@polkadot/util

What is @polkadot/util?

@polkadot/util is a utility library for JavaScript and TypeScript that provides a variety of helper functions for working with Polkadot and Substrate-based blockchain data. It includes functions for encoding/decoding, type conversion, and other common operations needed when interacting with blockchain data.

What are @polkadot/util's main functionalities?

Hexadecimal Conversion

This feature allows you to convert hexadecimal strings to Uint8Array and vice versa. It is useful for handling raw data in blockchain transactions.

const { hexToU8a, u8aToHex } = require('@polkadot/util');

const hex = '0x12345678';
const u8a = hexToU8a(hex);
console.log(u8a); // Uint8Array(4) [ 18, 52, 86, 120 ]

const backToHex = u8aToHex(u8a);
console.log(backToHex); // '0x12345678'

String Conversion

This feature allows you to convert strings to Uint8Array and vice versa. It is useful for encoding and decoding text data.

const { stringToU8a, u8aToString } = require('@polkadot/util');

const str = 'Hello, Polkadot!';
const u8a = stringToU8a(str);
console.log(u8a); // Uint8Array(15) [ 72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 44, 32, 80, 111, 108, 107, 97, 100, 111, 116 ]

const backToString = u8aToString(u8a);
console.log(backToString); // 'Hello, Polkadot!'

BN.js Integration

This feature provides integration with the BN.js library for handling large numbers. It is useful for performing arithmetic operations on large integers, which are common in blockchain applications.

const { BN } = require('@polkadot/util');

const num = new BN('12345678901234567890');
console.log(num.toString()); // '12345678901234567890'

const numHex = num.toString(16);
console.log(numHex); // 'ab54a98ceb1f0ad2'

Type Checking

This feature provides functions for checking the types of various data structures. It is useful for validating input data before processing it.

const { isHex, isU8a } = require('@polkadot/util');

console.log(isHex('0x12345678')); // true
console.log(isHex('12345678')); // false
console.log(isU8a(new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]))); // true
console.log(isU8a([1, 2, 3, 4])); // false

Other packages similar to @polkadot/util

bn.js

bn.js is a library for arbitrary-precision arithmetic. It is used for handling large integers, similar to the BN.js integration in @polkadot/util. However, bn.js focuses solely on arithmetic operations and does not provide the additional utility functions found in @polkadot/util.

buffer

The buffer package provides a way to handle binary data in Node.js. It offers similar functionality to the Uint8Array conversions in @polkadot/util, but it is more general-purpose and not specifically tailored for blockchain data.

ethers

ethers is a library for interacting with the Ethereum blockchain. It includes utility functions for encoding/decoding data, similar to @polkadot/util, but it is specifically designed for Ethereum rather than Polkadot/Substrate.

README

@polkadot/util

Various useful utility functions that are used across all projects in the @polkadot namespace. It provides utility functions with additional safety checks, allowing not only for consistent coding, but also reducing the general boilerplate.

Usage

Installation -

yarn add @polkadot/util

Functions can be imported directly from the package, e.g.

import { isHex } from '@polkadot/util';

Changelog

12.6.1 Nov 18, 2023

Contributed:

• Ledger support for Quartz (Thanks to https://github.com/CertainLach)
• Add flag to disable same-version esm/cjs warnings (Thanks to https://github.com/forgetso)

Changes:

• Adjust logger check for process.env
• Adjust isRiscV helper to check for PVM\0 bytes
• Drop support for Node 16 (EOL 11 Sep 2023)
• Upgrade dependencies to latest stable versions