apollo-link-http

What is apollo-link-http?

The apollo-link-http package is used to connect Apollo Client to a GraphQL server over HTTP. It provides a standard way to send GraphQL queries and mutations to a server, handle responses, and manage errors.

What are apollo-link-http's main functionalities?

Basic HTTP Link

This code demonstrates how to create a basic HTTP link to connect to a GraphQL server using the apollo-link-http package. The `createHttpLink` function is used to specify the URI of the GraphQL server, and the link is then used to configure the Apollo Client.

const { createHttpLink } = require('apollo-link-http');
const { ApolloClient, InMemoryCache } = require('@apollo/client');

const httpLink = createHttpLink({
  uri: 'https://example.com/graphql',
});

const client = new ApolloClient({
  link: httpLink,
  cache: new InMemoryCache(),
});

Setting HTTP Headers

This code demonstrates how to set HTTP headers, such as an authorization token, for each request. The `setContext` function from `apollo-link-context` is used to modify the headers before the request is sent.

const { createHttpLink } = require('apollo-link-http');
const { ApolloClient, InMemoryCache } = require('@apollo/client');
const { setContext } = require('apollo-link-context');

const httpLink = createHttpLink({
  uri: 'https://example.com/graphql',
});

const authLink = setContext((_, { headers }) => {
  return {
    headers: {
      ...headers,
      authorization: localStorage.getItem('token') || '',
    }
  };
});

const client = new ApolloClient({
  link: authLink.concat(httpLink),
  cache: new InMemoryCache(),
});

Error Handling

This code demonstrates how to handle errors in GraphQL requests. The `onError` function from `apollo-link-error` is used to log GraphQL and network errors.

const { createHttpLink } = require('apollo-link-http');
const { ApolloClient, InMemoryCache } = require('@apollo/client');
const { onError } = require('apollo-link-error');

const httpLink = createHttpLink({
  uri: 'https://example.com/graphql',
});

const errorLink = onError(({ graphQLErrors, networkError }) => {
  if (graphQLErrors) {
    graphQLErrors.forEach(({ message, locations, path }) => {
      console.log(`GraphQL error: ${message}`);
    });
  }
  if (networkError) {
    console.log(`Network error: ${networkError}`);
  }
});

const client = new ApolloClient({
  link: errorLink.concat(httpLink),
  cache: new InMemoryCache(),
});

Other packages similar to apollo-link-http

apollo-client

Apollo Client is a comprehensive state management library for JavaScript that enables you to manage both local and remote data with GraphQL. It includes functionalities for connecting to a GraphQL server, caching, and error handling, similar to apollo-link-http, but with a broader scope.

relay

Relay is a JavaScript framework for building data-driven React applications. It is similar to apollo-link-http in that it connects to a GraphQL server, but it also includes advanced features like data fetching, caching, and state management, optimized for performance.

urql

urql is a highly customizable and versatile GraphQL client for React. It provides similar functionalities to apollo-link-http, such as connecting to a GraphQL server and handling queries and mutations, but it is designed to be more lightweight and modular.

README

---

title: Http Link

Purpose

An Apollo Link to allow sending a single http request per operation.

Installation

npm install apollo-link-http --save

Usage

import { HttpLink } from "apollo-link-http";

const link = new HttpLink({ uri: "/graphql" });

// or
import { createHttpLink } from "apollo-link-http";

const link = createHttpLink({ uri: "/graphql" });

Global Fetch

The HTTP Link relies on having fetch present in your runtime environment. If you are running on react-native, or modern browsers, this should be no problem. If you are targeting an environment without fetch such as older browsers of the server, you will need to pass your own fetch to the link through the options. We recommend unfetch for older browsers and node-fetch for running in node.

Options

HTTP Link takes an object with some options on it to customize the behavior of the link. If your server supports it, the HTTP link can also send over metadata about the request in the extensions field. To enable this, pass includeExtensions as true. The options you can pass are outlined below:

• uri: the URI key is a string endpoint -- will default to "/graphql" if not specified
• includeExtensions: allow passing the extensions field to your graphql server, defaults to false
• fetch: a fetch compatiable API for making a request
• headers: an object representing values to be sent as headers on the request
• credentials: a string representing the credentials policy you want for the fetch call
• fetchOptions: any overrides of the fetch options argument to pass to the fetch call

Context

The Http Link uses the headers field on the context to allow passing headers to the HTTP request. It also supports the credentials field for defining credentials policy, uri for changing the endpoint dynamically, and fetchOptions to allow generic fetch overrides (i.e. method: "GET"). These options will override the same key if passed when creating the the link.

This link also attaches the response from the fetch operation on the context as response so you can access it from within another link.

• headers: an object representing values to be sent as headers on the request
• credentials: a string representing the credentials policy you want for the fetch call
• uri: a string of the endpoint you want to fetch from
• fetchOptions: any overrides of the fetch options argument to pass to the fetch call
• response: this is the raw response from the fetch request after it is made.
• http: this is an object to control fine grained aspects of the http link itself (see below)

http options The http link supports an advanced GraphQL feature (and maybe more in the future) called persisted queries. This allows you to not send the stringified query over the wire, but instead send some kind of identifier of the query. To support this you need to attach the id somewhere to the extensions field and pass the following options to the context:

operation.setContext({
  http: {
    includeExtensions: true,
    includeQuery: false,
  }
})

the http object on context currently supports two keys:

• includeExtensions: allowing you to send the extensions object per request
• includeQuery: allowing you to not send a query as part of the request

import HttpLink from "apollo-link-http";
import ApolloClient from "apollo-client";
import { InMemoryCache } from "apollo-cache-inmemory";

const client = new ApolloClient({
  link: new HttpLink({ uri: "/graphql" }),
  cache: new InMemoryCache()
});

// a query with apollo-client
client.query({
  query: MY_QUERY,
  context: {
    // example of setting the headers with context per operation
    headers: {
      authorization: Meteor.userId()
    }
  }
})

Errors

The Http Link draws a distinction between client, server and GraphQL errors. Server errors can occur in three different scenerios: parse, network and data errors. apollo-link-error provides an interface for handling these errors. This list describes the scenerios that cause different errors:

• Client parse error: the request body is not-serializable due to circular references for example
• Server parse error: the response from the server cannot be parsed (response.json())
• Server network error: the response has a status of >= 300
• Server data error: the parse request does not contain data or errors
• GraphQL error: an objects in the errors array for a 200 level status

Since many server implementations can return a valid GraphQL result on a server network error, the thrown Error object contains the parsed server result. A server data error also receives the parsed result.

The table below provides a summary of error, Observable method called by the HTTP link, and type of error thrown for each failure:

Error	Callback	Error Type
Client Parse	error	ClientParseError
Server Parse	error	ServerParseError
Server Network	error	ServerError
Server Data	error	ServerError
GraphQL Error	next	Object

All error types inherit the name, message, and nullable stack properties from the generic javascript Error.

//type ClientParseError
{
  parseError: Error;                // Error returned from response.json()
};

//type ServerParseError
{
  response: Response;               // Object returned from fetch()
  statusCode: number;               // HTTP status code
  bodyText: string                  // text that was returned from server
};

//type ServerError
{
  result: Record<string, any>;      // Parsed object from server response
  response: Response;               // Object returned from fetch()
  statusCode: number;               // HTTP status code
};

Sending GET requests / custom fetching

You can use the fetch option when creating an http-link to do a lot of custom networking. This is useful if you want to modify the request based on the headers calculated, send the request as a 'GET' via a query string, or calculate the uri based on the operation:

Sending a GET request

const customFetch = (uri, options) => {
  const { body, ...newOptions } = options;
  // turn the object into a query string, try `object-to-querystring` package
  const queryString = objectToQuery(JSON.parse(body));
  requestedString = uri + queryString;
  return fetch(requestedString, newOptions);
};
const link = createHttpLink({
  uri: "data",
  fetchOptions: { method: "GET" },
  fetch: customFetch
});

Custom auth

const customFetch = (uri, options) => {
  const { header } = Hawk.client.header(
    'http://example.com:8000/resource/1?b=1&a=2',
    'GET',
    { credentials: credentials, ext: 'some-app-data' }
  );
  options.headers.Authorization = header;
  return fetch(uri, options);
};

const link = createHttpLink({ fetch: customFetch });

Dynamic URI from operation information

const customFetch = (uri, options) => {
  const { operationName } = JSON.parse(options.body);
  return fetch(`${uri}/graph/graphql?opname=${operationName}`, options);
};

const link = createHttpLink({ fetch: customFetch });

Upgrading from apollo-fetch / apollo-client

If you previously used either apollo-fetch or apollo-client's createNetworkInterface, you will need to change the way use and useAfter are implemented in your app. Both can be implemented by writing a custom link. It's important to note that regardless of whether you're adding middleware or afterware, your Http link will always be last in the chain since it's a terminating link.

Middleware

Before

// before
import ApolloClient, { createNetworkInterface } from 'apollo-client';

const networkInterface = createNetworkInterface({ uri: '/graphql' });

networkInterface.use([{
  applyMiddleware(req, next) {
    if (!req.options.headers) {
      req.options.headers = {};  // Create the header object if needed.
    }
    req.options.headers['authorization'] = localStorage.getItem('token') ? localStorage.getItem('token') : null;
    next();
  }
}]);

After

import { ApolloLink } from 'apollo-link';
import { createHttpLink } from 'apollo-link-http';

const httpLink = createHttpLink({ uri: '/graphql' });
const middlewareLink = new ApolloLink((operation, forward) => {
  operation.setContext({
    headers: {
      authorization: localStorage.getItem('token') || null
    }
  });
  return forward(operation)
})

// use with apollo-client
const link = middlewareLink.concat(httpLink);

Afterware (error)

Before

import ApolloClient, { createNetworkInterface } from 'apollo-client';
import { logout } from './logout';

const networkInterface = createNetworkInterface({ uri: '/graphql' });

networkInterface.useAfter([{
  applyAfterware({ response }, next) {
    if (response.statusCode === 401) {
      logout();
    }
    next();
  }
}]);

After

import { ApolloLink } from 'apollo-link';
import { createHttpLink } from 'apollo-link-http';
import { onError } from 'apollo-link-error';

import { logout } from './logout';

const httpLink = createHttpLink({ uri: '/graphql' });
const errorLink = onError(({ networkError }) => {
  if (networkError.status === 401) {
    logout();
  }
})

// use with apollo-client
const link = errorLink.concat(httpLink);

Afterware (data manipulation)

Before

import ApolloClient, { createNetworkInterface } from 'apollo-client';
import { logout } from './logout';

const networkInterface = createNetworkInterface({ uri: '/graphql' });

networkInterface.useAfter([{
  applyAfterware({ response }, next) {
    if (response.data.user.lastLoginDate) {
      response.data.user.lastLoginDate = new Date(response.data.user.lastLoginDate)
    }
    next();
  }
}]);

After

import { ApolloLink } from 'apollo-link';
import { createHttpLink } from 'apollo-link-http';

const httpLink = createHttpLink({ uri: '/graphql' });
const addDatesLink = new ApolloLink((operation, forward) => {
  return forward(operation).map((response) => {
    if (response.data.user.lastLoginDate) {
      response.data.user.lastLoginDate = new Date(response.data.user.lastLoginDate)
    }
    return response;
  })
})

// use with apollo-client
const link = addDatesLink.concat(httpLink);