github.com/bred28430/cloned

github.com/mohamedattahri/rst

rst implements tools and methods to expose resources in a RESTFul service.

Test Coverage

go test -cover reports 78.3%.

Getting started

The idea behind rst is to have endpoints and resources implement interfaces to add support for HTTP features.

Endpoints can implement Getter, Poster, Patcher, Putter or Deleter to respectively allow the HEAD/GET, POST, PATCH, PUT, and DELETE HTTP methods.

Resources can implement Ranger to support partial GET requests, Marshaler to customize the process with which they are encoded, or http.Handler to have a complete control over the ResponseWriter.

With these interfaces, the complexity behind dealing with all the headers and status codes of the HTTP protocol is abstracted to let you focus on returning a resource or an error.

Resources

A resource must implement the rst.Resource interface.

For that, you can either wrap an rst.Envelope around an existing type, or define a new type and implement the methods of the interface yourself.

Using a rst.Envelope:

projection := map[string]string{
	"ID"	: "a1-b2-c3-d4-e5-f6",
	"Name"	: "Francis Underwood",
}
lastModified := time.Now()
etag := fmt.Sprintf("%d-%s", lastModified.Unix(), projection["ID"])
ttl = 10 * time.Minute

resource := rst.NewEnvelope(
	projection,
	lastModified,
	etag,
	ttl,
)

Using a struct:

type Person struct {
    ID string
    Name string
    modifiedDate time.Time
}

// This will be helpful for conditional GETs
// and to detect conflicts before PATCHs for example.
func (p *Person) LastModified() time.Time {
    return p.modifiedDate
}

// An ETag inspired by Facebook.
func (p *Person) ETag() string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("%d-%s", p.LastModified().Unix(), p.ID)
}

// This value will help set the Expires header and
// improve the cacheability of this resource.
func (p *Person) TTL() time.Duration {
    return 10 * time.Second
}

resource := &Person{
	ID: "a1-b2-c3-d4-e5-f6",
	Name: "Francis Underwood",
	modifiedDate: time.Now(),
}

Endpoints

An endpoint is an access point to a resource in your service.

You can either define an endpoint by defining handlers for different methods sharing the same pattern, or by submitting a type that implements Getter, Poster, Patcher, Putter, Deleter and/or Prefligher.

Using rst.Mux:

mux := rst.NewMux()
mux.Get("/people/{id:\\d+}", func(vars RouteVars, r *http.Request) (rst.Resource, error) {
	resource := database.Find(vars.Get("id"))
	if resource == nil {
		return nul, rst.NotFound()
	}
	return resource, nil
})
mux.Delete("/people/{id:\\d+}", func(vars RouteVars, r *http.Request) error {
	resource := database.Find(vars.Get("id"))
	if resource == nil {
		return nul, rst.NotFound()
	}
	return resource.Delete()
})

Using a struct:

type PersonEP struct {}

func (ep *PersonEP) Get(vars rst.RouteVars, r *http.Request) (rst.Resource, error) {
	resource := database.Find(vars.Get("id"))
	if resource == nil {
		return nil, rst.NotFound()
	}
	return resource, nil
}

func (ep *PersonEP) Delete(vars rst.RouteVars, r *http.Request) error {
	resource := database.Find(vars.Get("id"))
	if resource == nil {
		return nil, rst.NotFound()
	}
	return resource.Delete()
}

Routing

Routing of requests in rst is powered by Gorilla mux. Only URL patterns are available for now. Optional regular expressions are supported.

mux := rst.NewMux()
mux.Debug = true // make sure this is switched back to false before production

// Headers set in mux are added to all responses
mux.Header().Set("Server", "Awesome Service Software 1.0")
mux.Header().Set("X-Powered-By", "rst")

mux.Handle("/people/{id:\\d+}", rst.EndpointHandler(&PersonEP{}))

http.ListenAndServe(":8080", mux)

Encoding

rst supports JSON, XML and text encoding of resources using the encoders in Go's standard library.

It negotiates the right encoding format based on the content of the Accept header in the request, calls the appropriate marshaler, and inserts the result in a response with the right status code and headers.

Media MIME type	Encoder
application/json	json
text/javascript	json
application/xml	xml
text/xml	xml
text/plain	text
*/*	json

You can implement the Marshaler interface if you want to add support for another format, or for more control over the encoding process of a specific resource.

Compression

rst compresses the payload of responses using the supported algorithm detected in the request's Accept-Encoding header.

Payloads under CompressionThreshold bytes are not compressed.

Both Gzip and Flate are supported.

Features

Options

OPTIONS requests are implicitly supported by all endpoints.

Cache

The ETag, Last-Modified and Vary headers are automatically set.

rst responds with 304 NOT MODIFIED when an appropriate If-Modified-Since or If-None-Match header is found in the request.

The Expires header is also automatically inserted with the duration returned by Resource.TTL().

Partial Gets

A resource can implement the Ranger interface to gain the ability to return partial responses with status code 206 PARTIAL CONTENT and Content-Range header automatically inserted.

Ranger.Range method will be called when a valid Range header is found in an incoming GET request.

The Accept-Ranges header will be inserted automatically.

The supported range units and the range extent will be validated for you.

Note that the If-Range conditional header is supported as well.

CORS

rst can add the headers required to serve cross-origin (CORS) requests for you.

You can choose between two provided policies (DefaultAccessControl and PermissiveAccessControl), or define your own.

mux.SetCORSPolicy(rst.PermissiveAccessControl)

Support can be disabled by passing nil.

Preflighted requests are also supported. However, you can customize the responses returned by preflight OPTIONS requests if you implement the Preflighter interface in your endpoint.

Interfaces

Endpoints

Getter

Getter allows GET and HEAD method requests.

func (ep *endpoint) Get(vars rst.RouteVars, r *http.Request) (rst.Resource, error) {
    resource := database.Find(vars.Get("id"))
    if resource == nil {
        return nil, rst.NotFound()
    }
    return resource, nil
}

Poster

Poster allows an endpoint to handle POST requests.

func (ep *endpoint) Post(vars rst.RouteVars, r *http.Request) (rst.Resource, string, error) {
	resource, err := newResourceFromRequest(r)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, "", err
	}
	uri := "https://example.com/resource/" + resource.ID
    return resource, uri, nil
}

Patcher

Patcher allows an endpoint to handle PATCH requests.

func (ep *endpoint) Patch(vars rst.RouteVars, r *http.Request) (rst.Resource, error) {
    resource := database.Find(vars.Get("id"))
    if resource == nil {
        return nil, rst.NotFound()
    }

    if r.Header.Get("Content-Type") != "application/www-form-urlencoded" {
    	return nil, rst.UnsupportedMediaType("application/www-form-urlencoded")
    }

    // Detect any writing conflicts
    if rst.ValidateConditions(resource, r) {
		return nil, rst.PreconditionFailed()
    }

    // Read r.Body and apply changes to resource
    // then return it
    return resource, nil
}

Putter

Putter allows an endpoint to handle PUT requests.

func (ep *endpoint) Put(vars rst.RouteVars, r *http.Request) (rst.Resource, error) {
    resource := database.Find(vars.Get("id"))
    if resource == nil {
        return nil, rst.NotFound()
    }

    // Detect any writing conflicts
    if rst.ValidateConditions(resource, r) {
		return nil, rst.PreconditionFailed()
    }

    // Read r.Body and apply changes to resource
    // then return it
    return resource, nil
}

Deleter

Deleter allows an endpoint to handle DELETE requests.

func (ep *endpoint) Delete(vars rst.RouteVars, r *http.Request) error {
    resource := database.Find(vars.Get("id"))
    if resource == nil {
        return rst.NotFound()
    }
    return nil
}

Preflighter

Preflighter allows you to customize the CORS headers returned to an OPTIONS preflight request sent by user agents before the actual request.

For the endpoint in this example, different policies are implemented for different times of the day.

func (e *endpoint) Preflight(req *rst.AccessControlRequest, vars rst.RouteVars, r *http.Request) *rst.AccessControlResponse {
	if time.Now().Hour() < 12 {
		return &rst.AccessControlResponse{
			Origin: "morning.example.com",
			Methods: []string{"GET"},
		}
	}

	return &rst.AccessControlResponse{
		Origin: "afternoon.example.com",
		Methods: []string{"POST"},
	}
}

Resources

Ranger

Resources that implement Ranger can handle requests with a Range header and return partial responses with status code 206 PARTIAL CONTENT. It's the HTTP solution to pagination.

type Doc []byte
// assuming Doc implements rst.Resource interface

// Supported units will be displayed in the Accept-Range header
func (d *Doc) Units() []string {
    return []string{"bytes"}
}

// Count returns the total number of range units available
func (d *Doc) Count() uint64 {
	return uint64(len(d))
}

func (d *Doc) Range(rg *rst.Range) (*rst.ContentRange, rst.Resource, error) {
	cr := &ContentRange{rg, c.Count()}
	part := d[rg.From : rg.To+1]
	return cr, part, nil
}

Marshaler

Marshaler allows you to control the encoding of a resource and return the array of bytes that will form the payload of the response.

MarshalRST is to rst.Marshal what MarshalJSON is to json.Marshal.

const png = "image/png"

type User struct{}
// assuming User implements rst.Resource

// MarshalRST returns the profile picture of the user if the Accept header
// of the request indicates "image/png", and relies on rst.MarshalResource
// to handle the other cases.
func (u *User) MarshalRST(r *http.Request) (string, []byte, error) {
	accept := rst.ParseAccept(r.Header.Get("Accept"))
	if accept.Negotiate(png) == png {
		b, err := ioutil.ReadFile("path/of/user/profile/picture.png")
		return png, b, err
	}

	return rst.MarshalResource(u, r)
}

http.Handler

http.Handler is a low level solution for when you need complete control over the process by which a resource is written in the response's payload.

In the following example, http.Handler is implemented to return a chunked response.

type User struct{}
// assuming User implements rst.Resource

// ServeHTTP will send half the data now, and the
// rest 10 seconds later.
func (u *User) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    ct, b, err := rst.MarshalResource(u, r)
    if err != nil {
        rst.ErrorHandler(err).ServeHTTP(w, r)
        return
    }
    w.Header.Set("Content-Type", ct)

    half := len(b) / 2
    w.Write(b[:half])
    time.Sleep(10 *time.Second)
    w.Write(b[half:])
}

Debugging and Recovering from errors

Set mux.Debug to true and rst will recover from panics and errors with status code 500 to display a useful page with the full stack trace and info about the request.