@starbeam/service

Resources

A resource is a reactive constructor function with support for cleanup.

import { Resource, use } from "@starbeam/resource";
import { LIFETIME } from "@starbeam/runtime";

const Stopwatch = Resource(({ on }) => {
  const now = Cell(Date.now());

  const timer = setInterval(() => {
    now.set(Date.now());
  }, 1000);

  on.cleanup(() => {
    clearInterval(timer);
  });

  return Formula(() => {
    return new Intl.DateTimeFormat().format(now.current);
  });
});

const lifetime = {};
const stopwatch = use(Stopwatch, { within: lifetime });

// later, when the lifetime is finalized...
LIFETIME.finalize(lifetime);
// the timer is cleared and `stopwatch` will stop updating

The Resource function takes a resource constructor function and returns a resource blueprint. A resource blueprint is instantiated with a lifetime and returns a resource instance.

The resource constructor function is called with a resource run object that allows the resource constructor to register cleanup functions and create child resources.

The return value of the resource constructor is called the resource's instance value.

In this case, the resource instance (stopwatch) is a reactive value that evaluates to the current time, formatted using Intl.DateTimeFormat.

Terms

resource blueprint

The resource blueprint is instantiated with the `use` function and returns a resource instance

resource instance

An instance of a resource blueprint is called its resource instance.

instance value

The value returned by the resource constructor is called the instance value.

resource constructor

The function passed to the Resource function is called the resource constructor.

resource run

Each time the resource constructor runs for a given resource instance, it is called a resource run. The constructor is called with an instance of the resource run, which allows the constructor to register cleanup functions and create child resources.

Assimilation

A resource instance is always a stable reactive value. Its current value is the most recent return value of its resource constructor.

If a resource constructor returns a reactive value, the resource instance will assimilate that value. This means that the evaluated value of the resource instance will be the same as the evaluated value of the returned reactive value.

const Stopwatch = Resource(({ on }) => {
  const now = Cell(Date.now());

  const timer = setInterval(() => {
    now.set(Date.now());
  }, 1000);

  on.cleanup(() => {
    clearInterval(timer);
  });

  return Formula(() => {
    return new Intl.DateTimeFormat().format(now.current);
  });
});

In this case, the resource run has no reactive dependencies, but the instance value is a formulaa that depends on the now cell.

This means that instances of Stopwatch will be reactive values that evaluate to the current time, formatted using Intl.DateTimeFormat, but the resource constructor will only be evaluated once.

Regular Formulas Wouldn't Work

Let's see what would happen if you tried to model this as a single formula:

const now = Cell(Date.now());
let timer: number;

const Stopwatch = Formula(() => {
  if (timer) clearInterval(timer);

  timer = setInterval(() => {
    now.set(Date.now());
  }, 1000);

  return new Intl.DateTimeFormat().format(now.current);
});

Since the code that sets up the interval and the code that uses it is inside the same formula, the formula invalidates every time the interval ticks, and the interval will be cleaned up and recreated on every tick. Definitely not what we wanted!

Resource Metadata

In addition to state that's associated with each resource run, a resource can have metadata that is shared across all resource runs.

interface CounterMetadata {
  interval: Reactive<number>;
  count: number;
}

const Counter = Resource(({ on }, { metadata }: CounterMetadata)) => {
  const count = Cell(metadata.count);

  const interval = setInterval(() => {
    count.set(++metadata.count);
  }, metadata.interval.current);

  on.cleanup(() => {
    clearInterval(interval);
  });

  return count;
};

When a resource has metadata, the initial value of the metadata is passed to the use function as the second argument:

const interval = Cell(1000);
const counter = use(Counter, {
  within: lifetime,
  metadata: {
    interval,
    count: 0,
  },
});

Now, whenever the interval cell changes, the resource constructor will be re-evaluated, but the count will be preserved.

In general, it's a good idea to avoid trying to maintain state across resource runs. It's sometimes necessary, but it maakes it possible to create resources with incoherent values, so you should try to think of an alternative if possible.

Semantics Summary

1. A resource blueprint is instantiated with a lifetime and returns a resource instance.
2. When a resource run is evaluated:
   1. The previous resource run, if it exists, is finalized.
   2. Its constructor is evaluated as a formula, and its dependencies are the dependencies of that formula.
3. When a resource instance's lifetime is finalized:
   1. Its current resource run is finalized.
   2. Any instance finalizers are run.
4. Whenever a resource instance is evaluated (i.e. its value is read):
   1. Its current resource run is validated.
      1. If it is invalid, a new resource run is created and the resource's constructor is evaluated.
   2. If the instance value is a reactive value, the resource instance is evaluated to the current value of that reactive value.

Instance Value

While assimilation is often useful, a resource's instance value does not need to be a reactive value. For example, it could be an instance of an object that stores a cell and exposes reactive getters:

const Stopwatch = Resource(({ on }) => {
  const now = Cell(Date.now());

  const timer = setInterval(() => {
    now.set(Date.now());
  }, 1000);

  on.cleanup(() => {
    clearInterval(timer);
  });

  return {
    get now() {
      return new Intl.DateTimeFormat().format(now.current);
    },
  };
});

Instances of Stopwatch are methods with a reactive now property which will change when the interval ticks.

Resource Runs in More Detail

A resource instance is a long-lived reactive value that exists until the resource is finalized. A resource instance has a number of resource runs over its lifetime.

A resource is a reactive value that evaluates to its current value.

Evaluating the Constructor

The steps for evaluating the constructor are:

1. Evaluate the resource's constructor formula. Evaluating the formula:

   1. Collects the run's reactive dependencies.
   2. Collects a list of the run's cleanup functions.
   3. Links any resources created within the run to the run's lifetime. If the same resource instance was used in a previous run, this adopts the resource.

2. Run finalizers for the previous resource run.

   1. Run its cleanup functions.
   2. Finalize any child resources that were not adopted by the new run.

Evaluating a Resource

A resource's dependencies are the combination of:

• The dependencies of the resource's instance formula.
• The dependencies of the current resource run (its constructor).

This means that a resource will invalidate if its instance formula invalidates or if its constructor invalidates.

Evaluating a resource:

1. Validate the resource run. If the resource run is invalid, evaluate the constructor.
2. Evaluate the resource's instance formula.

Composing Resources

The use method makes it possible for a resource to instantiate other resources within the lifetime of the parent resource.

There are several aspects of the design that make it easier to compose resources.

Creating a Child Resource With use

const Channel = Resource(({ use }) => {
  const socket = use(Socket);
});

In this case, the Socket constructor is evaluated during Channel's constructor, and its instance is linked to the current run. Whenever the current run is finalized, the Socket instance is finalized as well.

This use works just like the imported use function, except that you don't specify a lifetime. Instead, the lifetime is the current resource run.

Reusing a Resource

const socket = use(Socket, { within: owner });

const Channel = Resource(({ use }) => {
  const socket = use(socket);
});

In this case, socket's lifetime is linked to the current run. Whenever the current run is finalized, the Socket instance is finalized as well unless it was adopted by the next run.

ResourceList uses this feature to dynamically create child resources that are automatically cleaned up when they aren't used anymore.