custom Selectors, and Environment Variables can be imported from, which might be CSS, JS, and JSON files, functions, and directly passed objects.

postcssPresetEnv({
  /*
    @custom-media --small-viewport (max-width: 30em);
    @custom-selector :--heading h1, h2, h3;
    :root { --color: red; }
  */
  importFrom: 'path/to/file.css'
});

Multiple sources can be passed into this option, and they will be parsed in the order they are received. JavaScript files, JSON files, functions, and objects will use different namespaces to import different kinds of variables.

postcssPresetEnv({
  importFrom: [
    /*
      @custom-media --small-viewport (max-width: 30em);
      @custom-selector :--heading h1, h2, h3;
      :root { --color: red; }
    */
    'path/to/file.css',

    /* module.exports = {
      customMedia: { '--small-viewport': '(max-width: 30em)' },
      customProperties: { '--color': 'red' },
      customSelectors: { ':--heading': 'h1, h2, h3' },
      environmentVariables: { '--branding-padding': '20px' }
    } */
    'and/then/this.js',

    /* {
      "custom-media": { "--small-viewport": "(max-width: 30em)" }
      "custom-properties": { "--color": "red" },
      "custom-selectors": { ":--heading": "h1, h2, h3" },
      "environment-variables": { "--branding-padding": "20px" }
    } */
    'and/then/that.json',

    {
      customMedia: { '--small-viewport': '(max-width: 30em)' },
      customProperties: { '--color': 'red' },
      customSelectors: { ':--heading': 'h1, h2, h3' },
      environmentVariables: { '--branding-padding': '20px' }
    },
    () => {
      const customMedia = { '--small-viewport': '(max-width: 30em)' };
      const customProperties = { '--color': 'red' };
      const customSelectors = { ':--heading': 'h1, h2, h3' };
      const environmentVariables = { '--branding-padding': '20px' };

      return { customMedia, customProperties, customSelectors, environmentVariables };
    }
  ]
});

exportTo

The exportTo option specifies destinations where variables like Custom Media, Custom Properties, Custom Selectors, and Environment Variables can be exported to, which might be CSS, JS, and JSON files, functions, and directly passed objects.

postcssPresetEnv({
  /*
    @custom-media --small-viewport (max-width: 30em);
    @custom-selector :--heading h1, h2, h3;
    :root { --color: red; }
  */
  exportTo: 'path/to/file.css'
});

Multiple destinations can be passed into this option as well, and they will be parsed in the order they are received. JavaScript files, JSON files, and objects will use different namespaces to import different kinds of variables.

const cachedObject = {};

postcssPresetEnv({
  exportTo: [
    /*
      @custom-media --small-viewport (max-width: 30em);
      @custom-selector :--heading h1, h2, h3;
      :root { --color: red; }
    */
    'path/to/file.css',

    /* module.exports = {
      customMedia: { '--small-viewport': '(max-width: 30em)' },
      customProperties: { '--color': 'red' },
      customSelectors: { ':--heading': 'h1, h2, h3' },
      environmentVariables: { '--branding-padding': '20px' }
    } */
    'and/then/this.js',

    /* {
      "custom-media": { "--small-viewport": "(max-width: 30em)" }
      "custom-properties": { "--color": "red" },
      "custom-selectors": { ":--heading": "h1, h2, h3" },
      "environment-variables": { "--branding-padding": "20px" }
    } */
    'and/then/that.json',

    cachedObject,
    variables => {
      if ('customProperties' in variables) {
        // do something special with customProperties
      }

      Object.assign(cachedObject, variables);
    }
  ]
});

debug

The debug option enables debugging messages to stdout which should be useful to help you debug which features have been enabled/disabled and why.

enableClientSidePolyfills

The enableClientSidePolyfills enables any feature that would need an extra browser library to be loaded into the page for it to work. Defaults to true.

Note that manually enabling/disabling features via the "feature" option overrides this flag.

Stability and Portability

PostCSS Preset Env will often include very modern CSS features that are not fully ready yet. This gives users the chance to play around with these features and provide feedback.

If the specification changes or is abandoned a new major version of the plugin will be released. This will require you to update your source code so that everything works as expected.

To have more stability between updates of PostCSS Preset Env you may set stage: 3 and/or minimumVendorImplementations: 2.

A side effect of staying close to the standard is that you can more easily migrate your project to other tooling all together.

Plugins list

Plugins that need client library

This is the current list of features that need a client library with a link to the polyfill's library.

• blank-pseudo-class: Plugin / Polyfill
• focus-visible-pseudo-class: Plugin / Polyfill
• focus-within-pseudo-class: Plugin / Library / Polyfill
• has-pseudo-class: Plugin / Polyfill
• prefers-color-scheme-query: Plugin / Polyfill

If you want to disable these types of features, please check the enableClientSidePolyfills option.

Plugins not affected by Browser Support

Given they have no support they will always be enabled if they match by Stage:

• blank-pseudo-class: Plugin / Polyfill
• custom-media-queries: Plugin
• has-pseudo-class: Plugin / Polyfill
• image-set-function: Plugin
• media-query-ranges: Plugin
• nesting-rules: Plugin