prelude.ts

prelude.ts

Intro

Prelude.ts is a typescript library which aims to make functional programming concepts accessible and productive in typescript. Note that even though it's written in typescript, it's perfectly usable from javascript (including ES5)!

It provides persistent immutable collections (Vector, Set, Map, Stream), and constructs such as Option, Either, Predicate and Future.

Vector.of(1,2,3)
  .map(x => x*2)
  .head()
// => Option.of(2)

Option.sequence(
  Vector.of(Option.of(1), Option.of(2)))
// => Option.of(Vector.of(1,2))

Vector.of(1,2,3,4).groupBy(x => x%2)
// => HashMap.of([0, Vector.of(2,4)],[1, Vector.of(1,3)])

Vector.of(1,2,3).zip("a", "b", "c").takeWhile(([k,v]) => k<3)
// Vector.of([1,"a"],[2,"b"])

HashMap.of(["a",1],["b",2]).get("a")
// Option.of(1)

The collections are also javascript iterables, so if you have an ES6 runtime, you can use the for .. of construct on them. If you're not familiar with immutable collections, list.append(newItem) keeps list unchanged; append() returns a new list. Immutability helps reasoning about code.

You can check the User Guide, and browse the API documentation, or our blog. Note that the constructors are private, and you should use static methods to build items, for instance Option.of, Vector.of, Vector.ofIterable, and so on.

HashSet and HashMap are implemented using the HAMT algorithm, and concretely the hamt_plus library. This is the only dependency of prelude.ts. Vector is implemented through a bit-mapped vector trie. In addition the library is written in idiomatic javascript style, with loops instead of recursion, so the performance should be good (see benchmarks here comparing to immutable.js and more).

Set, Map and equality

Javascript doesn't have structural equality, except for primitive types. So, 1 === 1 is true. But [1] === [1] is not, and neither {a:1} === {a:1}. This poses problems for collections, because if you have a Set, you don't want duplicate elements because of this limited definition of equality.

For that reason, prelude.ts encourages you to define for your non-primitive types methods equals(other: any): boolean and hashCode(): number (the same methods that immutable.js uses). With these methods, structural equality is achievable, and indeed Vector.of(1,2,3).equals(Vector.of(1,2,3)) is true. However this can only work if the values you put in collections have themselves properly defined equality (see how prelude.ts can help). If these values don't have structural equality, then we can get no better than === behavior.

prelude.ts attempts to assist the programmer with this; it tries to encourage the developer to do the right thing. First, it'll refuse types without obviously properly defined equality in Sets and in Maps keys, so HashSet.of([1]), or Vector.of([1]).equals(Vector.of([2])) will not compile. For both of these, you get (a longer version of) this message:

Type 'number[]' is not assignable to type 'HasEquals'.
  Property 'equals' is missing in type 'number[]'.

But in some less obvious cases, we can't detect the issue at compile-time, so prelude.ts will reject the code at runtime; for instance if you call HashSet.of(Vector.of([1])) you'll get an exception at runtime:

Error building a HashSet: element doesn't support true equality: Vector([1])

(this behavior is customizable).

Installation

Typescript must know about Iterable, an ES6 feature (but present in most browsers) to compile prelude.ts. If you use typescript and target ES5, a minimum change to your tsconfig.json could be to add:

"lib": ["DOM", "ES5", "ScriptHost", "es2015.iterable"]

(compared to the default es5 settings it only adds 'es2015.iterable')

Using in nodejs

Just add the dependency in your package.json and start using it (like import { Vector } from "prelude.ts";, or const { Vector } = require("prelude.ts"); if you use commonjs). Everything should work, including type-checking if you use typescript. Prelude.ts also provides pretty-printing in the node REPL.

Using in the browser

Add the dependency in your package.json; Typescript should automatically register the type definitions.

The npm package contains the files dist/src/prelude_ts.js, dist/src/prelude_ts.min.js, which are UMD bundles; they work with other module systems and set prelude_ts as a window global if no module system is found. include the relevant one in your index.html in script tags:

<script src="node_modules/prelude.ts/dist/src/prelude_ts.min.js"></script>

You shouldn't have an issue to import prelude.ts in your application, but if you use modules it gets a little more complicated; One solution if you use them is to create an imports.d.ts file with the following contents:

// https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/issues/3180#issuecomment-283007750
import * as _P from 'prelude.ts';
export as namespace prelude_ts;
export = _P;

Then in a .ts file of your application, outside of a module, you can do:

import Vector = prelude_ts.Vector;

To get the values without namespace.

Finally, if you also include dist/src/chrome_dev_tools_formatters.js through a script tag, and enable Chrome custom formatters, then you can get a nice display of prelude.ts values in the chrome debugger.

Wishlist/upcoming features

• CharSeq, a string wrapper?
• Non-empty vector? (already have non-empty linkedlist)
• More functions on existing classes

Out of scope for prelude.ts

• Free monads
• Monad transformers
• Effect tracking
• Higher-kinded types simulation

I think these concepts are not expressible in a good enough manner on a language such as typescript.

Alternatives and Influences

• monet.js -- only has the List and Option collections, implemented in functional-style ES5. The implementation, using recursion, means its list type is noticeably slower than prelude.ts's.
• immutables.js -- doesn't have the Option concept, the types can be clunky.
• sanctuary offers global functions like S.filter(S.where(...)) while prelude.ts prefers a fluent-api style like list.filter(..).sortBy(...). Also, sanctuary doesn't offer sets and maps. On the other hand, sanctuary has some JS runtime type system which prelude.ts doesn't have.
• ramdajs offers global functions like R.filter(R.where(...)) while prelude.ts prefers a fluent-api style like list.filter(..).sortBy(...). Also, ramda doesn't offer sets and maps. Ramda also uses currying a lot out of the box, which may not be intuitive to a number of developers. In prelude, currying & partial application are opt-in.
• lodash also has the global functions, and many functions mutate the collections.
• vavr -- it's a java library, but it's the main inspiration for prelude.ts. Note that vavr is inspired by the scala library, so prelude.ts also is, transitively.

Typescript version

If you're getting the error error TS2304: Cannot find name 'Exclude' when building prelude.ts, it means your version of typescript is too old. You can try prelude.ts 0.7.5, which didn't require such a new version, but versions after 0.7.5 require typescript 2.8.3 or newer.

Commands

npm install

npm test

npm run-script docgen

npm run benchmarks