com.xebialabs.overthere:overthere
Advanced tools
Remote file manipulation and process execution framework for Java
Overthere is a Java library to manipulate files and execute processes on remote hosts, i.e. do stuff "over there". Overthere was originally developed for and is used in the XebiaLabs deployment automation product Deployit as a way to perform tasks on remote hosts, e.g. copy configuration files, install EAR files or restart web servers. Another way of looking at it is to say that Overthere gives you java.io.File and java.lang.Process as they should've been: as interfaces, created by a factory and extensible through an SPI mechanism.
Overthere is available under the GPLv2 with XebiaLabs FLOSS License Exception.
P.S.: Check the Overthere Ohloh page for some interesting code analysis statistics. If you use Overthere, don't forget to tell Ohloh! And while you're at it, you might want to vote for Overthere on the Overthere Freecode page too! ;-)
To get Overthere, you have two options:
And, if you want, you can also run the Overthere examples used in the Overthere presentation mentioned above.
Binary releases of Overthere are not provided here, but you can download it straight from the Maven Central repository if you want to.
If your project is built with Maven, add the following dependency to the pom.xml:
<dependency>
<groupId>com.xebialabs.overthere</groupId>
<artifactId>overthere</artifactId>
<version>5.3.2</version>
</dependency>
If your project is built using another build tool that uses the Maven Central repository, translate these dependencies into the format used by your build tool.
./gradlew clean build, on windows run gradlew clean buildexamples directory and run the command mvn eclipse:eclipse.examples project into Eclipse.To program Overthere, browse the source code, check the examples and browse the Overthere Javadoc.
For a more thorough introduction to Overthere, check the presentation on Overthere that I gave for J-Fall 2011, a Java conference in the Netherlands (in English).
The protocols that Overthere uses to connect to remote hosts, such as SSH, CIFS, Telnet and WinRM, are existing protocols for which support is built into many platforms. As such you will not need to install any custom software on the remote hosts. Nevertheless in some cases the remote hosts have to be configured to correctly work with Overthere. Also, Overthere has a number of configuration features that allow you tweak the way it interfaces with the remote hosts.
Overthere supports a number of protocols to connect to remote hosts:
Apart from selecting a protocol to use, you will also need to supply a number of connection options when creating a connection. Common connection options are:
| protocol | This option is only used when it is present in the connection options of a tunnel (jumpstation) connection. It indicates which protocol is used to tunnel the other connection over. This property can be set to ssh or proxy. If this option is omitted in the jumpstation options, ssh is assumed. |
|---|---|
| os | The operating system of the remote host. This property can be set to UNIX, WINDOWS, and ZOS and is used to
determine how to encode paths and commands and to determine the default temporary directory path. This property is required for all protocols, except
for the local protocol where it is automatically determined. |
| address | The address of the remote host, either an IP address or a DNS name. This property is required for all protocols, except for the local protocol. |
| port | The port to use when connecting to the remote host. The interpretation and the default value for this connection option depend on the protocol that is used. |
| username | The username to use when connecting to the remote host. This property is required for all protocols, except for the local protocol. |
| password | The password to use. This property is required for all protocols, except for the local protocol. |
| tmp | The temporary directory. For each connection, a connection temporary directory with a name like
overthere-20111128T132600-7234435.tmp is created within this temporary directory, e.g.
/tmp/overthere-20111128T132600-7234435.tmp, to store temporary files for the duration of the connection.The default value is tmp for UNIX and z/OS hosts and C:\windows\temp for Windows hosts, except for the local protocol where
the default is the value of the java.io.tmpdir system property. |
| tmpFileCreationRetries | The number of times Overthere attempts to create a temporary file with a unique name. The default value is 100. |
| tmpDeleteOnDisconnect | If set to false, the connection temporary directory is not removed when the connection. The default value is true. |
| connectionTimeoutMillis | The number of milliseconds Overthere waits for a connection to a remote host to be established. The default value is 120000, i.e.
2 minutes. |
| socketTimeoutMillis | The number of milliseconds Overthere will waits when no data is received on an open connection before raising exception. The default value is 0, i.e.
infinite timeout. |
| jumpstation | If set to a non-null value, this property contains the connection options used to connect to an SSH jumpstation (See Tunnelling). Recursive configuration is possible, i.e. this property is also available for the connection options of a jumpstation. |
| fileCopyCommandForUnix | The command to use when copying a file on a Unix host. The string {0} is replaced with the path of the source file, the string
{1} is replaced with the path of the destination file. The default value is cp -p {0} {1}. |
| directoryCopyCommandForUnix | The command to use when copying a directory on a Unix host. The string {0} is replaced with the path of the source directory, the string
{1} is replaced with the path of the destination directory. The default value is cd {1} ; tar -cf - -C {0} . | tar xpf -. If the
tar command is not available but the find command recognizes the -depth parameter with a value, the alternative
command find {0} -depth 1 -exec cp -pr {} {1} ; may be configured. |
| fileCopyCommandForWindows | The command to use when copying a file on a Windows host. The string {0} is replaced with the path of the source file, the string
{1} is replaced with the path of the destination file. The default value is copy {0} {1} /y. |
| directoryCopyCommandForWindows | The command to use when copying a directory on a Windows host. The string {0} is replaced with the path of the source directory, the string
{1} is replaced with the path of the destination directory. The default value is xcopy {0} {1} /i /y /s /e /h /q. |
| fileCopyCommandForZos | The command to use when copying a file on a z/OS host. The string {0} is replaced with the path of the source file, the string
{1} is replaced with the path of the destination file. The default value is cp -p {0} {1}. |
| directoryCopyCommandForZos | The command to use when copying a directory on a z/OS host. The string {0} is replaced with the path of the source directory, the string
{1} is replaced with the path of the destination directory. The default value is tar cC {0} . | tar xmC {1} .. If the
tar command is not available but the find command recognizes the -depth parameter with a value, the alternative
command find {0} -depth 1 -exec cp -pr {} {1} ; may be configured. |
| remoteCopyBufferSize | The buffer size to use when copying files from one connection to the other. The buffer size is taken from the _source_ file's connection. The default value is 64 KB (64*1024 bytes). Larger values potentially break copy operations. |
| remoteCharacterEncoding | The character encoding used to transcode files from one connection to the other. The default value is Operating System dependent and is set to 'UTF-8' for Windows and Unix, and to 'Cp1047' (EBCDIC) for Z/OS. |
Apart from these common connection options, some protocols define additional protocol-specific connection options. These are documented below, with the corresponding protocol.
The local protocol implementation uses the local file manipulation and local process execution capabilities built-in to Java. The os connection option is hardcoded to the operating system of the local host and the tmp connection option defaults to the system temporary directory as specified by the java.io.tmpdir system property. There are no protocol-specific connection options.
The SSH protocol implementation of Overthere uses the SSH protocol to connect to remote hosts to manipulate files and execute commands. Most Unix systems already have an SSH server installed and configured and a number of different SSH implementations are available for Windows although not all of them are supported by Overthere.
To connect to a remote host using the SSH protocol, you will need to install an SSH server on that remote host. For Unix and Windows platforms, we recommend OpenSSH. It is included in all Linux distributions and most other Unix flavours. For Windows platforms three SSH servers are supported:
N.B.: The SFTP, SCP, SU, SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types are only available for Unix hosts. To use SSH with z/OS hosts, use the SFTP connection type. To use SSH with Windows hosts, choose either the SFTP_CYGWIN or the SFTP_WINSSHD or the SFTP_OPENSSHD connection type.
Overthere uses the sshj library for SSH and supports all algorithms and formats supported by that library:
aes{128,192,256}-{cbc,ctr}, blowfish-{cbc,ctr}, 3des-{cbc,ctr}, twofish{128,192,256}-{cbc,ctr}, twofish-cbc, serpent{128,192,256}-{cbc,ctr}, idea-{cbc,ctr}, cast128-{cbc,ctr}, arcfour, arcfour{128,256}diffie-hellman-group{1,14}-sha1, diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha{1,256}, ecdh-sha2-nistp{256,384,521}, curve25519-sha256@libssh.orgssh-rsa, ssh-dss, ecdsa-sha2-nistp256, ssh-ed25519hmac-md5, hmac-md5-96, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha1-96, hmac-sha2-256, hmac-sha2-512zlib and zlib@openssh.com (delayed zlib)pkcs8 encoded (the format used by OpenSSH)To use the SFTP connection type, make sure SFTP is enabled in the SSH server. This is enabled by default in most SSH servers.
To use the SFTP_CYGWIN connection type, install COPSSH on your Windows host. In the COPSSH control panel, add the users as which you want to connect and select Linux shell and Sftp in the shell dropdown box. Check Password authentication and/or Public key authentication depending on the authentication method you want to use.
N.B.: Overthere will take care of the translation from Windows style paths, e.g. C:\Program Files\IBM\WebSphere\AppServer, to Cygwin-style paths, e.g. /cygdrive/C/Program Files/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer, so that your code can use Windows style paths.
To use the SFTP_WINSSHD connection type, install WinSSHD on your Windows host. In the Easy WinSSHD Settings control panel, add the users as which you want to connect, check the Login allowed checkbox and select Allow full access in the Virtual filesystem layout dropdown box. Alternatively you can check the Allow login to any Windows account to allow access to all Windows accounts.
N.B.: Overthere will take care of the translation from Windows style paths, e.g. C:\Program Files\IBM\WebSphere\AppServer, to WinSSHD-style paths, e.g. /C/Program Files/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer, so that your code can use Windows style paths.
To use the SFTP_OpenSSHD connection type, install OpenSSHD on your Windows host and make sure the OpenSSH Server service is enabled.
N.B.: Overthere will take care of the translation from Windows style paths, e.g. C:\Program Files\IBM\WebSphere\AppServer, to OpenSSHD-style paths, e.g. /C:/Program Files/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer, so that your code can use Windows style paths.
To use the SUDO connection type, the /etc/sudoers configuration will have to be set up in such a way that the user configured with the connection option username can execute the commands below as the user configured with the connection option sudoUsername. The arguments passed to these commands depend on the exact usage of the Overthere connection. Check the INFO messages on the com.xebialabs.overthere.ssh.SshConnection category to see what commands get executed.
chmodcplsmkdirmvrmrmdirtarThe commands mentioned above must be configured with the NOPASSWD setting in the /etc/sudoers file. Otherwise you will have to use the INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection type. When the INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection type is used, every line of the output will be matched against the regular expression configured with the sudoPasswordPromptRegex connection option. If a match is found, the value of the password connection option is sent.
This section lists a number of common configuration errors that can occur when using Overthere with SSH. If you run into other connectivity issues when using Overthere, pease let us know by creating a ticket or by sending us a pull request.
If the terminal type requested using the allocatePty connection option or the allocateDefaultPty connection option is not recognized by the SSH server, the connection will be dropped. Specifically, the dummy terminal type configured by [allocateDefaultPty] connection option, will cause OpenSSH on AIX and WinSSHD to drop the connection. Try a safe terminal type such as vt220 instead.
To verify the behaviour of your SSH server with respect to pty allocation, you can manually execute the ssh command with the -T (disable pty allocation) or -t (force pty allocation) flags.
sudo: sorry, you must have a tty to run sudoThe sudo command requires a tty to run. Set the allocatePty connection option or the allocateDefaultPty connection option to ask the SSH server allocate a pty.
This may be caused by the sudo command waiting for the user to enter his password to confirm his identity. There are two ways to solve this:
NOPASSWD tag in your /etc/sudoers file.com.xebialabs.overthere.ssh.SshElevatedPasswordHandlingStream category to TRACE and examine the output.The SSH protocol implementation of Overthere defines a number of additional connection options, in addition to the common connection options.
| connectionType | Specifies how the SSH protocol is used. One of the following values must be set:
port specifies the port on which the SSH server listens. The default value for is 22 for all
connection types. |
|---|---|
| suUsername | The username of the user that can manipulate the files that need to be manipulated and that can execute the commands that need to be executed.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SU connection type. |
| suPassword | The password of the user that can manipulate the files that need to be manipulated and that can execute the commands that need to be executed.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SU connection type. |
| sudoUsername | The username of the user that can manipulate the files that need to be manipulated and that can execute the commands that need to be executed.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| privateKey | The RSA private key as String to use when connecting to the remote host. When this connection option is specified, the password and privateKeyFile connection options are ignored. |
| privateKeyFile | The RSA private key file to use when connecting to the remote host. When this connection option is specified, the password connection option is ignored. |
| passphrase | The passphrase to unlock the RSA private key file specified with the privateKeyFile connection option. If this connection option is not specified, the RSA private key file must have an empty passphrase. |
| allocateDefaultPty | If set to true, the SSH server is requested to allocate a default pty for the process, as if the allocatePty option were set to the value dummy:80:24:0:0. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option has been deprecated in favour of the allocatePty connection option because it allows the user to specify _what_ pty is allocated. |
| allocatePty | If set, the SSH server is requested to allocate a pty (pseudo terminal) for the process with
the setting specified by this option. The format is TERM:COLS:ROWS:WIDTH:HEIGHT, e.g. xterm:80:24:0:0. If set, this option
overrides the allocateDefaultPty option.If the INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection type is used, the default value is vt220:80:24:0:0. Otherwise the default is to not allocate a pty.All su and sudo implementations require a pty to be allocated for when displaying a password prompt, some sudo implementations even require it when not displaying a password prompt.Some SSH server implementations (notably OpenSSH on AIX 5.3) close the connection when an unknown one is allocated. |
| heartbeatInterval | Specify an interval to send keep-alives packets. Default is 0 (no keep-alive). |
| interactiveKeyboardAuthRegex | The regular expression to look for in keyboard-interactive prompts before sending the password. The default value is .*Password:[ ]?. When the SSH server is configured to not allow password authentication but is configured to allow keyboard-interactive authentication using passwords, Overthere will compare the interactive-keyboard prompt against this regular expression and send the value of the password option when they match. The default value is .*Password:[ ]? |
| openShellBeforeExecute | If set to true, Overthere will open and close a shell immediately before executing a command on an ssh host. This is useful when the connecting user does not yet have a homedir, but this is created for him on the fly on the host. A setup commonly seen when user management is done through LDAP. |
| suCommandPrefix | The command to prefix to the command to be executed to execute it as suUsername. The string {0} is replaced with the
value of suUsername. The default value is su - {0} -c.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SU connection type. |
| suOverrideUmask | If set to true, Overthere will explicitly change the permissions with chmod -R go+rX after uploading a file or directory with
scp. The default value is true.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SU connection type. |
| suPasswordPromptRegex | The regular expression to be used when looking for su password prompts. When the connection type is set to INTERACTIVE_SUDO, Overthere will look for strings that match this regular expression in the first line of the output of a command, and send the password if a match occurs. The default value is .*[Pp]assword.*:
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SU connection type. |
| suPreserveAttributesOnCopyFromTempFile | If set to true, files are copied from the connection temporary directory using the -p flag to the cp command. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SU connection type. |
| suPreserveAttributesOnCopyToTempFile | If set to true, files are copied to the connection temporary directory using the -p flag to the cp command. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SU connection type. |
| suQuoteCommand | If set to true, the original command is added as one argument to the prefix configured with the suCommandPrefix connection option. This has the result of quoting the original command, which is needed for commands like su. Compare su -u privilegeduser start server1 to su privilegeduser -c 'start server1'. The default value is true.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SU connection type. |
| sudoCommandPrefix | The command to prefix to the command to be executed to execute it as sudoUsername. The string {0} is replaced with the
value of sudoUsername. The default value is sudo -u {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| sudoOverrideUmask | If set to true, Overthere will explicitly change the permissions with chmod -R go+rX after uploading a file or directory with
scp. The default value is true.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| sudoPasswordPromptRegex | The regular expression to be used when looking for sudo password prompts. When the connection type is set to INTERACTIVE_SUDO, Overthere will look for strings that match this regular expression in the first line of the output of a command, and send the password if a match occurs. The default value is .*[Pp]assword.*:
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection type. |
| sudoPreserveAttributesOnCopyFromTempFile | If set to true, files are copied from the connection temporary directory using the -p flag to the cp command. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| sudoPreserveAttributesOnCopyToTempFile | If set to true, files are copied to the connection temporary directory using the -p flag to the cp command. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| sudoQuoteCommand | If set to true, the original command is added as one argument to the prefix configured with the sudoCommandPrefix connection option. This has the result of quoting the original command, which is needed for commands like su. Compare sudo -u privilegeduser start server1 to su privilegeduser -c 'start server1'. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| deleteDirectoryCommand | The command to be used when deleting a directory. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the directory to be deleted. The default value is rmdir {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SCP, SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| deleteFileCommand | The command to be used when deleting a file. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the file to be deleted. The default value is rm -f {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SCP, SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| deleteRecursivelyCommand | The command to be used when deleting a directory recursively. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the directory to be deleted. The default value is rm -rf {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SCP, SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| getFileInfoCommand | The command to be used when getting the metadata of a file/directory. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the file/directory. The default value is ls -ld {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SCP, SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| listFilesCommand | The command to be used when listing the contents of a directory. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the directory to be listed. The default value is ls -a1 {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SCP, SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| mkdirCommand | The command to be used when creating a directory. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the directory to be created. The default value is mkdir {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SCP, SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| mkdirsCommand | The command to be used when creating a directory tree. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the directory tree to be created. The default value is mkdir -p {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SCP, SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| renameToCommand | The command to be used when renaming a file/directory. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the file/directory to be renamed. The string {1} is replaced with the value of the new name. The default value is mv {0} {1}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SCP, SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| setExecutableCommand | The command to be used when making a file executable. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the file/directory affected. The default value is chmod a+x {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SCP, SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| setNotExecutableCommand | The command to be used when making a file non-executable. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the file/directory affected. The default value is chmod a-x {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SCP, SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| sudoTempMkdirCommand | The command to be used when creating a temporary directory as a sudo user. The directory needs to be read/writeable for both the connecting and the sudo user. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the directory to be created. The default value is mkdir -m 1777 {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| sudoTempMkdirsCommand | The command to be used when creating a temporary directory tree as a sudo user. The directory tree needs to be read/writeable for both the connecting and the sudo user. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the directory to be created. The default value is mkdir -p -m 1777 {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| sudoCopyFromTempFileCommand | The command to be used when copying files/directories from the connection temporary directory as the sudo user. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the file/directory being copied. The string {1} is replaced with the value of the target path. The default value is cp -pr {0} {1} if sudoPreserveAttributesOnCopyFromTempFile is set to true, otherwise the default value is cp -r {0} {1}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| sudoOverrideUmaskCommand | The command to be used when setting the umask before copying a file/directory from, or after copying it to the connection temporary directory. This command ensures that the sudo user has read (and/or execute) rights for the copied file/directory. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the file/directory being copied. The default value is chmod -R go+rX {0}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| sudoCopyToTempFileCommand | The command to be used when copying files/directories to the connection temporary directory as the sudo user. The string {0} is replaced with the value of the path of the file/directory being copied. The string {1} is replaced with the value of the target path. The default value is cp -pr {0} {1} if sudoPreserveAttributesOnCopyToTempFile is set to true, otherwise the default value is cp -r {0} {1}.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the SUDO and INTERACTIVE_SUDO connection types. |
| localAddress | The address to use on the local machine as the source address of the connection. This property is optional and mainly useful on systems with more than one address. The default behaviour is to let the OS decide. |
| localPort | The port to use on the local machine as the source port of the connection. This property is optional and to be used in combination with the localAddress property. The default behaviour is to let the OS pick a free port. |
| transportTimeoutMillis | The number of milliseconds Overthere will wait for exchanging SSH keys and to authenticate user. The default value is 30000, i.e.
30s timeout. |
The SMB 2.x protocol implementation of Overthere uses the prevalent SMB protocol for file manipulation and, depending on the settings, using either WinRM or Telnet for process execution.
The CIFS protocol implementation of Overthere uses public variant of the original Server Message Block (SMB) protocol developed by Microsoft known as CIFS protocol, for file manipulation and, depending on the settings, uses either WinRM or Telnet for process execution. CIFS is widely regarded as an obsolete protocol and users are encouraged to prefer SMB protocol over CIFS. Support for CIFS is deprecated and will be removed from subsequent releases.
These protocols are only supported for Windows hosts, you will most likely not need to install new software although you might need to enable and configure some services:
winrs command, can be used by setting the connectionType connection option to WINRM_NATIVE.To connect to a remote host using the SMB or CIFS protocol, ensure the host is reachable on port 445.
If you will be connecting as an administrative user, ensure the administrative shares are configured. Otherwise, ensure that the user you will be using to connect has access to shares that correspond to the directory you want to access and that the pathShareMappings connection option is configured accordingly.
Due to a limitation of the winrs command, passwords containing a single quote (') or a double quote (") cannot be used when using the WINRM_NATIVE connection type.
Windows domain accounts are supported by the WINRM_INTERNAL, WINRM_NATIVE and TELNET connection types, but the syntax of the username is different:
USER@FULL.DOMAIN.DOMAIN\USER.USER@FULL.DOMAIN) or old-style (DOMAIN\USER) domain syntax.@) or a backslash (\).N.B.: When using domain accounts with the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type, the Kerberos subsystem of the Java Virtual Machine must be configured correctly. Please read the section on how to set up Kerberos for the source host and the remote hosts.
By default Overthere will access the administrative shares on the remote host. These shares are only accessible for users that are part of the Administrators on the remote host. If you want to access the remote host using a regular account, use the pathShareMapping connection option to configure the shares to use for the paths Overthere will be connecting to. Of course, the user configured with the username connection option should have access to those shares and the underlying directories and files.
N.B.: Overthere will take care of the translation from Windows paths, e.g. C:\Program Files\IBM\WebSphere\AppServer, to SMB URLs that use the administrative shares, e.g. smb://username:password@hostname/C$/Program%20Files/IBM/WebSphere/AppServer (which corresponds to the UNC path \\hostname\C$\Program Files\IBM\WebSphere\AppServer), so that your code can use Windows style paths.
To use the TELNET connection type, you'll need to enable and configure the Telnet Server according to these instructions:
(Optional) If the Telnet Server is not already installed on the remote host, add it using the Add Features Wizard in the Server Manager console.
(Optional) If the remote host is running Windows Server 2003 SP1 or an x64-based version of Windows Server 2003, install the Telnet server according to these instructions from the Microsoft Support site.
Enable the Telnet Server Service on the remote host according to these instructions on the Microsoft Technet site.
After you have started the Telnet Server, open a command prompt as the Administrator user on the remote host and enter the command tlntadmn config mode=stream to enable stream mode.
When the Telnet server is enabled any user that is in the Administrators group or that is in the TelnetClients group and that has the Allow logon locally privilege can log in using Telnet. See the Microsoft Technet to learn how to grant a user or group the right to logon locally on Windows Server 2008 R2.
For a PowerShell script to do what is described below in one go, check Richard Downer's blog
To use the WINRM_INTERNAL or the WINRM_NATIVE connection type, you'll need to setup WinRM on the remote host by following these instructions:
If the remote host is running Windows Server 2003 SP1 or SP2, or Windows XP SP2, install the WS-Management v.1.1 package.
If the remote host is running Windows Server 2003 R2, go to the Add/Remove System Components feature in the Control Panel and add WinRM under the section Management and Monitoring Tools. Afterwards install the WS-Management v.1.1 package to upgrade the WinRM installation.
If the remote host is running Windows Vista or Windows 7, the Windows Remote Management (WS-Management) service is not started by default. Start the service and change its Startup type to Automatic (Delayed Start) before proceeding with the next steps.
On the remote host, open a Command Prompt (not a PowerShell prompt!) using the Run as Administrator option and paste in the following lines when using the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type:
winrm quickconfig
y
winrm set winrm/config/service/Auth @{Basic="true"}
winrm set winrm/config/service @{AllowUnencrypted="true"}
winrm set winrm/config/winrs @{MaxMemoryPerShellMB="1024"}
Or the following lines when using the WINRM_NATIVE connection type:
winrm quickconfig
y
winrm set winrm/config/service/Auth @{Basic="true"}
winrm set winrm/config/winrs @{MaxMemoryPerShellMB="1024"}
Or keep reading for more detailed instructions. :-)
Run the quick config of WinRM to start the Windows Remote Management service, configure an HTTP listener and create exceptions in the Windows Firewall for the Windows Remote Mangement service:
winrm quickconfig
N.B.: The Windows Firewall needs to be running to run this command. See Microsoft Knowledge Base article #2004640.
(Optional) By default basic authentication is disabled in WinRM. Enable it if you are going to use local accounts to access the remote host:
winrm set winrm/config/service/Auth @{Basic="true"}
(Optional) By default Kerberos authentication is enabled in WinRM. Disable it if you are not going to use domain accounts to access the remote host:
winrm set winrm/config/service/Auth @{Kerberos="false"}
N.B.: Do not disable Negotiate authentication as the winrm command itself uses that to configure the WinRM subsystem!
(Only required for WINRM_INTERNAL or when the connection option winrsUnencrypted is set to true) Configure WinRM to allow unencrypted SOAP messages:
winrm set winrm/config/service @{AllowUnencrypted="true"}
Configure WinRM to provide enough memory to the commands that you are going to run, e.g. 1024 MB:
winrm set winrm/config/winrs @{MaxMemoryPerShellMB="1024"}
N.B.: This is not supported by WinRM 3.0, included with the Windows Management Framework 3.0. This update has been temporarily removed from Windows Update because of numerous incompatiblity issues with other Microsoft products. However, if you have already installed WMF 3.0 and cannot downgrade, Microsoft Knowledge Base article #2842230 describes a hotfix that can be installed to re-enable the MaxMemoryPerShellMB setting.
To use the WINRM_INTERNAL or WINRM_NATIVE connection type with HTTPS, i.e. winrmEnableHttps set to true, follow the steps below:
(Optional) Create a self signed certificate for the remote host by installing selfssl.exe from the IIS 6 resource kit and running the command below or by following the instructions in this blog by Hans Olav:
C:\Program Files\IIS Resources\SelfSSL>selfssl.exe /T /N:cn=HOSTNAME /V:3650
Microsoft (R) SelfSSL Version 1.0
Copyright (C) 2003 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Do you want to replace the SSL settings for site 1 (Y/N)?Y
The self signed certificate was successfully assigned to site 1.
Open a PowerShell window and enter the command below to find the thumbprint for the certificate for the remote host:
PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-childItem cert:\LocalMachine\Root\ | Select-String -pattern HOSTNAME
[Subject]
CN=HOSTNAME
[Issuer]
CN=HOSTNAME
[Serial Number]
527E7AF9142D96AD49A10469A264E766
[Not Before]
5/23/2011 10:23:33 AM
[Not After]
5/20/2021 10:23:33 AM
[Thumbprint]
5C36B638BC31F505EF7F693D9A60C01551DD486F
Create an HTTPS WinRM listener for the remote host with the thumbprint you've just found:
winrm create winrm/config/Listener?Address=*+Transport=HTTPS @{Hostname="HOSTNAME"; CertificateThumbprint="THUMBPRINT"}
For more information on WinRM, please refer to the online documentation at Microsoft's DevCenter. As a quick reference, have a look at the list of useful commands below:
winrm quickconfig -transport:httpswinrm get winrm/configwinrm enumerate winrm/config/listenerwinrm create winrm/config/listener?Address=*+Transport=HTTP (also done by winrm quickconfig)winrm set winrm/config/client @{TrustedHosts="*"}winrm set winrm/config/client @{TrustedHosts="host1,host2..."}N.B.: You will only need to configure Kerberos if you are going to use Windows domain accounts to access the remote host with the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type.
In addition to the setup described in the WINRM section, using Kerberos authentication requires that you follow the Kerberos Requirements for Java on the host from which the Overthere connections are initiated, i.e. the source host.
Create a file called krb5.conf (Unix) or krb5.ini (Windows) with at least the following content:
[realms]
EXAMPLE.COM = {
kdc = KDC.EXAMPLE.COM
}
Replace the values with the name of your domain/realm and the hostname of your domain controller (multiple entries can be added to allow the Overthere source host to connect to multiple domains) and place the file in the default location for your operating system:
/etc/krb5.conf/etc/krb5/krb5.confC:\Windows\krb5.iniAlternatively, place the file somewhere else and add the following Java system property to the command line: -Djava.security.krb5.conf=/path/to/krb5.conf. Replace the path with the location of the file you just created.
See the Kerberos V5 System Administrator's Guide at MIT for more information on the krb5.conf format.
N.B.: You will only need to configure Kerberos if you are going to use Windows domain accounts to access the remote host with the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type.
By default, Overthere 2.1.0 and up will request access to a Kerberos service principal name of the form WSMAN/HOST, for which an SPN should be configured automatically when you configure WinRM for a remote host.
If that was not configured correctly, if you have overridden the default SPN for which a ticket is requested through the winrmKerberosAddPortToSpn or the winrmKerberosUseHttpSpn connection properties, or if you are running an older version of Overthere, you will have configure the service principal names manually. The parameter winrmUseCanonicalHostname can be used to use the remote host FQDN provided by the DNS.
This can be achieved by invoking the setspn command, as an Administrator, on any host in the domain, as follows:
setspn -A PROTOCOL/ADDRESS:PORT WINDOWS-HOST
where:
PROTOCOL is either WSMAN (default) or HTTP (if winrmKerberosUseHttpSpn has been set to true).ADDRESS is the address used to connect to the remote host,PORT (optional) is the port used to connect to the remote host (usually 5985 or 5986, only necessary if winrmKerberosAddPortToSpn has been set to true), andWINDOWS-HOST is the short Windows hostname of the remote host.Some other useful commands:
setspn -Q */*setspn -L _WINDOWS-HOST_This section lists a number of common configuration errors that can occur when using Overthere with SMB/CIFS, WinRM and/or Telnet. If you run into other connectivity issues when using Overthere, please let us know by creating a ticket or by sending us a pull request.
For more troubleshooting tips for Kerberos, please refer to the Kerberos troubleshooting guide in the Java SE documentation.
Unable to load realm info from SCDynamicStoreThe Kerberos subsystem of Java cannot start up. Did you configure it as described in the section on Kerberos setup for the source host?
Cannot get kdc for realm …The Kerberos subsystem of Java cannot find the information for the realm in the krb5.conf file. The realm name specified in the Kerberos configuration on the source host is case sensitive and must be entered in upper case in the krb5.conf file.
Alternatively, you can use the dns_lookup_kdc and dns_lookup_realm options in the libdefaults section to automatically find the right realm and KDC from the DNS server if it has been configured to include the necessary SRV and TXT records:
[libdefaults]
dns_lookup_kdc = true
dns_lookup_realm = true
Server not found in Kerberos database (7)The service principal name for the remote host has not been added to Active Directory. Did you add the SPN as described in the section on Kerberos setup for remote hosts?
Pre-authentication information was invalid (24) or Identifier doesn't match expected value (906)The username or the password supplied was invalid. Did you supply the correct credentials?
Integrity check on decrypted field failed (31)Is the target machine part of a Windows 2000 domain? In that case, you'll have to add rc4-hmac to the supported encryption types:
[libdefaults]
default_tgs_enctypes = aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 des3-cbc-sha1 arcfour-hmac-md5 des-cbc-crc des-cbc-md5 des-cbc-md4 rc4-hmac
default_tkt_enctypes = aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 des3-cbc-sha1 arcfour-hmac-md5 des-cbc-crc des-cbc-md5 des-cbc-md4 rc4-hmac
Message stream modified (41)The realm name specified in the Kerberos configuration on the source host does not match the case of the Windows domain name. The realm name is case sensitive and must be entered in upper case in the krb5.conf file.
Unable to load realm info from SCDynamicStoreThe Kerberos subsystem of Java cannot start up and the remote WinRM server is sending a Kerberos authentication challenge. If you are using local accounts, the authentication will proceed succesfully despite this message. To remove these messages either configure Kerberos as described in the section on Kerberos setup for the source host or disallow Kerberos on the WinRM server as described in step 4 of the section on WinRM setup.
VT100/ANSI escape sequence found in output stream. Please configure the Windows Telnet server to use stream mode (tlntadmn config mode=stream).The Telnet service has been configured to be in "Console" mode. Did you configure it as described in the section on Telnet setup?
winrm configuration command fails with the message There are no more endpoints available from the endpoint mapperThe Windows Firewall has not been started. See Microsoft Knowledge Base article #2004640 for more information.
winrm configuration command fails with the message The WinRM client cannot process the requestThis can occur if you have disabled the Negotiate authentication method in the WinRM configuration. To fix this situation, edit the configuration in the Windows registry under the key HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\WSMAN\ and restart the Windows Remote Management service.
Courtesy of this blog by Chris Knight
java.net.ConnectException: Connection refusedThe Windows Remote Management service is not running or is not running on the port that has been configured. Start the service or configure Overthere to use a different port number.
Multiple causes can lead to this error message:
The Kerberos ticket is not accepted by the remote host:
Did you set up the correct service principal names (SPNs) as described in the section on Kerberos setup for remote hosts? The hostname is case insenstive, but it has to be the same as the one used in the address connection options, i.e. a simple hostname or a fully qualified domain name. Domain policies may prevent the Windows Management Service from creating the required SPNs. See this blog by LazyJeff for more information.
Has the reverse DNS of the remote host been set up correctly? See Principal names and DNS for more information. Please note that the rdns option is not available in Java's Kerberos implementation.
The WinRM service is not set up to accept unencrypted traffic. Did you execute step #8 of the host setup for WinRM?
The user is not allowed to log in. Did you uncheck the "User must change password at next logon" checkbox when you created the user in Windows?
The user is not allowed to perform a WinRM command. Did you grant the user (local) administrative privileges?
Multiple causes can lead to this error message:
If the command was executing for a long time, this might have been caused by a timeout. You can increase the WinRM timeout specified by the winrmTimeout connection option to increase the request timeout. Don't forget to increase the MaxTimeoutms setting on the remote host as well. For example, to set the maximum timeout on the server to five minutes, enter the following command:
winrm set winrm/config @{MaxTimeoutms="300000"}
If a lot of commands are being executed concurrently, increase the MaxConcurrentOperationsPerUser setting on the server. For example, to set the maximum number of concurrent operations per user to 100, enter the following command:
winrm set winrm/config/service @{MaxConcurrentOperationsPerUser="100"}
Other configuration options that may be of use are Service/MaxConcurrentOperations and MaxProviderRequests (WinRM 1.0 only).
If you see an unknown WinRM error code in the logging, you can use the winrm helpmsg command to get more information, e.g.
winrm helpmsg 0x80338104
The WS-Management service cannot process the request. The WMI service returned an 'access denied' error.
Courtesy of this PowerShell Magazine blog by Shay Levy
The JCIFS library, which Overthere uses to connect to CIFS shares, will try and query the Windows domain controller to resolve the hostname in SMB URLs. JCIFS will send packets over port 139 (one of the [NetBIOS over TCP/IP] ports) to query the DFS. If that port is blocked by a firewall, JCIFS will only fall back to using regular hostname resolution after a timeout has occurred.
Set the following Java system property to prevent JCIFS from sending DFS query packets:
-Djcifs.smb.client.dfs.disabled=true.
See this article on the JCIFS mailing list for a more detailed explanation.
If the problem cannot be solved by changing the network topology, try increasing the JCIFS timeout values documented in the JCIFS documentation. Another system property not mentioned there but only on the JCIFS homepage is jcifs.smb.client.connTimeout.
To get more debug information from JCIFS, set the system property jcifs.util.loglevel to 3.
The SMB 2.x and CIFS protocol implementation of Overthere defines a number of additional connection options, in addition to the common connection options.
| connectionType | Specifies what protocol is used to execute commands on the remote hsots. One of the following values must be set:
|
|---|---|
| pathShareMappings | The path to share mappings to use for CIFS specified as a Map<String, String>, e.g. C:\IBM\WebSphere ->
WebSphere. If a path is not explicitly mapped to a share, an administrative share will be used. The default value is to use no
path/share mappings, i.e. to use only administrative shares. |
| winrmEnableHttps | If set to true, HTTPS is used to connect to the WinRM server. Otherwise HTTP is used. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_INTERNAL and WINRM_NATIVE connection types. |
| winrmContext | The context used by the WinRM server. The default value is /wsman.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type. |
| winrmEnvelopSize | The WinRM envelop size in bytes to use. The default value is 153600.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type. |
| winrmHttpsCertificateTrustStrategy | The certificate trust strategy for WinRM HTTPS connections. One of the following values can be set:
true. |
| winrmHttpsHostnameVerificationStrategy | The hostname verification strategy for WinRM HTTPS connections. One of the following values can be set:
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type, when winrmEnableHttps is set to true. |
| winrmKerberosAddPortToSpn | If set to true, the port number (e.g. 5985) will be added to the service principal name (SPN) for which a Kerberos ticket is requested. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type, when a Windows domain acount is used. |
| winrmKerberosDebug | If set to true, enables debug output for the JAAS-based Kerberos authentication within the OverThere connector. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type, when a Windows domain acount is used. |
| winrmKerberosTicketCache | If set to true, enables the use of the Kerberos ticket cache for use in authentication. When enabled, if a password is not specfified the system ticket cache will be used as a The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type, when a Windows domain acount is used. |
| winrmKerberosUseHttpSpn | If set to true, the protocol HTTP will be used in the service principal name (SPN) for which a Kerberos ticket is requested. Otherwise the protocol WSMAN is used. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type, when a Windows domain acount is used. |
| winrmLocale | The WinRM locale to use. The default value is en-US.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type. |
| winrmTimeout | The WinRM timeout to use in XML schema duration format. The default value is PT60.000S.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_INTERNAL connection type. |
| winrsAllowDelegate | If set to false, the user's credentials may be passed to the remote host. This option corresponds to the winrs command option -allowdelegate. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_NATIVE connection type. |
| winrsCompression | If set to true, compression is enabled. This option corresponds to the winrs command option -compression. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_NATIVE connection type. |
| winrsNoecho | If set to true, echo is disabled. This option corresponds to the winrs command option -noecho. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_NATIVE connection type. |
| winrsNoprofile | If set to true, loading the user profile before executing the command is disabled. This option corresponds to the winrs command option -noprofile. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_NATIVE connection type. |
| winrsUnencrypted | If set to true, encryption is disabled. This option corresponds to the winrs command option -unencrypted. The default value is false.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_NATIVE connection type. |
| winrsProxyProtocol | The protocol to use when connecting to the "winrs proxy host", i.e. the host that is used to run the winrs command. The "winrs proxy host" must run Windows. The default value is local, which means the commands will be executed on the local host, which means the local host must run Windows.
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_NATIVE connection type. |
| winrsProxyConnectionOptions | The connection options to use when connecting to the "winrs proxy host".
N.B.: This connection option is only applicable for the WINRM_NATIVE connection type. |
| smbPort | The SMB port to connect to. The default value is 445. |
|---|---|
| smbRequireSigning | Whether to require the server to sign the responses. The default value is false. |
| cifsPort | The CIFS port to connect to. The default value is 445. |
|---|
In some networks, certain hosts cannot be reached directly. Instead, a connection should be made through an HTTP proxy or an SSH jumpstation. Overthere supports these network topologies by allowing you to configure "jumpstations" by adding a property called jumpstation to the connection options that point to another set of connection options for the jumpstation.
The end result looks something like this:
protocol: ssh
options: ConnectionOptions[
connectionType: SCP
address: dmzhost1.example.com
os: UNIX
username: dmzuser
password: s3cr3t
jumpstation: ConnectionOptions[
protocol: proxy
address: dmzproxy.exmaple.com
port: 8888
]
]
or:
protocol: cifs
options: ConnectionOptions[
connectionType: WINRM_INTERNAL
address: dmzhost2.example.com
os: WINDOWS
username: Administrator
password: adm1n=me
jumpstation: ConnectionOptions[
protocol: ssh-jumpstation
address: dmzssh.example.com
username: jumpuser
password: j0mp!
]
]
The jumpstation connection options support the same values (for as much as it makes sense) as regular connection options, with the following additions:
SSH connection to GCP instances is possible without directly installing key pairs on instances. There are 2 options to manage internally SSH keys via GCP keys, that are selected with gcpKeyManagementType.
| gcpKeyManagementType |
Currently folllowing 2 types are suppport for key management on GCP instances:
|
|---|
SSH connection to the GCP hosts can be implemented by managing ssh keys with OsLogin API. It gives the possibility to define temporary time-limited SSH keys project-wide or per an instance by using GCP's service account credentials. OsLogin management of SSH keys is recommended way to connect on instances, but it has some limitations.
Prerequisites:
roles/compute.osAdminLogin or roles/compute.osLogin) on project or instance level step 4Metadata gives the possibility to define temporary time-limited SSH keys project-wide or per instance. Overthere manages keypairs internally registering public key to the GCP metadata on project or instance level. More details is available in following guide: Managing SSH keys in metadata.
Prerequisites:
iam.serviceAccountUser on the instance or project levelcompute.instanceAdmin.v1 on the instance or project levelroles/compute.osAdminLogin or roles/compute.osLogin) on project or instance levelFor using Metadata following options are required:
| zoneName | Name of deployment area. See Regions and zones for details. |
|---|---|
| instanceId | Instance id of a instance that needs management of the keys. If managing of the keys is done on a project level, this option needs to be omitted. |
| applicationName | Optional application name that is using this overthere client. |
| username | SSH connection username. It is same options as for SSH connection |
From following options first 3 are required. Other generic options have default value that is used if custom not provided.
| connectionType | Specifies which protocol is used to execute commands, it can be any SSH related protocol like: `SCP`, `SFTP` |
|---|---|
| os | Same as with usual SSH connection |
| address | On the GCP external instance address. Same as with usual SSH connection. |
| retryCount | Retry count of trying to connect to the instance. Connection openning retry will be done in case of auth failure. Key management on GCP needs sometime more time to provision new keys on instance level and for that case failed auth needs retries. Default value is 10. |
| retryPeriodMillis | Retry period between each retry to open the connection. Default value is 1000 ms. |
| keySize | Key size, default is 1024. |
| keyExpiryTimeMillis | Key expiry time defined in milliseconds, default value is 300,000ms (5 minutes). If generated key expires new one will be internally created and installed via OsLogin. |
To be able to use GCP API's credentials needs to be supplied via Overthere options. There are different ways to supply credentials and that is defined with the gcpCredentialsType option.
For ServiceAccountJsonFile following option is required:
For ServiceAccountJson following option is required:
| credentialsJson | Service account credentials JSON. Credentials are used to internally manage SSH keys. |
|---|
For ServiceAccountPkcs8 following options are required:
For ServiceAccountToken following option is required:
| projectId | Project ID |
|---|---|
| ApiToken | Access Token Which can be used for Authentication.Generated by using the Token URL. |
suPassword to hidden fields of ConnectionOptions to prevent printing it.TUNNEL SSH connection type in favour of the new ssh-jumpstation protocol.WsmanSPNegoSchemeFactoryDisconnected from local: messages are now logged at DEBUG level instead of INFO level.LocalFile.valueOf once again returns an OverthereFile and added a new LocalFile.from method which returns a LocalFile. Because this version is binary incompatible with 3.0.0 we had to bump the major version again but this is one is binary compatible with Overthere 2.4.6 and below.LocalFile.valueOf(java.io.File) from OverthereFile to LocalFile. This breaks binary compatibility with Overthere 2.4.6.winrs, the native WinRM implementation available on Windows hosts, which fixes [#12|https://github.com/xebialabs/overthere/issues/12]. N.B.: To distinguish this connection type from the existing Java one, the connection type WINRM has been replaced by WINRM_INTERNAL (the Java implementation) and WINRM_NATIVE (the Windows implementation).refreshKrb5Config=true option to the Kerberos JAAS configuration to make sure the configuration is re-read for every request.OverthereConnection.startProcess() for CIFS/WinRM connections, which fixes #54 properly. The previous implementation did not handle stdin.OverthereExecutionOutputHandler interface to allow stderr to also be captured character by character, which fixes #67.canStartProcess() return false for CIFS/WinRM connections because its startProcess implementation does not correctly handle stdin, disables fix for issue #54.-p should be used to copy files from and to the connection temporary directory when the connection type is SUDO or INTERACTIVE_SUDO.true.OverthereProcessOutputHandler.handleOutput().CIFS_PATH_SHARE_MAPPING back to PATH_SHARE_MAPPINGS.com.xebialabs.overthere.OverthereConnection interface (it was a class in 1.0.13) that does not throw java.io.IOException.~/.itest (in addition to the classpath and the current working directory)./) to be used in Windows paths.FAQs
Remote file manipulation and process execution framework for Java
We found that com.xebialabs.overthere:overthere demonstrated a healthy version release cadence and project activity because the last version was released less than a year ago. It has 0 open source maintainers collaborating on the project.
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