@wordpress/data

What is @wordpress/data?

@wordpress/data is a state management library specifically designed for WordPress applications. It provides a centralized way to manage and share state across different parts of a WordPress application, leveraging the Redux pattern.

What are @wordpress/data's main functionalities?

Store Registration

This feature allows you to register a new store with a reducer, actions, and selectors. The store can then be used to manage state within your application.

const { registerStore } = wp.data;
const myStore = registerStore('my-store', {
  reducer: (state = {}, action) => {
    switch (action.type) {
      case 'SET_VALUE':
        return { ...state, value: action.value };
      default:
        return state;
    }
  },
  actions: {
    setValue(value) {
      return { type: 'SET_VALUE', value };
    }
  },
  selectors: {
    getValue(state) {
      return state.value;
    }
  }
});

Dispatching Actions

This feature allows you to dispatch actions to update the state in a registered store. In this example, the 'setValue' action is dispatched to update the state with a new value.

const { dispatch } = wp.data;
dispatch('my-store').setValue('new value');

Selecting State

This feature allows you to select and retrieve state from a registered store. In this example, the 'getValue' selector is used to get the current value from the store.

const { select } = wp.data;
const value = select('my-store').getValue();
console.log(value);

Resolving Selectors

This feature allows you to resolve selectors that might involve asynchronous operations. In this example, the 'getValue' selector is resolved and the value is logged once it is available.

const { resolveSelect } = wp.data;
resolveSelect('my-store').getValue().then(value => {
  console.log(value);
});

Other packages similar to @wordpress/data

redux

Redux is a popular state management library for JavaScript applications. It provides a similar pattern of managing state through actions, reducers, and selectors. However, @wordpress/data is more tailored for WordPress applications and integrates seamlessly with the WordPress ecosystem.

mobx

MobX is another state management library that uses observables to manage state. It provides a more reactive approach compared to the Redux pattern used by @wordpress/data. MobX can be more intuitive for developers who prefer reactive programming.

recoil

Recoil is a state management library for React applications developed by Facebook. It provides a more fine-grained approach to state management compared to Redux and @wordpress/data. Recoil is designed to work seamlessly with React's concurrent mode.

README

@wordpress/data

WordPress' data module serves as a hub to manage application state for both plugins and WordPress itself, providing tools to manage data within and between distinct modules. It is designed as a modular pattern for organizing and sharing data: simple enough to satisfy the needs of a small plugin, while scalable to serve the requirements of a complex single-page application.

The data module is built upon and shares many of the same core principles of Redux, but shouldn't be mistaken as merely Redux for WordPress, as it includes a few of its own distinguishing characteristics. As you read through this guide, you may find it useful to reference the Redux documentation — particularly its glossary — for more detail on core concepts.

Installation

Install the module

npm install @wordpress/data --save

Registering a Store

Use the registerStore function to add your own store to the centralized data registry. This function accepts two arguments: a name to identify the module, and an object with values describing how your state is represented, modified, and accessed. At a minimum, you must provide a reducer function describing the shape of your state and how it changes in response to actions dispatched to the store.

const { data, fetch } = wp;
const { registerStore, dispatch } = data;

const DEFAULT_STATE = {
	prices: {},
	discountPercent: 0,
};

registerStore( 'my-shop', {
	reducer( state = DEFAULT_STATE, action ) {
		switch ( action.type ) {
			case 'SET_PRICE':
				return {
					...state,
					prices: {
						...state.prices,
						[ action.item ]: action.price,
					},
				};

			case 'START_SALE':
				return {
					...state,
					discountPercent: action.discountPercent,
				};
		}

		return state;
	},

	actions: {
		setPrice( item, price ) {
			return {
				type: 'SET_PRICE',
				item,
				price,
			};
		},
		startSale( discountPercent ) {
			return {
				type: 'START_SALE',
				discountPercent,
			};
		},
	},

	selectors: {
		getPrice( state, item ) {
			const { prices, discountPercent } = state;
			const price = prices[ item ];

			return price * ( 1 - ( 0.01 * discountPercent ) );
		},
	},

	resolvers: {
		async getPrice( state, item ) {
			const price = await apiFetch( { path: '/wp/v2/prices/' + item } );
			dispatch( 'my-shop' ).setPrice( item, price );
		},
	},
} );

A reducer is a function accepting the previous state and action as arguments and returns an updated state value.

The actions object should describe all action creators available for your store. An action creator is a function that optionally accepts arguments and returns an action object to dispatch to the registered reducer. Dispatching actions is the primary mechanism for making changes to your state.

The selectors object includes a set of functions for accessing and deriving state values. A selector is a function which accepts state and optional arguments and returns some value from state. Calling selectors is the primary mechanism for retrieving data from your state, and serve as a useful abstraction over the raw data which is typically more susceptible to change and less readily usable as a normalized object.

The return value of registerStore is a Redux-like store object with the following methods:

• store.getState(): Returns the state value of the registered reducer
  • Redux parallel: getState
• store.subscribe( listener: Function ): Registers a function called any time the value of state changes.
  • Redux parallel: subscribe
• store.dispatch( action: Object ): Given an action object, calls the registered reducer and updates the state value.
  • Redux parallel: dispatch

Data Access and Manipulation

It is very rare that you should access store methods directly. Instead, the following suite of functions and higher-order components is provided for the most common data access and manipulation needs.

Data API

The top-level API of @wordpress/data includes a number of functions which allow immediate access to select from and dispatch to a registered store. These are most useful in low-level code where a selector or action dispatch is called a single time or at known intervals. For displaying data in a user interface, you should use higher-order components instead.

select( storeName: string ): Object

Given the name of a registered store, returns an object of the store's selectors. The selector functions are been pre-bound to pass the current state automatically. As a consumer, you need only pass arguments of the selector, if applicable.

Example:

const { select } = wp.data;

select( 'my-shop' ).getPrice( 'hammer' );

dispatch( storeName: string ): Object

Given the name of a registered store, returns an object of the store's action creators. Calling an action creator will cause it to be dispatched, updating the state value accordingly.

Example:

const { dispatch } = wp.data;

dispatch( 'my-shop' ).setPrice( 'hammer', 9.75 );

subscribe(): Function

Given a listener function, the function will be called any time the state value of one of the registered stores has changed. This function returns a unsubscribe function used to stop the subscription.

Example:

const { subscribe } = wp.data;

const unsubscribe = subscribe( () => {
	// You could use this opportunity to test whether the derived result of a
	// selector has subsequently changed as the result of a state update.
} );

// Later, if necessary...
unsubscribe();

Helpers

combineReducers( reducers: Object ): Function

As your app grows more complex, you'll want to split your reducing function into separate functions, each managing independent parts of the state. The combineReducers helper function turns an object whose values are different reducing functions into a single reducing function you can pass to registerStore.

Example:

const { combineReducers, registerStore } = wp.data;

const prices = ( state = {}, action ) => {
	return action.type === 'SET_PRICE' ?
		{
			...state,
			[ action.item ]: action.price,
		} :
		state;
};

const discountPercent = ( state = 0, action ) => {
	return action.type === 'START_SALE' ?
		action.discountPercent :
		state;
};

registerStore( 'my-shop', {
	reducer: combineReducers( {
		prices,
		discountPercent,
	} ),
} );

Higher-Order Components

A higher-order component is a function which accepts a component and returns a new, enhanced component. A stateful user interface should respond to changes in the underlying state and updates its displayed element accordingly. WordPress uses higher-order components both as a means to separate the purely visual aspects of an interface from its data backing, and to ensure that the data is kept in-sync with the stores.

withSelect( mapSelectToProps: Function ): Function

Use withSelect to inject state-derived props into a component. Passed a function which returns an object mapping prop names to the subscribed data source, a higher-order component function is returned. The higher-order component can be used to enhance a presentational component, updating it automatically when state changes. The mapping function is passed the select function and the props passed to the original component.

Example:

function PriceDisplay( { price, currency } ) {
	return new Intl.NumberFormat( 'en-US', {
		style: 'currency',
		currency,
	} ).format( price );
}

const { withSelect } = wp.data;

const HammerPriceDisplay = withSelect( ( select, ownProps ) => {
	const { getPrice } = select( 'my-shop' );
	const { currency } = ownProps;

	return {
		price: getPrice( 'hammer', currency ),
	};
} )( PriceDisplay );

// Rendered in the application:
//
//  <HammerPriceDisplay currency="USD" />

In the above example, when HammerPriceDisplay is rendered into an application, it will pass the price into the underlying PriceDisplay component and update automatically if the price of a hammer ever changes in the store.

withDispatch( mapDispatchToProps: Function ): Function

Use withDispatch to inject dispatching action props into your component. Passed a function which returns an object mapping prop names to action dispatchers, a higher-order component function is returned. The higher-order component can be used to enhance a component. For example, you can define callback behaviors as props for responding to user interactions. The mapping function is passed the dispatch function and the props passed to the original component.

function Button( { onClick, children } ) {
	return <button type="button" onClick={ onClick }>{ children }</button>;
}

const { withDispatch } = wp.data;

const SaleButton = withDispatch( ( dispatch, ownProps ) => {
	const { startSale } = dispatch( 'my-shop' );
	const { discountPercent = 20 } = ownProps;

	return {
		onClick() {
			startSale( discountPercent );
		},
	};
} )( Button );

// Rendered in the application:
//
//  <SaleButton>Start Sale!</SaleButton>

Comparison with Redux

The data module shares many of the same core principles and API method naming of Redux. In fact, it is implemented atop Redux. Where it differs is in establishing a modularization pattern for creating separate but interdependent stores, and in codifying conventions such as selector functions as the primary entry point for data access.

The higher-order components were created to complement this distinction. The intention with splitting withSelect and withDispatch — where in React Redux they are combined under connect as mapStateToProps and mapDispatchToProps arguments — is to more accurately reflect that dispatch is not dependent upon a subscription to state changes, and to allow for state-derived values to be used in withDispatch (via higher-order component composition).

Specific implementation differences from Redux and React Redux:

• In Redux, a subscribe listener is called on every dispatch, regardless of whether the value of state has changed.
  • In @wordpress/data, a subscriber is only called when state has changed.
• In React Redux, a mapStateToProps function must return an object.
  • In @wordpress/data, a withSelect mapping function can return undefined if it has no props to inject.
• In React Redux, the mapDispatchToProps argument can be defined as an object or a function.
  • In @wordpress/data, the withDispatch higher-order component creator must be passed a function.