puregram

Powerful and epic overall, puregram allows you to easily interact with Telegram Bot API via Node.js/TypeScript 😎👍

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Introduction

First, what are Telegram bots? Telegram has their own bot accounts. Bots are special Telegram accounts that can be only accessed via code and were designed to handle messages, inline queries and callback queries automatically. Users can interact with bots by sending them messages, commands and inline requests.

Example

const { Telegram } = require('puregram');

const bot = Telegram.fromToken(process.env.TOKEN);

bot.updates.on('message', context => context.reply('Hey!'));
bot.updates.on('callback_query', context => context.answerCallbackQuery());

bot.updates.startPolling();

More examples here

---

Table of Contents

• Why puregram? (very important!!)
• Getting started
  • Getting token
  • Installation
  • Usage
  • Calling API methods
  • Sending media
  • Using markdown (parse_mode)
  • Keyboards (reply_markup)
• Bot information
• What are contexts?
• Context and its varieties
• Middlewares
• TypeScript usage
• FAQ

---

Why puregram?

• Written by nitreojs ⚠
• Very cool package name
• Package itself is cool (at least I think so)
• Works (I guess)
• I understand only about 20% of my code
• Because why not?

That's why this package is epic

---

Getting started

Getting token

If you want to develop a bot, firstly you need to create it via @BotFather and get token from it via /newbot command.

Token looks like this: 123456:ABC-DEF1234ghIkl-zyx57W2v1u123ew11

Installation

$ yarn add puregram
$ npm i -S puregram

Usage

Initializing Telegram instance

Let's start with creating a Telegram instance:

const { Telegram } = require('puregram');

const bot = new Telegram({
  token: '123456:ABC-DEF1234ghIkl-zyx57W2v1u123ew11'
});

You can also initialize it via Telegram.fromToken:

const bot = Telegram.fromToken('123456:ABC-DEF1234ghIkl-zyx57W2v1u123ew11');

Now, we want to get updates from the bot. How can we do it?

Getting updates

There are only two ways of getting updates right now:

1. Polling via getUpdates method... or just using puregram's built-in polling logic:

bot.updates.startPolling();

1. Setting up a Webhook via setWebhook method:

const { createServer } = require('http');

// you need to send this request only once
bot.api.setWebhook({
  url: 'https://www.example.com/'
});

const server = createServer(bot.updates.getWebhookMiddleware());

server.listen(8443, () => console.log('Started'));

Remember that there are only four accepted ports for now: 443, 80, 88 and 8443. They are listed here under the Notes section.

More webhook examples are available here

Handling updates

Now with this setup we can catch updates like this:

bot.updates.on('message', context => context.reply('Yoooo!'));

List of supported updates will be somewhere here when it's done

Manual updates handling

Available from 2.0.8-rc.2 and later

If you want to handle updates by yourself, you can use Updates.handleUpdate method, which takes one argument and this argument is raw Telegram update:

/** Let's pretend I am polling updates manually... */

const update = await getUpdate(...);

let context;

try {
  context = await bot.updates.handleUpdate(update);
} catch (error) {
  console.log('Update is not supported', update);
}

// Voila! Now you have the right context
// (or you don't if the event is not supported 😢)

Calling API methods

There are three ways of calling Telegram Bot API methods:

1. Using the bot.callApi(method, params?) (useful when new Bot API update is released and the package is not updated yet):

const me = await bot.callApi('getMe');

1. Using bot.api.method(params?):

const me = await bot.api.getMe();

1. Using context methods:

bot.updates.on('message', context => context.send('13² = 169! I mean 169, not 169!'));

Sending media

puregram allows you to send your local media via path, Buffer, Stream and URLs.

/** Let's imagine we have an image called puppy.jpg in this directory... */

const { createReadStream } = require('fs');

const path = './puppy.jpg';
const stream = createReadStream(path);
const buffer = getBuffer(path);
const url = 'https://puppies.com/random-puppy';

bot.updates.on('message', (context) => {
  context.sendPhoto(path, { caption: 'Puppy via path!' });
  context.sendDocument(stream, { caption: 'More puppies via stream!', filename: 'puppy.jpg' });
  context.sendPhoto(buffer, { caption: 'One more puppy via buffer!' });
  context.sendPhoto(url, { caption: 'Some random puppy sent using an URL!!!' });
});

This works for every method that can send media.

---

Using markdown

If you want to use Markdown or HTML, there are two ways of doing that:

1. Using built-in HTML, Markdown and MarkdownV2 classes:

const message = HTML.bold('Very bold, such HTML');

1. Writing tags manually as it is told here:

const message = '*Very bold, such Markdown*';

Anyways, after writing the text you need to add parse_mode field. There are also two ways of doing that ¯\_(ツ)_/¯:

1. Writing actual parse mode code like a boss:

{ parse_mode: 'Markdown' }

1. Passing parse mode class like a cheems:

{ parse_mode: HTML }

Final API request will look like this:

const message = `Some ${HTML.bold('bold')} and ${HTML.italic('italic')} here`;

context.send(message, { parse_mode: HTML });

context.send(`Imagine using _classes_ for parse mode, *lol*!`, { parse_mode: 'Markdown' });

The truth...

More markdown examples are available here

---

Keyboards

puregram has built-in classes for creating basic, inline, force-reply etc. keyboards. They are pretty much easy to use and are definitely more comfortable than building a JSON.

InlineKeyboard, Keyboard and so on

To create a keyboard, you need to call keyboard method from the keyboard class you chose. This method accepts an array of button rows.

const { InlineKeyboard, Keyboard } = require('puregram');

const keyboard = InlineKeyboard.keyboard([
  [ // first row
    InlineKeyboard.textButton({ // first row, first button
      text: 'Some text here',
      payload: 'Such payload'
    }),

    InlineKeyboard.textButton({ // first row, second button
      text: 'Some more text here',
      payload: { json: true }
    })
  ],

  [ // second row
    InlineKeyboard.urlButton({ // second row, first button
      text: 'Some URL button',
      url: 'https://example.com'
    })
  ]
]);

// one-row keyboard with two buttons, no brackets for rows needed
const keyboard = Keyboard.keyboard([
  Keyboard.textButton('Some one-row keyboard'),
  Keyboard.textButton('with some buttons')
]);

Keyboard builders

There are also keyboard builders which are designed to be building a keyboard step by step:

const { KeyboardBuilder } = require('puregram');

const keyboard = new KeyboardBuilder()
  .textButton('First row, first button')
  .row()
  .textButton('Second row, first button')
  .textButton('Second row, second button')
  .resize(); // keyboard will be much smaller

Sending keyboards

To send keyboard, you simply need to pass the generated value in reply_markup field:

context.send('Look, here\'s a keyboard!', { reply_markup: keyboard });

More keyboards examples are available here

---

Bot information

If you are using puregram's built-in polling logic, after Updates.startPolling() is called you have access to Telegram.bot property:

bot.updates.startPolling().then(
  () => console.log(`@${bot.bot.username} started polling!`)
  // yeah, `bot.bot`   ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
  // that's why I prefer naming `telegram` instead of `bot`
);

---

What are contexts?

Context is a class, containing current update object and it's payload (via update[updateType]). It is loaded with a ton of useful (maybe?) getters and methods that were made to shorten your code while being same efficient and executing the same code.

bot.updates.on('message', (context) => {
  const id = context.senderId;
  // is the same as
  const id = context.from?.id;
});

bot.updates.on('message', (context) => {
  context.send('Hey!');
  // equals to
  bot.api.sendMessage({
    chat_id: context.chat?.id,
    text: 'Hey!'
  });
});

Every context has telegram property, so you can call API methods almost everywhere if you have a context nearby.

bot.updates.on('message', async (context) => {
  const me = await context.telegram.api.getMe();
});

---

Context and its varieties

Every update in puregram is handled by a special context, which is detected via the update key.

Every context (except for manually created ones and some that were created after methods like sendMessage) will have updateId and update properties.

Property	Required	Description
updateId	No	Unique update ID. Used as an offset when getting new updates
update	No	Update object. Current context was created via this.update[this.updateType]

For example, if we have the message update, we will get MessageContext on this update, CallbackQueryContext for callback_query update and so on.

Every context requires one argument:

interface ContextOptions {
  // main Telegram instance
  telegram: Telegram;

  // update type, e.g. 'message', 'callback_query'
  updateType: UpdateName;
  
  // whole update object
  // optional, allows user to do the `context.update` to get the whole update object
  update?: TelegramUpdate;

  // update ID, located at TelegramUpdate
  // optional, allows user to get this update's ID
  updateId?: number;
}

You can also create any context manually:

const { MessageContext } = require('puregram');

const update = await getUpdate();
const context = new MessageContext({
  telegram: bot,
  update,
  updateType: 'message',
  updateId: update.update_id
});

Every context is listed here

---

Middlewares

puregram uses middlewares, so you can use them to expand your context variables or measure other middlewares.

• next() is used to call the next middleware on the chain and wait until it's done

Measuring the time it takes to proceed the update:

bot.updates.use(async (context, next) => {
  const start = Date.now();

  await next(); // next() is async, so we need to await it

  const end = Date.now();

  console.log(`${context.updateId ?? '[unknown]'} proceeded in ${end - start}ms`);
});

Extending the context:

bot.updates.use((context, next) => {
  context.user = await getUser(context.senderId);

  return next();
});

bot.updates.on('message', (context) => {
  // here we can access property we made in the middleware
  return context.send(`Hey, ${context.user.name}!`);
});

---

TypeScript usage

Importing Telegram interfaces

All Telegram interfaces and method types are auto-generated and put in different files: telegram-interfaces.ts for interfaces and methods.ts + api-methods.ts for API methods. They all exist at the path puregram/lib/.

import { TelegramUpdate, TelegramMessage } from 'puregram/lib/telegram-interfaces';
import { SendDocumentParams } from 'puregram/lib/methods';

Extending contexts

Surely enough, you can extend contexts with extra fields and properties you need by intersectioning base context with new properties.

interface ExtraData {
  name: string;
  id?: number;
}

/** ... */

bot.updates.use((context, next) => {
  const user = await getUser(context.senderId);

  bot.name = user.name;
  bot.id = user.id;

  return next();
});

/**
 * There are 2 ways of updating context's type:
 * 1. External type override:
 * `(context: MessageContext & ExtraData) => ...`
 * 2. Using generics:
 * `bot.updates.on<ExtraData>(...)`
 * 
 * Below I will be using the second way.
 */

bot.updates.on<ExtraData>('message', (context) => {
  assert(context.name !== undefined);
});

---

FAQ

TypeError: Cannot read property '__scene' of undefined

You are trying to use @puregram/scenes or @puregram/hear with @puregram/session, but you're the confusing middlewares order.

You should firstly initialize @puregram/session's middleware and only then initialize other middlewares, depending on it:

const sessionManager = new SessionManager();
const hearManager = new HearManager();

// 1. Session middleware first
bot.updates.on('message', sessionManager.middleware);

// 2. Hear middleware second
bot.updates.on('message', hearManager.middleware);

How do I enable debugging?

If you want to inspect out- and ingoing requests made by puregram, you will need to enable DEBUG environment variable so the package understands you are ready for logs.

How to enable DEBUG

Type	Example (Unix)	Description
api	DEBUG=puregram:api	Enables debugging API out- and ingoing requests
updates	DEBUG=puregram:updates	Enables debugging ingoing updates
*	DEBUG=puregram:*	Enables debugging all of the listed types above

cmd

> set "DEBUG=puregram:*" & node index

PowerShell

> $env:DEBUG = "puregram:*"; node index

Linux

$ DEBUG=puregram:* node index

---

Community

These packages are created by the puregram community (and not only) and are expanding packages functionality (I guess).

Some official packages

• @puregram/hear: Simple implementation of hear system
• @puregram/scenes: Simple implementation of middleware-based scene management
• @puregram/session: Simple implementation of sessions
• @puregram/utils: Almost useful utilities
• @puregram/prompt: Basic prompt system implementation

Non-official ones

Oh no, it's empty there... Maybe you could add your community package here?

---

Thanks to

• Negezor (negezor/vk-io) — for inspiration, package idea (!) and some code and implementation ideas