tough-cookie

What is tough-cookie?

The tough-cookie npm package is a robust and flexible implementation of HTTP cookies, allowing for the parsing, manipulation, and serialization of cookie headers. It provides a way to manage cookies for HTTP clients, including support for persistence, cookie jars, and the ability to handle various cookie-related operations as per the RFC 6265 standard.

What are tough-cookie's main functionalities?

Cookie Parsing

This feature allows for the parsing of cookie header strings into Cookie objects, which can then be manipulated or stored.

const Cookie = require('tough-cookie').Cookie;
const cookie = Cookie.parse('key=value; expires=Wed, 09 Jun 2021 10:18:14 GMT');

Cookie Serialization

This feature enables the serialization of Cookie objects back into HTTP header strings, which can be used in HTTP requests.

const Cookie = require('tough-cookie').Cookie;
const cookie = new Cookie({key: 'value', domain: 'example.com', path: '/'});
const header = cookie.toString();

Cookie Jar

The Cookie Jar feature allows for the storage and retrieval of cookies across multiple requests, maintaining state and handling cookie scope such as domain and path.

const { CookieJar } = require('tough-cookie');
const jar = new CookieJar();
jar.setCookieSync('key=value; Domain=example.com', 'http://example.com', { http: true });

Cookie Store Persistence

This feature provides a way to persist cookies between sessions by using a file-based store or other custom store implementations.

const { CookieJar, FileCookieStore } = require('tough-cookie');
const jar = new CookieJar(new FileCookieStore('cookies.json'));
// Cookies within the jar will be persisted to 'cookies.json' file.

Other packages similar to tough-cookie

js-cookie

js-cookie is a simple, lightweight JavaScript API for handling cookies. It works well in the browser and has a simpler API but does not have the Node.js environment support or the advanced features such as cookie jars and persistence that tough-cookie offers.

cookie

The cookie npm package is a simple server-side cookie parsing and serialization library. It is more minimalistic compared to tough-cookie and does not provide a cookie jar or persistence features.

cookies

The cookies package is designed for use with Node.js HTTP servers. It provides cookie parsing and serialization similar to tough-cookie but is tailored for server-side use and does not include a cookie jar implementation.

README

RFC6265 Cookies and CookieJar for Node.js

Synopsis

var cookies = require('tough-cookie'); // note: not 'cookie', 'cookies' or 'node-cookie'
var Cookie = cookies.Cookie;
var cookie = Cookie.parse(header);
cookie.value = 'somethingdifferent';
header = cookie.toString();

var cookiejar = new cookies.CookieJar();
cookiejar.setCookie(cookie, 'http://currentdomain.example.com/path', cb);
// ...
cookiejar.getCookies('http://example.com/otherpath',function(err,cookies) {
  res.headers['cookie'] = cookies.join('; ');
});

Installation

It's so easy!

npm install tough-cookie

Requires punycode, which should get installed automatically for you. Note that node.js v0.6.2+ bundles punycode by default.

Why the name? NPM modules cookie, cookies and cookiejar were already taken.

API

cookies

Functions on the module you get from require('tough-cookie'). All can be used as pure functions and don't need to be "bound".

parseDate(string[,strict])

Parse a cookie date string into a Date. Parses according to RFC6265 Section 5.1.1, not Date.parse(). If strict is set to true then leading/trailing non-seperator characters around the time part will cause the parsing to fail (e.g. "Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:010 GMT" has an extra trailing zero but Chrome, an assumedly RFC-compliant browser, treats this as valid).

formatDate(date)

Format a Date into a RFC1123 string (the RFC6265-recommended format).

canonicalDomain(str)

Transforms a domain-name into a canonical domain-name. The canonical domain-name is a trimmed, lowercased, stripped-of-leading-dot and optionally punycode-encoded domain-name (Section 5.1.2 of RFC6265). For the most part, this function is idempotent (can be run again on its output without ill effects).

domainMatch(str,domStr[,canonicalize=true])

Answers "does this real domain match the domain in a cookie?". The str is the "current" domain-name and the domStr is the "cookie" domain-name. Matches according to RFC6265 Section 5.1.3, but it helps to think of it as a "suffix match".

The canonicalize parameter will run the other two paramters through canonicalDomain or not.

defaultPath(path)

Given a current request/response path, gives the Path apropriate for storing in a cookie. This is basically the "directory" of a "file" in the path, but is specified by Section 5.1.4 of the RFC.

The path parameter MUST be only the pathname part of a URI (i.e. excludes the hostname, query, fragment, etc.). This is the .pathname property of node's uri.parse() output.

pathMatch(reqPath,cookiePath)

Answers "does the request-path path-match a given cookie-path?" as per RFC6265 Section 5.1.4. Returns a boolean.

This is essentially a prefix-match where cookiePath is a prefix of reqPath.

parse(header[,strict=false])

alias for Cookie.parse(header[,strict])

fromJSON(string)

alias for Cookie.fromJSON(string)

getPublicSuffix(hostname)

Returns the public suffix of this hostname. The public suffix is the shortest domain-name upon which a cookie can be set. Returns null if the hostname cannot have cookies set for it.

For example: www.example.com and www.subdomain.example.com both have public suffix example.com.

For further information, see http://publicsuffix.org/. This module derives its list from that site.

cookieCompare(a,b)

For use with .sort(), sorts a list of cookies into the recommended order given in the RFC (Section 5.4 step 2). Longest .paths go first, then sorted oldest to youngest.

var cookies = [ /* unsorted array of Cookie objects */ ];
cookies = cookies.sort(cookieCompare);

permuteDomain(domain)

Generates a list of all possible domains that domainMatch() the parameter. May be handy for implementing cookie stores.

permutePath(path)

Generates a list of all possible paths that pathMatch() the parameter. May be handy for implementing cookie stores.

Cookie

Cookie.parse(header[,strict=false])

Parses a single Cookie or Set-Cookie HTTP header into a Cookie object. Returns undefined if the string can't be parsed. If in strict mode, returns undefined if the cookie doesn't follow the guidelines in section 4 of RFC6265. Generally speaking, strict mode can be used to validate your own generated Set-Cookie headers, but acting as a client you want to be lenient and leave strict mode off.

Here's how to process the Set-Cookie header(s) on a node HTTP/HTTPS response:

if (res.headers['set-cookie'] instanceof Array)
  cookies = res.headers['set-cookie'].map(Cookie.parse);
else
  cookies = [Cookie.parse(res.headers['set-cookie'])];

Cookie.fromJSON(string)

Convert a JSON string to a Cookie object. Does a JSON.parse() and converts the .created, .lastAccessed and .expires properties into Date objects.

Properties

• key - string - the name or key of the cookie (default "")
• value - string - the value of the cookie (default "")
• expires - Date - if set, the Expires= attribute of the cookie (defaults to the string "Infinity"). See setExpires()
• maxAge - seconds - if set, the Max-Age= attribute in seconds of the cookie. May also be set to strings "Infinity" and "-Infinity" for non-expiry and immediate-expiry, respectively. See setMaxAge()
• domain - string - the Domain= attribute of the cookie
• path - string - the Path= of the cookie
• secure - boolean - the Secure cookie flag
• httpOnly - boolean - the HttpOnly cookie flag
• extensions - Array - any unrecognized cookie attributes as strings (even if equal-signs inside)

After a cookie has been passed through CookieJar.setCookie() it will have the following additional attributes:

• hostOnly - boolean - is this a host-only cookie (i.e. no Domain field was set, but was instead implied)
• pathIsDefault - boolean - if true, there was no Path field on the cookie and defaultPath() was used to derive one.
• created - Date - when this cookie was added to the jar
• lastAccessed - Date - last time the cookie got accessed. Will affect cookie cleaning once implemented. Using cookiejar.getCookies(...) will update this attribute.

Construction([{options}])

Receives an options object that can contain any Cookie properties, uses the default for unspecified properties.

.toString()

encode to a Set-Cookie header value. The Expires cookie field is set using formatDate(), but is omitted entirely if .expires is Infinity.

.cookieString()

encode to a Cookie header value (i.e. the .key and .value properties joined with '=').

.setExpires(String)

sets the expiry based on a date-string passed through parseDate(). If parseDate returns null (i.e. can't parse this date string), .expires is set to "Infinity" (a string) is set.

.setMaxAge(number)

sets the maxAge in seconds. Coerces -Infinity to "-Infinity" and Infinity to "Infinity" so it JSON serializes correctly.

.expiryTime([now=Date.now()])

.expiryDate([now=Date.now()])

expiryTime() Computes the absolute unix-epoch milliseconds that this cookie expires. expiryDate() works similarly, except it returns a Date object. Note that in both cases the now parameter should be milliseconds.

Max-Age takes precedence over Expires (as per the RFC). The .created attribute -- or, by default, the now paramter -- is used to offset the .maxAge attribute.

If Expires (.expires) is set, that's returned.

Otherwise, expiryTime() returns Infinity and expiryDate() returns a Date object for "Tue, 19 Jan 2038 03:14:07 GMT" (latest date that can be expressed by a 32-bit time_t; the common limit for most user-agents).

.TTL([now=Date.now()])

compute the TTL relative to now (milliseconds). The same precedence rules as for expiryTime/expiryDate apply.

The "number" Infinity is returned for cookies without an explicit expiry and 0 is returned if the cookie is expired. Otherwise a time-to-live in milliseconds is returned.

.canonicalizedDoman()

.cdomain()

return the canonicalized .domain field. This is lower-cased and punycode (RFC3490) encoded if the domain has any non-ASCII characters.

.validate()

Status: IN PROGRESS. Works for a few things, but is by no means comprehensive.

validates cookie attributes for semantic correctness. Useful for "lint" checking any Set-Cookie headers you generate. For now, it returns a boolean, but eventually could return a reason string -- you can future-proof with this construct:

if (cookie.validate() === true) {
  // it's tasty
} else {
  // yuck!
}

CookieJar

Construction([store = new MemoryCookieStore()][, rejectPublicSuffixes])

Simply use new CookieJar(). If you'd like to use a custom store, pass that to the constructor otherwise a MemoryCookieStore will be created and used.

Attributes

• rejectPublicSuffixes - boolean - reject cookies with domains like "com" and "co.uk" (default: true)

Since eventually this module would like to support database/remote/etc. CookieJars, continuation passing style is used for CookieJar methods.

.setCookie(cookieOrString, currentUrl, [{options},] cb(err,cookie))

Attempt to set the cookie in the cookie jar. If the operation fails, an error will be given to the callback cb, otherwise the cookie is passed through. The cookie will have updated .created, .lastAccessed and .hostOnly properties.

The options object can be omitted and can have the following properties:

• http - boolean - default true - indicates if this is an HTTP or non-HTTP API. Affects HttpOnly cookies.
• secure - boolean - autodetect from url - indicates if this is a "Secure" API. If the currentUrl starts with https: or wss: then this is defaulted to true, otherwise false.
• now - Date - default new Date() - what to use for the creation/access time of cookies
• strict - boolean - default false - perform extra checks
• ignoreError - boolean - default false - silently ignore things like parse errors and invalid domains. CookieStore errors aren't ignored by this option.

As per the RFC, the .hostOnly property is set if there was no "Domain=" parameter in the cookie string (or .domain was null on the Cookie object). The .domain property is set to the fully-qualified hostname of currentUrl in this case. Matching this cookie requires an exact hostname match (not a domainMatch as per usual).

.storeCookie(cookie, [{options},] cb(err,cookie))

REMOVED removed in lieu of the CookieStore API below

.getCookies(currentUrl, [{options},] cb(err,cookies))

Retrieve the list of cookies that can be sent in a Cookie header for the current url.

If an error is encountered, that's passed as err to the callback, otherwise an Array of Cookie objects is passed. The array is sorted with cookieCompare() unless the {sort:false} option is given.

The options object can be omitted and can have the following properties:

• http - boolean - default true - indicates if this is an HTTP or non-HTTP API. Affects HttpOnly cookies.
• secure - boolean - autodetect from url - indicates if this is a "Secure" API. If the currentUrl starts with https: or wss: then this is defaulted to true, otherwise false.
• now - Date - default new Date() - what to use for the creation/access time of cookies
• expire - boolean - default true - perform expiry-time checking of cookies and asynchronously remove expired cookies from the store. Using false will return expired cookies and not remove them from the store (which is useful for replaying Set-Cookie headers, potentially).
• allPaths - boolean - default false - if true, do not scope cookies by path. The default uses RFC-compliant path scoping. Note: may not be supported by the CookieStore fetchCookies function (the default MemoryCookieStore supports it).

The .lastAccessed property of the returned cookies will have been updated.

.getCookieString(...)

Accepts the same options as .getCookies() but passes a string suitable for a Cookie header rather than an array to the callback. Simply maps the Cookie array via .cookieString().

.getSetCookieStrings(...)

Accepts the same options as .getCookies() but passes an array of strings suitable for Set-Cookie headers (rather than an array of Cookies) to the callback. Simply maps the cookie array via .toString().

CookieStore API

The storage model for each CookieJar instance can be replaced with a custom implementation. The default is MemoryCookieStore which can be found in the lib/memstore.js file. The API uses continuation-passing-style to allow for asynchronous stores.

All domain parameters will have been normalized before calling.

The Cookie store must have all of the following methods.

store.findCookie(domain, path, key, cb(err,cookie))

Retrieve a cookie with the given domain, path and key (a.k.a. name). The RFC maintains that exactly one of these cookies should exist in a store. If the store is using versioning, this means that the latest/newest such cookie should be returned.

Callback takes an error and the resulting Cookie object. If no cookie is found then null MUST be passed instead (i.e. not an error).

store.findCookies(domain, path, cb(err,cookies))

Locates cookies matching the given domain and path. This is most often called in the context of cookiejar.getCookies() above.

If no cookies are found, the callback MUST be passed an empty array.

The resulting list will be checked for applicability to the current request according to the RFC (domain-match, path-match, http-only-flag, secure-flag, expiry, etc.), so it's OK to use an optimistic search algorithm when implementing this method. However, the search algorithm used SHOULD try to find cookies that domainMatch() the domain and pathMatch() the path in order to limit the amount of checking that needs to be done.

As of version 0.9.12, the allPaths option to cookiejar.getCookies() above will cause the path here to be null. If the path is null, path-matching MUST NOT be performed (i.e. domain-matching only).

store.putCookie(cookie, cb(err))

Adds a new cookie to the store. The implementation SHOULD replace any existing cookie with the same .domain, .path, and .key properties -- depending on the nature of the implementation, it's possible that between the call to fetchCookie and putCookie that a duplicate putCookie can occur.

The cookie object MUST NOT be modified; the caller will have already updated the .creation and .lastAccessed properties.

Pass an error if the cookie cannot be stored.

store.updateCookie(oldCookie, newCookie, cb(err))

Update an existing cookie. The implementation MUST update the .value for a cookie with the same domain, .path and .key. The implementation SHOULD check that the old value in the store is equivalent to oldCookie - how the conflict is resolved is up to the store.

The .lastAccessed property will always be different between the two objects and .created will always be the same. Stores MAY ignore or defer the .lastAccessed change at the cost of affecting how cookies are sorted (or selected for deletion).

Stores may wish to optimize changing the .value of the cookie in the store versus storing a new cookie. If the implementation doesn't define this method a stub that calls putCookie(newCookie,cb) will be added to the store object.

The newCookie and oldCookie objects MUST NOT be modified.

Pass an error if the newCookie cannot be stored.

store.removeCookie(domain, path, key, cb(err))

Remove a cookie from the store (see notes on findCookie about the uniqueness constraint).

The implementation MUST NOT pass an error if the cookie doesn't exist; only pass an error due to the failure to remove an existing cookie.

store.removeCookies(domain, path, cb(err))

Removes matching cookies from the store. The path paramter is optional, and if missing means all paths in a domain should be removed.

Pass an error ONLY if removing any existing cookies failed.

TODO

• full RFC5890/RFC5891 canonicalization for domains in cdomain()
  • the optional punycode requirement implements RFC3492, but RFC6265 requires RFC5891
• better tests for validate()?

Copyright and License

(tl;dr: MIT with some MPL/1.1)

Copyright GoInstant, Inc. and other contributors. All rights reserved. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Portions may be licensed under different licenses (in particular public-suffix.txt is MPL/1.1); please read the LICENSE file for full details.