@noble/secp256k1

What is @noble/secp256k1?

@noble/secp256k1 is a JavaScript library for elliptic curve cryptography, specifically for the secp256k1 curve. It is commonly used in blockchain and cryptocurrency applications for key generation, signing, and verification.

What are @noble/secp256k1's main functionalities?

Key Generation

This feature allows you to generate a random private key and derive the corresponding public key using the secp256k1 curve.

const secp = require('@noble/secp256k1');
const privateKey = secp.utils.randomPrivateKey();
const publicKey = secp.getPublicKey(privateKey);
console.log('Private Key:', privateKey);
console.log('Public Key:', publicKey);

Signing

This feature allows you to sign a message using a private key. The message is an array of bytes, and the signature is generated using the secp256k1 curve.

const secp = require('@noble/secp256k1');
const message = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
const privateKey = secp.utils.randomPrivateKey();
const signature = secp.sign(message, privateKey);
console.log('Signature:', signature);

Verification

This feature allows you to verify a signature using the corresponding public key and the original message. It returns a boolean indicating whether the signature is valid.

const secp = require('@noble/secp256k1');
const message = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
const privateKey = secp.utils.randomPrivateKey();
const publicKey = secp.getPublicKey(privateKey);
const signature = secp.sign(message, privateKey);
const isValid = secp.verify(signature, message, publicKey);
console.log('Is the signature valid?', isValid);

Other packages similar to @noble/secp256k1

elliptic

Elliptic is a widely-used JavaScript library for elliptic curve cryptography. It supports multiple curves, including secp256k1. Compared to @noble/secp256k1, elliptic is more versatile but may be less optimized for performance in secp256k1-specific use cases.

secp256k1

Secp256k1 is a native Node.js binding to the secp256k1 library used in Bitcoin. It is highly optimized for performance but requires native compilation, which can be a drawback for some users. @noble/secp256k1, being a pure JavaScript implementation, is easier to use in browser environments.

bitcoinjs-lib

BitcoinJS is a library for Bitcoin-related operations, including key generation, signing, and verification using secp256k1. While it offers a broader range of Bitcoin-specific functionalities, it is less focused on general elliptic curve cryptography compared to @noble/secp256k1.

README

noble-secp256k1

Fastest 4KB JS implementation of secp256k1 signatures & ECDH.

• ✍️ ECDSA signatures compliant with RFC6979
• 🤝 Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman ECDH
• 📦 Pure ESM, can be imported without transpilers
• 🪶 4KB gzipped, 490 lines of code

The module is a sister project of noble-curves, focusing on smaller attack surface & better auditability. Curves are drop-in replacement and have more features: Common.js, Schnorr signatures, DER encoding or support for different hash functions. To upgrade from v1 to v2, see Upgrading.

This library belongs to noble cryptography

noble-cryptography — high-security, easily auditable set of contained cryptographic libraries and tools.

• Zero or minimal dependencies
• Highly readable TypeScript / JS code
• PGP-signed releases and transparent NPM builds with provenance
• Check out homepage & all libraries: ciphers, curves, hashes, post-quantum, 4kb secp256k1 / ed25519

Usage

npm install @noble/secp256k1

deno add @noble/secp256k1

We support all major platforms and runtimes. For node.js <= 18 and React Native, additional polyfills are needed: see below.

import * as secp from '@noble/secp256k1';
// import * as secp from "https://unpkg.com/@noble/secp256k1"; // Unpkg
(async () => {
  // Uint8Arrays or hex strings are accepted:
  // Uint8Array.from([0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef]) is equal to 'deadbeef'
  const privKey = secp.utils.randomPrivateKey(); // Secure random private key
  // sha256 of 'hello world'
  const msgHash = 'b94d27b9934d3e08a52e52d7da7dabfac484efe37a5380ee9088f7ace2efcde9';
  const pubKey = secp.getPublicKey(privKey);
  const signature = await secp.signAsync(msgHash, privKey); // Sync methods below
  const isValid = secp.verify(signature, msgHash, pubKey);

  const alicesPubkey = secp.getPublicKey(secp.utils.randomPrivateKey());
  secp.getSharedSecret(privKey, alicesPubkey); // Elliptic curve diffie-hellman
  signature.recoverPublicKey(msgHash); // Public key recovery
})();

Additional polyfills for some environments:

// 1. Enable synchronous methods.
// Only async methods are available by default, to keep the library dependency-free.
import { hmac } from '@noble/hashes/hmac';
import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256';
secp.etc.hmacSha256Sync = (k, ...m) => hmac(sha256, k, secp.etc.concatBytes(...m));
// Sync methods can be used now:
// secp.sign(msgHash, privKey);

// 2. node.js 18 and older, requires polyfilling globalThis.crypto
import { webcrypto } from 'node:crypto';
// @ts-ignore
if (!globalThis.crypto) globalThis.crypto = webcrypto;

// 3. React Native needs crypto.getRandomValues polyfill and sha512
import 'react-native-get-random-values';
import { hmac } from '@noble/hashes/hmac';
import { sha256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha256';
secp.etc.hmacSha256Sync = (k, ...m) => hmac(sha256, k, secp.etc.concatBytes(...m));
secp.etc.hmacSha256Async = (k, ...m) => Promise.resolve(secp.etc.hmacSha256Sync(k, ...m));

API

There are 3 main methods: getPublicKey(privateKey), sign(messageHash, privateKey) and verify(signature, messageHash, publicKey). We accept Hex type everywhere:

type Hex = Uint8Array | string;

getPublicKey

function getPublicKey(privateKey: Hex, isCompressed?: boolean): Uint8Array;

Generates 33-byte compressed public key from 32-byte private key.

• If you need uncompressed 65-byte public key, set second argument to false.
• Use ProjectivePoint.fromPrivateKey(privateKey) for Point instance.
• Use ProjectivePoint.fromHex(publicKey) to convert Hex / Uint8Array into Point.

sign

function sign(
  messageHash: Hex, // message hash (not message) which would be signed
  privateKey: Hex, // private key which will sign the hash
  opts?: { lowS: boolean; extraEntropy: boolean | Hex } // optional params
): Signature;
function signAsync(
  messageHash: Hex,
  privateKey: Hex,
  opts?: { lowS: boolean; extraEntropy: boolean | Hex }
): Promise<Signature>;

sign(msgHash, privKey, { lowS: false }); // Malleable signature
sign(msgHash, privKey, { extraEntropy: true }); // Improved security

Generates low-s deterministic-k RFC6979 ECDSA signature. Assumes hash of message, which means you'll need to do something like sha256(message) before signing.

1. lowS: false allows to create malleable signatures, for compatibility with openssl. Default lowS: true prohibits signatures which have (sig.s >= CURVE.n/2n) and is compatible with BTC/ETH.
2. extraEntropy: true improves security by adding entropy, follows section 3.6 of RFC6979:
   • No disadvantage: if an entropy generator is broken, sigs would be the same as they are without the option
   • It would help a lot in case there is an error somewhere in k gen. Exposing k could leak private keys
   • Sigs with extra entropy would have different r / s, which means they would still be valid, but may break some test vectors if you're cross-testing against other libs

verify

function verify(
  signature: Hex | Signature, // returned by the `sign` function
  messageHash: Hex, // message hash (not message) that must be verified
  publicKey: Hex, // public (not private) key
  opts?: { lowS: boolean } // optional params; { lowS: true } by default
): boolean;

Verifies ECDSA signature and ensures it has lowS (compatible with BTC/ETH). lowS: false turns off malleability check, but makes it OpenSSL-compatible.

getSharedSecret

function getSharedSecret(
  privateKeyA: Uint8Array | string, // Alices's private key
  publicKeyB: Uint8Array | string, // Bob's public key
  isCompressed = true // optional arg. (default) true=33b key, false=65b.
): Uint8Array;

Computes ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman) shared secret between key A and different key B.

Use ProjectivePoint.fromHex(publicKeyB).multiply(privateKeyA) for Point instance

recoverPublicKey

signature.recoverPublicKey(
  msgHash: Uint8Array | string
): Uint8Array | undefined;

Recover public key from Signature instance with recovery bit set.

utils

A bunch of useful utilities are also exposed:

type Bytes = Uint8Array;
const etc: {
  hexToBytes: (hex: string) => Bytes;
  bytesToHex: (b: Bytes) => string;
  concatBytes: (...arrs: Bytes[]) => Bytes;
  bytesToNumberBE: (b: Bytes) => bigint;
  numberToBytesBE: (num: bigint) => Bytes;
  mod: (a: bigint, b?: bigint) => bigint;
  invert: (num: bigint, md?: bigint) => bigint;
  hmacSha256Async: (key: Bytes, ...msgs: Bytes[]) => Promise<Bytes>;
  hmacSha256Sync: HmacFnSync;
  hashToPrivateKey: (hash: Hex) => Bytes;
  randomBytes: (len: number) => Bytes;
};
const utils: {
  normPrivateKeyToScalar: (p: PrivKey) => bigint;
  randomPrivateKey: () => Bytes; // Uses CSPRNG https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Crypto/getRandomValues
  isValidPrivateKey: (key: Hex) => boolean;
  precompute(p: ProjectivePoint, windowSize?: number): ProjectivePoint;
};
class ProjectivePoint {
  constructor(px: bigint, py: bigint, pz: bigint);
  static readonly BASE: ProjectivePoint;
  static readonly ZERO: ProjectivePoint;
  static fromAffine(point: AffinePoint): ProjectivePoint;
  static fromHex(hex: Hex): ProjectivePoint;
  static fromPrivateKey(n: PrivKey): ProjectivePoint;
  get x(): bigint;
  get y(): bigint;
  add(other: ProjectivePoint): ProjectivePoint;
  assertValidity(): void;
  equals(other: ProjectivePoint): boolean;
  multiply(n: bigint): ProjectivePoint;
  negate(): ProjectivePoint;
  subtract(other: ProjectivePoint): ProjectivePoint;
  toAffine(): AffinePoint;
  toHex(isCompressed?: boolean): string;
  toRawBytes(isCompressed?: boolean): Bytes;
}
class Signature {
  constructor(r: bigint, s: bigint, recovery?: number | undefined);
  static fromCompact(hex: Hex): Signature;
  readonly r: bigint;
  readonly s: bigint;
  readonly recovery?: number | undefined;
  ok(): Signature;
  hasHighS(): boolean;
  normalizeS(): Signature;
  recoverPublicKey(msgh: Hex): Point;
  toCompactRawBytes(): Bytes;
  toCompactHex(): string;
}
CURVE; // curve prime; order; equation params, generator coordinates

Security

The module is production-ready. While noble-curves provide improved security, we cross-test against curves.

1. The current version has not been independently audited. It is a rewrite of v1, which has been audited by cure53 in Apr 2021: PDF (funded by Umbra.cash & community).
2. It's being fuzzed by Guido Vranken's cryptofuzz: you can also run the fuzzer by yourself.

Constant-timeness

JIT-compiler and Garbage Collector make "constant time" extremely hard to achieve timing attack resistance in a scripting language. Which means any other JS library can't have constant-timeness. Even statically typed Rust, a language without GC, makes it harder to achieve constant-time for some cases. If your goal is absolute security, don't use any JS lib — including bindings to native ones. Use low-level libraries & languages. Nonetheless we're targetting algorithmic constant time.

Supply chain security

1. Commits are signed with PGP keys, to prevent forgery. Make sure to verify commit signatures.
2. Releases are transparent and built on GitHub CI. Make sure to verify provenance logs
3. Rare releasing is followed. The less often it is done, the less code dependents would need to audit
4. Dependencies are minimal:
   • All deps are prevented from automatic updates and have locked-down version ranges. Every update is checked with npm-diff
   • Updates themselves are rare, to ensure rogue updates are not catched accidentally
5. devDependencies are only used if you want to contribute to the repo. They are disabled for end-users:
   • noble-hashes is used, by the same author, to provide hashing functionality tests
   • micro-bmark and micro-should are developed by the same author and follow identical security practices
   • fast-check (property-based testing) and typescript are used for code quality, vector generation and ts compilation. The packages are big, which makes it hard to audit their source code thoroughly and fully

We consider infrastructure attacks like rogue NPM modules very important; that's why it's crucial to minimize the amount of 3rd-party dependencies & native bindings. If your app uses 500 dependencies, any dep could get hacked and you'll be downloading malware with every install. Our goal is to minimize this attack vector.

If you see anything unusual: investigate and report.

Randomness

We're deferring to built-in crypto.getRandomValues which is considered cryptographically secure (CSPRNG).

In the past, browsers had bugs that made it weak: it may happen again.

Speed

Use noble-curves if you need even higher performance.

Benchmarks measured with Apple M2 on MacOS 13 with node.js 20.

getPublicKey(utils.randomPrivateKey()) x 6,430 ops/sec @ 155μs/op
sign x 3,367 ops/sec @ 296μs/op
verify x 600 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
getSharedSecret x 505 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
recoverPublicKey x 612 ops/sec @ 1ms/op
Point.fromHex (decompression) x 9,185 ops/sec @ 108μs/op

Compare to other libraries on M1 (openssl uses native bindings, not JS):

elliptic#getPublicKey x 1,940 ops/sec
sjcl#getPublicKey x 211 ops/sec

elliptic#sign x 1,808 ops/sec
sjcl#sign x 199 ops/sec
openssl#sign x 4,243 ops/sec
ecdsa#sign x 116 ops/sec

elliptic#verify x 812 ops/sec
sjcl#verify x 166 ops/sec
openssl#verify x 4,452 ops/sec
ecdsa#verify x 80 ops/sec

elliptic#ecdh x 971 ops/sec

Upgrading

noble-secp256k1 v2 features improved security and smaller attack surface. The goal of v2 is to provide minimum possible JS library which is safe and fast.

That means the library was reduced 4x, to just over 400 lines. In order to achieve the goal, some features were moved to noble-curves, which is even safer and faster drop-in replacement library with same API. Switch to curves if you intend to keep using these features:

• DER encoding: toDERHex, toDERRawBytes, signing / verification of DER sigs
• Schnorr signatures
• Using utils.precompute() for non-base point
• Support for environments which don't support bigint literals
• Common.js support
• Support for node.js 18 and older without shim

Other changes for upgrading from @noble/secp256k1 1.7 to 2.0:

• getPublicKey
  • now produce 33-byte compressed signatures by default
  • to use old behavior, which produced 65-byte uncompressed keys, set argument isCompressed to false: getPublicKey(priv, false)
• sign
  • is now sync; use signAsync for async version
  • now returns Signature instance with { r, s, recovery } properties
  • canonical option was renamed to lowS
  • recovered option has been removed because recovery bit is always returned now
  • der option has been removed. There are 2 options:
    1. Use compact encoding: fromCompact, toCompactRawBytes, toCompactHex. Compact encoding is simply a concatenation of 32-byte r and 32-byte s.
    2. If you must use DER encoding, switch to noble-curves (see above).
• verify
  • strict option was renamed to lowS
• getSharedSecret
  • now produce 33-byte compressed signatures by default
  • to use old behavior, which produced 65-byte uncompressed keys, set argument isCompressed to false: getSharedSecret(a, b, false)
• recoverPublicKey(msg, sig, rec) was changed to sig.recoverPublicKey(msg)
• number type for private keys have been removed: use bigint instead
• Point (2d xy) has been changed to ProjectivePoint (3d xyz)
• utils were split into utils (same api as in noble-curves) and etc (hmacSha256Sync and others)

Contributing & testing

• npm install && npm run build && npm test will build the code and run tests.
• npm run bench will run benchmarks, which may need their deps first (npm run bench:install)
• npm run loc will count total output size, important to be less than 4KB

Check out github.com/paulmillr/guidelines for general coding practices and rules.

See paulmillr.com/noble for useful resources, articles, documentation and demos related to the library.

License

MIT (c) Paul Miller (https://paulmillr.com), see LICENSE file.