io-ts

What is io-ts?

The io-ts npm package is a TypeScript library that allows for the definition of runtime types, and the automatic validation of runtime values against those types. It leverages TypeScript's type system to ensure that data structures conform to specified schemas, providing a bridge between the runtime data and compile-time types.

What are io-ts's main functionalities?

Runtime type validation

This feature allows you to define a type and then validate an object against that type at runtime. If the object matches the type, the 'Right' branch is executed; otherwise, the 'Left' branch indicates a validation error.

{"const t = require('io-ts');\nconst User = t.type({\n  name: t.string,\n  age: t.number\n});\nconst result = User.decode({ name: 'Alice', age: 25 });\nif (result._tag === 'Right') {\n  console.log('Valid!', result.right);\n} else {\n  console.log('Invalid!', result.left);\n}"}

Type composition

io-ts allows for the composition of types, enabling complex type definitions by combining simpler ones. This is useful for building up the shape of data structures from reusable type components.

{"const t = require('io-ts');\nconst Name = t.string;\nconst Age = t.number;\nconst User = t.type({ name: Name, age: Age });\nconst result = User.decode({ name: 'Bob', age: 'not-a-number' });\n// result will be an instance of Left since 'age' is not a number"}

Custom types

io-ts allows the creation of custom types with additional validation logic. In this example, a 'PositiveNumber' type is created that only accepts positive numbers.

{"const t = require('io-ts');\nconst PositiveNumber = t.brand(\n  t.number,\n  (n): n is t.Branded<number, { readonly PositiveNumber: unique symbol }> => n > 0,\n  'PositiveNumber'\n);\nconst result = PositiveNumber.decode(-5);\n// result will be an instance of Left since the number is not positive"}

Other packages similar to io-ts

ajv

Ajv is a JSON schema validator that provides runtime data validation using predefined JSON schemas. It is similar to io-ts in that it validates data structures at runtime, but it uses JSON schema as the basis for validation rather than TypeScript types.

joi

Joi is an object schema validation library that allows for the description and validation of JavaScript objects. It is similar to io-ts in providing runtime validation, but it uses a fluent API for schema definition and does not integrate with TypeScript types in the same way.

yup

Yup is a JavaScript schema builder for value parsing and validation. It defines a schema using a declarative API and validates objects against the schema. Like io-ts, it provides runtime validation, but it does not leverage TypeScript's type system for type definitions.

class-validator

Class-validator allows for validation of class instances based on decorators. It is similar to io-ts in that it provides runtime validation, but it is designed to work with classes and decorators, offering a different approach to defining validation rules.

README

The idea

Blog post: "Typescript and validations at runtime boundaries" by @lorefnon

A value of type Type<A, O, I> (called "codec") is the runtime representation of the static type A.

Also a codec can

• decode inputs of type I (through decode)
• encode outputs of type O (through encode)
• be used as a custom type guard (through is)

class Type<A, O, I> {
  readonly _A: A
  readonly _O: O
  readonly _I: I
  constructor(
    /** a unique name for this codec */
    readonly name: string,
    /** a custom type guard */
    readonly is: (u: unknown) => u is A,
    /** succeeds if a value of type I can be decoded to a value of type A */
    readonly validate: (input: I, context: Context) => Either<Errors, A>,
    /** converts a value of type A to a value of type O */
    readonly encode: (a: A) => O
  ) {}
  /** a version of `validate` with a default context */
  decode(i: I): Either<Errors, A>
}

Note. The Either type is defined in fp-ts, a library containing implementations of common algebraic types in TypeScript.

Example

A codec representing string can be defined as

import * as t from 'io-ts'

const isString = (u: unknown): u is string => typeof u === 'string'

const string = new t.Type<string, string, unknown>(
  'string',
  isString,
  (u, c) => (isString(u) ? t.success(u) : t.failure(u, c)),
  t.identity
)

A codec can be used to validate an object in memory (for example an API payload)

const Person = t.type({
  name: t.string,
  age: t.number
})

// validation succeeded
Person.decode(JSON.parse('{"name":"Giulio","age":43}')) // => Right({name: "Giulio", age: 43})

// validation failed
Person.decode(JSON.parse('{"name":"Giulio"}')) // => Left([...])

TypeScript compatibility

The stable version is tested against TypeScript 3.2.4.

io-ts version	required TypeScript version
1.6.x	3.2.2+
1.5.3	3.0.1+
1.5.2-	2.7.2+

Note. If you are running < typescript@3.0.1 you have to polyfill unknown.

You can use unknown-ts as a polyfill.

Error reporters

A reporter implements the following interface

interface Reporter<A> {
  report: (validation: Validation<any>) => A
}

This package exports a default PathReporter reporter

Example

import { PathReporter } from 'io-ts/lib/PathReporter'

const result = Person.decode({ name: 'Giulio' })

console.log(PathReporter.report(result))
// => ['Invalid value undefined supplied to : { name: string, age: number }/age: number']

You can define your own reporter. Errors has the following type

interface ContextEntry {
  readonly key: string
  readonly type: Decoder<any, any>
}

interface Context extends ReadonlyArray<ContextEntry> {}

interface ValidationError {
  readonly value: unknown
  readonly context: Context
}

interface Errors extends Array<ValidationError> {}

Example

import * as t from 'io-ts'

const getPaths = <A>(v: t.Validation<A>): Array<string> => {
  return v.fold(errors => errors.map(error => error.context.map(({ key }) => key).join('.')), () => ['no errors'])
}

const Person = t.type({
  name: t.string,
  age: t.number
})

console.log(getPaths(Person.decode({}))) // => [ '.name', '.age' ]

Custom error messages

You can set your own error message by providing a message argument to failure

Example

const NumberFromString = new t.Type<number, string, unknown>(
  'NumberFromString',
  t.number.is,
  (u, c) =>
    t.string.validate(u, c).chain(s => {
      const n = +s
      return isNaN(n) ? t.failure(u, c, 'cannot parse to a number') : t.success(n)
    }),
  String
)

console.log(PathReporter.report(NumberFromString.decode('a')))
// => ['cannot parse to a number']

Community

• io-ts-types - A collection of codecs and combinators for use with io-ts
• io-ts-reporters - Error reporters for io-ts
• geojson-iots - codecs for GeoJSON as defined in rfc7946 made with io-ts
• graphql-to-io-ts - Generate typescript and cooresponding io-ts types from a graphql schema

TypeScript integration

codecs can be inspected

This library uses TypeScript extensively. Its API is defined in a way which automatically infers types for produced values

Note that the type annotation isn't needed, TypeScript infers the type automatically based on a schema.

Static types can be extracted from codecs using the TypeOf operator

type Person = t.TypeOf<typeof Person>

// same as
type Person = {
  name: string
  age: number
}

Implemented types / combinators

import * as t from 'io-ts'

Type	TypeScript	codec / combinator
null	null	t.null or t.nullType
undefined	undefined	t.undefined
void	void	t.void or t.voidType
string	string	t.string
number	number	t.number
boolean	boolean	t.boolean
unknown	unknown	t.unknown
never	never	t.never
object	object	t.object
array of unknown	Array<unknown>	t.UnknownArray
array of type	Array<A>	t.array(A)
record of unknown	Record<string, unknown>	t.UnknownRecord
record of type	Record<K, A>	t.record(K, A)
function	Function	t.Function
literal	's'	t.literal('s')
partial	Partial<{ name: string }>	t.partial({ name: t.string })
readonly	Readonly<A>	t.readonly(A)
readonly array	ReadonlyArray<A>	t.readonlyArray(A)
type alias	type T = { name: A }	t.type({ name: A })
tuple	[ A, B ]	t.tuple([ A, B ])
union	A | B	t.union([ A, B ]) or t.taggedUnion(tag, [ A, B ])
intersection	A & B	t.intersection([ A, B ])
keyof	keyof M	t.keyof(M)
recursive types	✘	t.recursion(name, definition)
branded types / refinements	✘	t.brand(A, predicate, brand)
integer	✘	t.Int (built-in branded codec)
exact types	✘	t.exact(type)
strict	✘	t.strict({ name: A }) (an alias of t.exact(t.type({ name: A })))

Recursive types

Recursive types can't be inferred by TypeScript so you must provide the static type as a hint

interface Category {
  name: string
  categories: Array<Category>
}

const Category: t.RecursiveType<t.Type<Category>> = t.recursion('Category', () =>
  t.type({
    name: t.string,
    categories: t.array(Category)
  })
)

Mutually recursive types

interface Foo {
  type: 'Foo'
  b: Bar | undefined
}

interface Bar {
  type: 'Bar'
  a: Foo | undefined
}

const Foo: t.RecursiveType<t.Type<Foo>> = t.recursion('Foo', () =>
  t.interface({
    type: t.literal('Foo'),
    b: t.union([Bar, t.undefined])
  })
)

const Bar: t.RecursiveType<t.Type<Bar>> = t.recursion('Bar', () =>
  t.interface({
    type: t.literal('Bar'),
    a: t.union([Foo, t.undefined])
  })
)

const FooBar = t.taggedUnion('type', [Foo, Bar])

Tagged unions

If you are encoding tagged unions, instead of the general purpose union combinator, you may want to use the taggedUnion combinator in order to get better performances

const A = t.type({
  tag: t.literal('A'),
  foo: t.string
})

const B = t.type({
  tag: t.literal('B'),
  bar: t.number
})

// the actual presence of the tag is statically checked
const U = t.taggedUnion('tag', [A, B])

Branded types / Refinements

You can brand / refine a codec (any codec) using the brand combinator

// a unique brand for positive numbers
interface PositiveBrand {
  readonly Positive: unique symbol // use `unique symbol` here to ensure uniqueness across modules / packages
}

const Positive = t.brand(
  t.number, // a codec representing the type to be refined
  (n): n is t.Branded<number, PositiveBrand> => n >= 0, // a custom type guard using the build-in helper `Branded`
  'Positive' // the name must match the readonly field in the brand
)

type Positive = t.TypeOf<typeof Positive>
/*
same as
type Positive = number & t.Brand<PositiveBrand>
*/

Branded codecs can be merged with t.intersection

// t.Int is a built-in branded codec
const PositiveInt = t.intersection([t.Int, Positive])

type PositiveInt = t.TypeOf<typeof PositiveInt>
/*
same as
type PositiveInt = number & t.Brand<t.IntBrand> & t.Brand<PositiveBrand>
*/

Exact types

You can make a codec exact (which means that additional properties are stripped) using the exact combinator

const Person = t.type({
  name: t.string,
  age: t.number
})

const ExactPerson = t.exact(Person)

Person.decode({ name: 'Giulio', age: 43, surname: 'Canti' }) // ok, result is right({ name: 'Giulio', age: 43, surname: 'Canti' })
ExactPerson.decode({ name: 'Giulio', age: 43, surname: 'Canti' }) // ok but result is right({ name: 'Giulio', age: 43 })

Mixing required and optional props

You can mix required and optional props using an intersection

const A = t.type({
  foo: t.string
})

const B = t.partial({
  bar: t.number
})

const C = t.intersection([A, B])

type C = t.TypeOf<typeof C>

// same as
type C = {
  foo: string
} & {
  bar?: number | undefined
}

You can apply partial to an already defined codec via its props field

const Person = t.type({
  name: t.string,
  age: t.number
})

const PartialPerson = t.partial(Person.props)

type PartialPerson = t.TypeOf<typeof PartialPerson>

// same as
type PartialPerson = {
  name?: string
  age?: number
}

Custom types

You can define your own types. Let's see an example

import * as t from 'io-ts'

// represents a Date from an ISO string
const DateFromString = new t.Type<Date, string, unknown>(
  'DateFromString',
  (u): u is Date => u instanceof Date,
  (u, c) =>
    t.string.validate(u, c).chain(s => {
      const d = new Date(s)
      return isNaN(d.getTime()) ? t.failure(u, c) : t.success(d)
    }),
  a => a.toISOString()
)

const s = new Date(1973, 10, 30).toISOString()

DateFromString.decode(s)
// right(new Date('1973-11-29T23:00:00.000Z'))

DateFromString.decode('foo')
// left(errors...)

Note that you can deserialize while validating.

Generic Types

Polymorphic codecs are represented using functions. For example, the following typescript:

interface ResponseBody<T> {
  result: T
  _links: Links
}
interface Links {
  previous: string
  next: string
}

Would be:

import * as t from 'io-ts'

// t.Mixed = t.Type<any, any, unknown>
const ResponseBody = <RT extends t.Mixed>(type: RT) =>
  t.interface({
    result: type,
    _links: Links
  })

const Links = t.interface({
  previous: t.string,
  next: t.string
})

And used like:

const UserModel = t.type({
  name: t.string
})

functionThatRequiresRuntimeType(ResponseBody(t.array(UserModel)), ...params)

Piping

You can pipe two codecs if their type parameters do align

const NumberDecoder = new t.Type<number, string, string>(
  'NumberDecoder',
  t.number.is,
  (s, c) => {
    const n = parseFloat(s)
    return isNaN(n) ? t.failure(s, c) : t.success(n)
  },
  String
)

const NumberFromString = t.string.pipe(
  NumberDecoder,
  'NumberFromString'
)

Tips and Tricks

Is there a way to turn the checks off in production code?

No, however you can define your own logic for that (if you really trust the input)

import * as t from 'io-ts'
import { Either, right } from 'fp-ts/lib/Either'

const { NODE_ENV } = process.env

export function unsafeDecode<A, O, I>(value: I, type: t.Type<A, O, I>): Either<t.Errors, A> {
  if (NODE_ENV !== 'production' || type.encode !== t.identity) {
    return type.decode(value)
  } else {
    // unsafe cast
    return right(value as any)
  }
}

// or...

import { failure } from 'io-ts/lib/PathReporter'

export function unsafeGet<A, O, I>(value: I, type: t.Type<A, O, I>): A {
  if (NODE_ENV !== 'production' || type.encode !== t.identity) {
    return type.decode(value).getOrElseL(errors => {
      throw new Error(failure(errors).join('\n'))
    })
  } else {
    // unsafe cast
    return value as any
  }
}

Union of string literals

Use keyof instead of union when defining a union of string literals

const Bad = t.union([
  t.literal('foo'),
  t.literal('bar'),
  t.literal('baz')
  // etc...
])

const Good = t.keyof({
  foo: null,
  bar: null,
  baz: null
  // etc...
})

Benefits

• unique check for free
• better performance, O(log(n)) vs O(n)

Changelog

1.8.1

• New Feature
  • add brand combinator (@gcanti, @lostintime)
  • add Int codec (@gcanti)
  • exact strips additional properties while decoding / encoding (@gcanti)
  • un-deprecate strict combinator, is now an alias of exact(type(...)) (@gcanti)
• Bug Fix
  • fix wrong context keys for tagged unions (@gcanti)
• Deprecation
  • deprecate refinement combinator in favour of brand (@gcanti)
  • deprecate Integer codec in favour of Int (@gcanti)
  • deprecate StrictType class (@gcanti)
  • deprecate StrictC interface (@gcanti)
• Polish
  • modify the implementation of intersection in order to support combinators that strip additional properties (@gcanti)
  • do not validate the codomain of a key of a record if its domain in invalid (@gcanti)
  • normalize missing message field in ValidationError (@gcanti)
  • fix name of recursive codec definitions (@gcanti)
  • remove unexpected validation path from partial type, closes #195 (@gcanti)
  • do not leak taggedUnion implementation when tag validation fails (@gcanti)
  • add actual value to all context entries (@gcanti)
  • exact now bails out when the value is not an UnknownRecord (@gcanti)
  • tuple should not leak the implementation (never usage) (@gcanti)
  • exact should not leak the implementation (never usage) (@gcanti)
  • use Number.isInteger in Integer implementation (@gcanti)
  • use the Flow convention to name exact codecs (@gcanti)