@npmcli/arborist

What is @npmcli/arborist?

@npmcli/arborist is a library for managing and manipulating the node_modules tree in a Node.js project. It provides a programmatic interface to interact with the dependency tree, allowing you to perform tasks such as installing, updating, and removing packages, as well as analyzing the dependency graph.

What are @npmcli/arborist's main functionalities?

Load the dependency tree

This feature allows you to load the current state of the node_modules tree. The `loadActual` method reads the actual state of the installed packages.

const Arborist = require('@npmcli/arborist');
const arborist = new Arborist();

async function loadTree() {
  const tree = await arborist.loadActual();
  console.log(tree);
}

loadTree();

Install a package

This feature allows you to install a new package into your project. The `reify` method is used to apply changes to the node_modules tree, and the `add` option specifies the package to install.

const Arborist = require('@npmcli/arborist');
const arborist = new Arborist({ path: '.' });

async function installPackage() {
  await arborist.reify({ add: ['lodash'] });
  console.log('Package installed');
}

installPackage();

Remove a package

This feature allows you to remove a package from your project. The `reify` method is used to apply changes to the node_modules tree, and the `rm` option specifies the package to remove.

const Arborist = require('@npmcli/arborist');
const arborist = new Arborist({ path: '.' });

async function removePackage() {
  await arborist.reify({ rm: ['lodash'] });
  console.log('Package removed');
}

removePackage();

Analyze the dependency graph

This feature allows you to analyze the dependency graph of your project. By loading the actual state of the node_modules tree, you can iterate over the dependencies and inspect their details.

const Arborist = require('@npmcli/arborist');
const arborist = new Arborist();

async function analyzeGraph() {
  const tree = await arborist.loadActual();
  const dependencies = tree.children;
  dependencies.forEach(dep => {
    console.log(dep.name, dep.version);
  });
}

analyzeGraph();

Other packages similar to @npmcli/arborist

npm

The npm package itself provides a command-line interface for managing Node.js packages. It includes functionalities for installing, updating, and removing packages, as well as managing the dependency tree. However, it is more focused on CLI usage rather than providing a programmatic interface like @npmcli/arborist.

yarn

Yarn is an alternative package manager for Node.js that offers similar functionalities to npm, including dependency management and package installation. Yarn also provides a CLI for managing packages but does not offer the same level of programmatic control over the dependency tree as @npmcli/arborist.

pnpm

pnpm is another package manager for Node.js that focuses on performance and disk space efficiency. It provides functionalities for managing dependencies and installing packages. Like npm and yarn, pnpm is primarily a CLI tool and does not offer a programmatic interface for manipulating the dependency tree like @npmcli/arborist.

README

@npmcli/arborist

Inspect and manage node_modules trees.

There's more documentation in the notes folder.

USAGE

const Arborist = require('@npmcli/arborist')

const arb = new Arborist({
  // options object

  // where we're doing stuff.  defaults to cwd.
  path: '/path/to/package/root',

  // url to the default registry.  defaults to npm's default registry
  registry: 'https://registry.npmjs.org',

  // scopes can be mapped to a different registry
  '@foo:registry': 'https://registry.foo.com/',

  // Auth can be provided in a couple of different ways.  If none are
  // provided, then requests are anonymous, and private packages will 404.
  // Arborist doesn't do anything with these, it just passes them down
  // the chain to pacote and npm-registry-fetch.

  // Safest: a bearer token provided by a registry:
  // 1. an npm auth token, used with the default registry
  token: 'deadbeefcafebad',
  // 2. an alias for the same thing:
  _authToken: 'deadbeefcafebad',

  // insecure options:
  // 3. basic auth, username:password, base64 encoded
  auth: 'aXNhYWNzOm5vdCBteSByZWFsIHBhc3N3b3Jk',
  // 4. username and base64 encoded password
  username: 'isaacs',
  password: 'bm90IG15IHJlYWwgcGFzc3dvcmQ=',

  // auth configs can also be scoped to a given registry with this
  // rather unusual pattern:
  '//registry.foo.com:token': 'blahblahblah',
  '//basic.auth.only.foo.com:_auth': 'aXNhYWNzOm5vdCBteSByZWFsIHBhc3N3b3Jk',
  '//registry.foo.com:always-auth': true,
})

// READING

// returns a promise.  reads the actual contents of node_modules
arb.loadActual().then(tree => {
  // tree is also stored at arb.virtualTree
})

// read just what the package-lock.json/npm-shrinkwrap says
// This *also* loads the yarn.lock file, but that's only relevant
// when building the ideal tree.
arb.loadVirtual().then(tree => {
  // tree is also stored at arb.virtualTree
  // now arb.virtualTree is loaded
  // this fails if there's no package-lock.json or package.json in the folder
  // note that loading this way should only be done if there's no
  // node_modules folder
})

// OPTIMIZING AND DESIGNING

// build an ideal tree from the package.json and various lockfiles.
arb.buildIdealTree(options).then(() => {
  // next step is to reify that ideal tree onto disk.
  // options can be:
  // rm: array of package names to remove at top level
  // add: Array of package specifiers to add at the top level.  Each of
  //   these will be resolved with pacote.manifest if the name can't be
  //   determined from the spec.  (Eg, `github:foo/bar` vs `foo@somespec`.)
  //   The dep will be saved in the location where it already exists,
  //   (or pkg.dependencies) unless a different saveType is specified.
  // saveType: Save added packages in a specific dependency set.
  //   - null (default) Wherever they exist already, or 'dependencies'
  //   - prod: definitely in 'dependencies'
  //   - optional: in 'optionalDependencies'
  //   - dev: devDependencies
  //   - peer: save in peerDependencies, and remove any optional flag from
  //     peerDependenciesMeta if one exists
  //   - peerOptional: save in peerDependencies, and add a
  //     peerDepsMeta[name].optional flag
  // saveBundle: add newly added deps to the bundleDependencies list
  // update: Either `true` to just go ahead and update everything, or an
  //   object with any or all of the following fields:
  //   - all: boolean.  set to true to just update everything
  //   - names: names of packages update (like `npm update foo`)
  // prune: boolean, default true.  Prune extraneous nodes from the tree.
  // preferDedupe: prefer to deduplicate packages if possible, rather than
  //   choosing a newer version of a dependency.  Defaults to false, ie,
  //   always try to get the latest and greatest deps.
  // legacyBundling: Nest every dep under the node requiring it, npm v2 style.
  //   No unnecessary deduplication.  Default false.

  // At the end of this process, arb.idealTree is set.
})

// WRITING

// Make the idealTree be the thing that's on disk
arb.reify({
  // write the lockfile(s) back to disk, and package.json with any updates
  // defaults to 'true'
  save: true,
}).then(() => {
  // node modules has been written to match the idealTree
})

DATA STRUCTURES

A node_modules tree is a logical graph of dependencies overlaid on a physical tree of folders.

A Node represents a package folder on disk, either at the root of the package, or within a node_modules folder. The physical structure of the folder tree is represented by the node.parent reference to the containing folder, and node.children map of nodes within its node_modules folder, where the key in the map is the name of the folder in node_modules, and the value is the child node.

A node without a parent is a top of tree.

A Link represents a symbolic link to a package on disk. This can be a symbolic link to a package folder within the current tree, or elsewhere on disk. The link.target is a reference to the actual node. Links differ from Nodes in that dependencies are resolved from the target location, rather than from the link location.

An Edge represents a dependency relationship. Each node has an edgesIn set, and an edgesOut map. Each edge has a type which specifies what kind of dependency it represents: 'prod' for regular dependencies, 'peer' for peerDependencies, 'dev' for devDependencies, and 'optional' for optionalDependencies. edge.from is a reference to the node that has the dependency, and edge.to is a reference to the node that requires the dependency.

As nodes are moved around in the tree, the graph edges are automatically updated to point at the new module resolution targets. In other words, edge.from, edge.name, and edge.spec are immutable; edge.to is updated automatically when a node's parent changes.

class Node

All arborist trees are Node objects. A Node refers to a package folder, which may have children in node_modules.

• node.name The name of this node's folder in node_modules.

• node.parent Physical parent node in the tree. The package in whose node_modules folder this package lives. Null if node is top of tree.

  Setting node.parent will automatically update node.location and all graph edges affected by the move.

• node.meta A Shrinkwrap object which looks up resolved and integrity values for all modules in this tree. Only relevant on root nodes.

• node.children Map of packages located in the node's node_modules folder.

• node.package The contents of this node's package.json file.

• node.path File path to this package. If the node is a link, then this is the path to the link, not to the link target. If the node is not a link, then this matches node.realpath.

• node.realpath The full real filepath on disk where this node lives.

• node.location A slash-normalized relative path from the root node to this node's path.

• node.isLink Whether this represents a symlink. Always false for Node objects, always true for Link objects.

• node.isRoot True if this node is a root node. (Ie, if node.root === node.)

• node.root The root node where we are working. If not assigned to some other value, resolves to the node itself. (Ie, the root node's root property refers to itself.)

• node.isTop True if this node is the top of its tree (ie, has no parent, false otherwise).

• node.top The top node in this node's tree. This will be equal to node.root for simple trees, but link targets will frequently be outside of (or nested somewhere within) a node_modules hierarchy, and so will have a different top.

• node.dev, node.optional, node.devOptional, node.peer, Indicators as to whether this node is a dev, optional, and/or peer dependency. These flags are relevant when pruning dependencies out of the tree or deciding what to reify. See Package Dependency Flags below for explanations.

• node.edgesOut Edges in the dependency graph indicating nodes that this node depends on, which resolve its dependencies.

• node.edgesIn Edges in the dependency graph indicating nodes that depend on this node.

• extraneous True if this package is not required by any other for any reason. False for top of tree.

• node.resolve(name) Identify the node that will be returned when code in this package runs require(name)

• node.errors Array of errors encountered while parsing package.json or version specifiers.

class Link

Link objects represent a symbolic link within the node_modules folder. They have most of the same properties and methods as Node objects, with a few differences.

• link.target A Node object representing the package that the link references. If this is a Node already present within the tree, then it will be the same object. If it's outside of the tree, then it will be treated as the top of its own tree.
• link.isLink Always true.
• link.children This is always an empty map, since links don't have their own children directly.

class Edge

Edge objects represent a dependency relationship a package node to the point in the tree where the dependency will be loaded. As nodes are moved within the tree, Edges automatically update to point to the appropriate location.

• new Edge({ from, type, name, spec }) Creates a new edge with the specified fields. After instantiation, none of the fields can be changed directly.
• edge.from The node that has the dependency.
• edge.type The type of dependency. One of 'prod', 'dev', 'peer', or 'optional'.
• edge.name The name of the dependency. Ie, the key in the relevant package.json dependencies object.
• edge.spec The specifier that is required. This can be a version, range, tag name, git url, or tarball URL. Any specifier allowed by npm is supported.
• edge.to Automatically set to the node in the tree that matches the name field.
• edge.valid True if edge.to satisfies the specifier.
• edge.error A string indicating the type of error if there is a problem, or null if it's valid. Values, in order of precedence:
  • DETACHED Indicates that the edge has been detached from its edge.from node, typically because a new edge was created when a dependency specifier was modified.
  • MISSING Indicates that the dependency is unmet. Note that this is not set for unmet dependencies of the optional type.
  • PEER LOCAL Indicates that a peerDependency is found in the node's local node_modules folder, and the node is not the top of the tree. This violates the peerDependency contract, because it means that the dependency is not a peer.
  • INVALID Indicates that the dependency does not satisfy edge.spec.
• edge.reload() Re-resolve to find the appropriate value for edge.to. Called automatically from the Node class when the tree is mutated.

Package Dependency Flags

The dependency type of a node can be determined efficiently by looking at the dev, optional, and devOptional flags on the node object. These are updated by arborist when necessary whenever the tree is modified in such a way that the dependency graph can change, and are relevant when pruning nodes from the tree.

| extraneous | peer | dev | optional | devOptional | meaning             | prune?            |
|------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------|
|            |      |     |          |             | production dep      | never             |
|------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------|
|     X      | N/A  | N/A |   N/A    |     N/A     | nothing depends on  | always            |
|            |      |     |          |             | this, it is trash   |                   |
|------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------|
|            |      |  X  |          |      X      | devDependency, or   | if pruning dev    |
|            |      |     |          | not in lock | only depended upon  |                   |
|            |      |     |          |             | by devDependencies  |                   |
|------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------|
|            |      |     |    X     |      X      | optionalDependency, | if pruning        |
|            |      |     |          | not in lock | or only depended on | optional          |
|            |      |     |          |             | by optionalDeps     |                   |
|------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------|
|            |      |  X  |    X     |      X      | Optional dependency | if pruning EITHER |
|            |      |     |          | not in lock | of dep(s) in the    | dev OR optional   |
|            |      |     |          |             | dev hierarchy       |                   |
|------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------|
|            |      |     |          |      X      | BOTH a non-optional | if pruning BOTH   |
|            |      |     |          |   in lock   | dep within the dev  | dev AND optional  |
|            |      |     |          |             | hierarchy, AND a    |                   |
|            |      |     |          |             | dep within the      |                   |
|            |      |     |          |             | optional hierarchy  |                   |
|------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------|
|            |  X   |     |          |             | peer dependency, or | if pruning peers  |
|            |      |     |          |             | only depended on by |                   |
|            |      |     |          |             | peer dependencies   |                   |
|------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------|
|            |  X   |  X  |          |      X      | peer dependency of  | if pruning peer   |
|            |      |     |          | not in lock | dev node hierarchy  | OR dev deps       |
|------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------|
|            |  X   |     |    X     |      X      | peer dependency of  | if pruning peer   |
|            |      |     |          | not in lock | optional nodes, or  | OR optional deps  |
|            |      |     |          |             | peerOptional dep    |                   |
|------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------|
|            |  X   |  X  |    X     |      X      | peer optional deps  | if pruning peer   |
|            |      |     |          | not in lock | of the dev dep      | OR optional OR    |
|            |      |     |          |             | hierarchy           | dev               |
|------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------|
|            |  X   |     |          |      X      | BOTH a non-optional | if pruning peers  |
|            |      |     |          |   in lock   | peer dep within the | OR:               |
|            |      |     |          |             | dev hierarchy, AND  | BOTH optional     |
|            |      |     |          |             | a peer optional dep | AND dev deps      |
+------------+------+-----+----------+-------------+---------------------+-------------------+

• If none of these flags are set, then the node is required by the dependency and/or peerDependency hierarchy. It should not be pruned.
• If both node.dev and node.optional are set, then the node is an optional dependency of one of the packages in the devDependency hierarchy. It should be pruned if either dev or optional deps are being removed.
• If node.dev is set, but node.optional is not, then the node is required in the devDependency hierarchy. It should be pruned if dev dependencies are being removed.
• If node.optional is set, but node.dev is not, then the node is required in the optionalDependency hierarchy. It should be pruned if optional dependencies are being removed.
• If node.devOptional is set, then the node is a (non-optional) dependency within the devDependency hierarchy, and a dependency within the optionalDependency hierarchy. It should be pruned if both dev and optional dependencies are being removed.
• If node.peer is set, then all the same semantics apply as above, except that the dep is brought in by a peer dep at some point, rather than a normal non-peer dependency.

Note: devOptional is only set in the shrinkwrap/package-lock file if neither dev nor optional are set, as it would be redundant.