Readme
|buildstatus|_ |coverage|_ |codecov|_
A delightful test framework for C projects.
Based on Narwhal_ and Narmock_.
fork()It's recommended to install Nala with pip. Only Python 3 is
supported.
.. code-block:: bash
$ pip install nala
Alternatively, if mocking is not needed, you can download the
amalgamated_ header and source files:
nala.h_nala.c_Drop the two files in your project, make sure nala.c is compiled
and linked just like the other source files of your test program and
you should be good to go.
|tryit|_
Use nala init foo to create a folder foo with two test files,
test_assertions.c and test_time.c. The first uses all
assertions and captures output, and the second mocks the time
function.
.. code-block:: bash
$ nala init foo Run 'make -C foo' to build and run all tests!
The assertions tests looks like this:
.. code-block:: c
#include "nala.h"
TEST(assertions) { int i; int array[] = { 1, 5, 2 };
ASSERT_EQ(NULL, NULL);
ASSERT_NE(1, 2);
ASSERT_LT(1.0, 2.0);
ASSERT_LE(1, 1);
ASSERT_GT(2L, 1L);
ASSERT_GE(1, 1);
ASSERT_TRUE(true);
ASSERT_FALSE(false);
ASSERT_SUBSTRING("12345", "34");
ASSERT_NOT_SUBSTRING("12345", "4567");
ASSERT_MEMORY_EQ("abcd", "abcd", 5);
ASSERT_FILE_EQ("test_assertions.c", "test_assertions.c");
ASSERT_ARRAY_EQ(array, array, sizeof(array));
ASSERT_FUNCTION_POINTER_EQ(assertions, assertions);
ASSERT_FUNCTION_POINTER_NE(assertions, NULL);
ASSERT(1 == 1);
CAPTURE_OUTPUT(output, errput) {
printf("output!\n");
fprintf(stderr, "errput!\n");
}
ASSERT_EQ(output, "output!\n");
ASSERT_EQ(errput, "errput!\n");
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
WITH_MESSAGE("i: %d", i) {
ASSERT_EQ(array[i], array[i]);
}
}
}
And the time tests:
.. code-block:: c
#include <time.h> #include "nala.h"
TEST(mock_time) { time_mock_once(42);
ASSERT_EQ(time(NULL), 42);
}
Build and run all tests with make -s -C foo.
.. image:: https://github.com/eerimoq/nala/raw/master/docs/build-and-run.png
Build all tests but only run those whose name contains time. This
is done by giving ARGS=time.
.. image:: https://github.com/eerimoq/nala/raw/master/docs/build-and-run-one-test.png
Run make -s -C foo auto to build and run all tests automatically
when any source file in your project is modified. With the command
running, make the time test fail by returning 41 instead of 42
from the time mock.
.. code-block:: c
#include <time.h> #include "nala.h"
TEST(mock_time) { time_mock_once(41);
ASSERT_EQ(time(NULL), 42);
}
Notice how the test is built and run automatically.
.. image:: https://github.com/eerimoq/nala/raw/master/docs/build-and-run-assert-eq-fail.png
Create a code coverage report and open it with Firefox.
.. code-block::
$ make -s -C foo coverage Code coverage report: /home/erik/workspace/nala/foo/build/coverage/index.html $ firefox /home/erik/workspace/nala/foo/build/coverage/index.html
Below is a list of all macros and functions in the API. They are all
defined/declared in include/nala.h_.
.. code-block:: c
ASSERT_EQ(actual, expected); // Assert that given characters, numbers, pointers or // strings are equal. ASSERT_NE(actual, expected); // Assert that given characters, numbers, pointers or // strings are not equal. ASSERT_LT(actual, expected); // Assert that actual is less than expected. ASSERT_LE(actual, expected); // Assert that actual is less than or equal to expected. ASSERT_GT(actual, expected); // Assert that actual is greater than expected. ASSERT_GE(actual, expected); // Assert that actual is greater than or equal to // expected. ASSERT_TRUE(actual); // Assert that given value is true. ASSERT_FALSE(actual); // Assert that given value is false. ASSERT_SUBSTRING(haystack, needle); // Assert that given haystack string contains given // needle string. ASSERT_NOT_SUBSTRING(haystack, needle); // Assert that given haystack string does not contain // given needle string. ASSERT_MEMORY_EQ(actual, expected, size); // Assert that given memory regions are equal. ASSERT_FILE_EQ(actual, expected); // Assert that given files are equal. ASSERT_ARRAY_EQ(actual, expected, size); // Assert that given arrays are equal. ASSERT_FUNCTION_POINTER_EQ(actual, expected); // Assert that given function pointers are equal. ASSERT_FUNCTION_POINTER_NE(actual, expected); // Assert that given function pointers are not equal. ASSERT(cond); // Assert that given condition is true.
.. code-block:: c
FAIL(message); // Fail current test with given message. CAPTURE_OUTPUT(stdout_name, stderr_name); // A capture output block. WITH_MESSAGE(format, ...); // Additional message on error block. May be nested.
.. code-block:: c
void *nala_alloc(size_t size); // Allocate a memory buffer of given size that is // automatically freed after the test. Always returns // a valid pointer. void nala_auto_free(void *buf_p); // Automatically free given buffer after the test. // free() is called to free the buffer. void nala_exit(int status); // Performs post-test checks and cleanup, and then // exits with status 0. The status parameter is // ignored.
The nala generate_mocks command finds mocked functions in your
test code and generates nala_mocks.h, nala_mocks.c and
nala_mocks.ldflags. The first two files declare and define mocks,
while the last file contains linker flags.
Use --rename-parameters-file to rename function parameters, often
useful when mocking standard library functions. If not given, Nala
renames a few function parameters_ by default. Also, any
__-prefix is removed from all parameters.
Use --no-rename-parameters not to rename any function
parameters. Overrides --rename-parameters-file.
Use --no-implementation when the implementation of functions
matching given Unix shell-style wildcards pattern are not available in
the binary (and therefore should not be called by the generated code,
as the linker would give a relocation error). This option may be given
multipe times. An alternative to using this option is to manually
implement the missing functions. Here is an example implementation of
foo() that makes the test fail if called.
.. code-block:: c
int foo() { FAIL("No real implementation available!\n");
return (0);
}
Use --no-real-variadic-functions not to add any real variadic
functions. Nala adds a few variadic functions_ by default, given
that they are mocked.
Here is an example of how to generate mocks:
.. code-block:: bash
$ nala cat *.c | gcc -DNALA_GENERATE_MOCKS -x c -E - | nala generate_mocks
nala cat *.c should only concatenate test source files, not any
other source files in your project.
Nala requires test source code to be expanded by the preprocessor. You
can directly pipe the output of gcc -DNALA_GENERATE_MOCKS -x c -E - to the command-line utility.
The GNU linker ld wrap feature (--wrap=<symbol>) does not wrap
object-internal function calls. As Nala implements mocking by wrapping
functions, object-internal function calls can't be mocked just using
the linker. To mock these, after compilation, run nala wrap_internal_symbols ... for each object file, and then pass them
to the linker.
Also, local (static) functions can't be mocked, only global
functions can!
.. code-block:: Makefile
%.o: %.c $(CC) -o $@ $< nala wrap_internal_symbols nala_mocks.ldflags $@
A function mock will call the real implementation by default. Use the functions below to control mock object behaviour.
Variadic functions will not call the real implementation by
default. Give --implementation to nala generate_mocks to
generate calls to the real function (taking a va_list instead of
...).
There are plenty of mock-examples in the examples folder. All
inline examples below can also be found in the mock_api_examples
example.
For all functions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
<params> is all char-pointer (string) and primitive type
parameters of the mocked function.
Same behaviour for every call.
.. code-block:: c
void FUNC_mock(, ); // check parameters and return void FUNC_mock_ignore_in(); // ignore parameters and return void FUNC_mock_none(); // no calls allowed void FUNC_mock_implementation(*); // replace implementation void FUNC_mock_real(); // real implementation
An example:
.. code-block:: c
/* int foo(int value); */
TEST(foo_every_call) { foo_mock(1, 2);
/* All calls to foo() expects its parameter to be 1 and returns 2. */
ASSERT_EQ(foo(1), 2);
ASSERT_EQ(foo(1), 2);
}
Per call control.
.. code-block:: c
int FUNC_mock_once(, ); // check parameters and return once (per call) // returns a mock instance handle int FUNC_mock_ignore_in_once(); // ignore parameters and return once (per call) // returns a mock instance handle void FUNC_mock_real_once(); // real implementation once (per call)
An example:
.. code-block:: c
/* int foo(int value); */
TEST(foo_per_call) { foo_mock_once(1, 2); foo_mock_once(4, 5);
/* First call to foo() expects its parameter to be 1 and returns 2. */
ASSERT_EQ(foo(1), 2);
/* Second call to foo() expects its parameter to be 4 and returns 5. */
ASSERT_EQ(foo(4), 5);
/* Third call will fail and the test will end. */
foo(10);
}
Changes the behaviour of currect mock object (most recent *_mock()
or *_mock_once() call). Works for both per call and every call
functions above.
.. code-block:: c
void FUNC_mock_set_errno(int); // errno on return, 0 by default void FUNC_mock_set_callback(*); // additional checks and/or actions // called just before returning from the mock
An example:
.. code-block:: c
/* int foo(int value); */
TEST(foo_set_errno) { foo_mock_once(1, 2); foo_mock_set_errno(EINVAL);
ASSERT_EQ(foo(1), 2);
ASSERT_EQ(errno, EINVAL);
}
Get per call input parameters.
.. code-block:: c
*FUNC_mock_get_params_in(int); // get input parameters for given mock instance // handle
An example:
.. code-block:: c
/* typedef void (*callback_t)(void); / / void bar(callback_t callback); */
static void fie(void) { printf("fie() called!\n"); }
TEST(bar_get_params_call_callback) { int handle;
handle = bar_mock_once();
bar(fie);
/* Call the callback (calls fie()). */
bar_mock_get_params_in(handle)->callback();
}
For pointer and array function parameters ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Changes the behaviour of currect mock (most recent *_mock() or
*_mock_once() call). Works for both per call and every call
functions above.
.. code-block:: c
void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_in(, size_t); // check on input void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_in_assert(); // custom assert function on input void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_in_pointer(); // check pointer (the address) on input void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_out(, size_t); // value on return void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_out_copy(*); // custom output copy function
An example:
.. code-block:: c
/* struct foo_t { char *string_p }; */
/* void fum(int *value_p, struct foo_t *foo_p); */
static void assert_foo_string(struct foo_t *actual_p, struct foo_t *expected_p, size_t size) { ASSERT_EQ(size, sizeof(*expected_p)); ASSERT_EQ(actual_p->string_p, expected_p->string_p); }
TEST(fum_in_out) { int value; struct foo_t foo;
fum_mock_once();
/* Expect *value_p to be 1 when fum() is called, and assign 2 to
it before returning. */
value = 1;
fum_mock_set_value_p_in(&value, sizeof(value));
value = 2;
fum_mock_set_value_p_out(&value, sizeof(value));
/* Use a custom parameter assert function to check that
foo_p->string_p is "Hello!" when fum() is called. */
foo.string_p = "Hello!";
fum_mock_set_foo_p_in(&foo, sizeof(foo));
fum_mock_set_foo_p_in_assert(assert_foo_string);
value = 1;
foo.string_p = "Hello!";
fum(&value, &foo);
ASSERT_EQ(value, 2);
}
For function parameters part of ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Changes the behaviour of currect mock object (most recent *_mock()
or *_mock_once() call). Works for both per call and every call
functions above.
.. code-block:: c
void FUNC_mock_ignore_PARAM_in(); // ignore on input
An example:
.. code-block:: c
/* void foo(int value); */
TEST(foo_ignore_value) { foo_mock_once(1, 2); foo_mock_ignore_value_in();
ASSERT_EQ(foo(9), 2);
}
For variadic functions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Variadic function mocks are slightly different from the above. Their
parameter list is extended with a format string (format) and an
ellipsis (...), as shown below.
.. code-block:: c
void FUNC_mock(, , format, ...); void FUNC_mock_once(, , format, ...); void FUNC_mock_ignore_in(, format); void FUNC_mock_ignore_in_once(, format);
The format string supports the following specifiers.
.. code-block::
%d - signed integer %u - unsigned integer %ld - signed long integer %lu - unsigned long integer %p - pointer address %s - string
The %p specifier takes no value when calling the mock function,
just like pointers are not part of the mock function parameters
list. Instead, set pointers after the mock call.
.. code-block:: c
foo_mock(3, "%d%p%s", 5, "the-string"); foo_mock_set_va_arg_in_pointer_at(1, NULL);
The variadic parameters are controlled by index instead of name.
.. code-block:: c
void FUNC_mock_ignore_va_arg_in_at(uint); // ignore on input void FUNC_mock_set_va_arg_in_at(uint, *, size_t); // check on input void FUNC_mock_set_va_arg_in_assert_at(uint, *); // custom assert function on input void FUNC_mock_set_va_arg_in_pointer_at(uint, *); // check pointer (the address) on input void FUNC_mock_set_va_arg_out_at(uint, *, size_t); // value on return void FUNC_mock_set_va_arg_out_copy_at(uint, *); // custom output copy function
Structs and unions passed by value are ignored.
va_list parameters are ignored.
malloc() and free() can't be mocked if forking and using
gcov. They probably can if wrapping __gcov_fork() in an
suspend/resume-block.
static functions can't be mocked.
Only primitive data type members are asserted when comparing structs. Pointer and union members are not asserted, and probably never will be.
Nala executes each test in its own process. This means that following
the execution of a test with a debugger can be a bit tricky because
debuggers like GDB_ can only follow a single process at a time.
If you're using GDB, set a breakpoint at <test>_before_fork and
then run the program until it stops at the breakpoint. Before
continuing the program execution, tell GDB to follow the forked test
process by setting follow-fork-mode to child.
Below are all commands to debug the assertions test in the example
above.
.. code-block::
$ gdb foo/build/app (gdb) b assertions_before_fork (gdb) r (gdb) set follow-fork-mode child (gdb) c
The gdb make target starts GDB and runs all commmands listed
above. Set the TEST make variable to the test to debug. Both
TEST=test_assertions::assertions and TEST=assertions are
accepted. The test name may be partialy given, as long as it only
matches one test.
.. code-block::
$ make -s -C foo gdb TEST=assertions
The test program takes optional arguments as below, which also can be
helpful when debugging, especially --print-all-calls.
.. code-block::
$ foo/build/app --help usage: foo/build/app [-h] [-v] [-c] [-a] [-r] [-f] [-j] []
Run tests.
positional arguments: test-pattern Only run tests matching given pattern. '^' matches the beginning and '$' matches the end of the test name.
optional arguments: -h, --help Show this help message and exit. -v, --version Print version information. -c, --continue-on-failure Continue on test failure. -a, --print-all-calls Print all calls to ease debugging. -r, --report-json-file JSON test report file (default: report.json). -f, --print-test-file-func Print file:function for exactly one test. -j, --jobs Run given number of tests in parallel (default: 1).
Pass -no-pie -g -O0 -fsanitize=address to the compiler for better
error reporting.
Read more about sanitizers here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AddressSanitizer
Other C unit test frameworks with similar feature set as Nala.
CMock_ + Unity_
cmocka_
New set of generated parameter functions where _in() functions are
renamed to _in_buffer(). New _in() functions are added,
without the size parameter. Also remove the size parameter from the
assert function, as it is seldom used.
.. code-block:: c
void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_in(); // check on input void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_in_buffer(, size_t); // check on input void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_in_assert(); // custom assert function on input void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_in_pointer(); // check pointer (the address) on input void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_out(); // value on return void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_out_buffer(, size_t); // value on return void FUNC_mock_set_PARAM_out_copy(*); // custom output copy function
An example:
.. code-block:: c
/* struct foo_t { char *string_p }; */
/* void fum(int *value_p, struct foo_t *foo_p); */
static void assert_foo_string(struct foo_t *actual_p, struct foo_t expected_p) { / Is size is needed (which is seldom is). */ ASSERT_EQ(nala_mock_get_param_in_size(), sizeof(*expected_p)); ASSERT_EQ(actual_p->string_p, expected_p->string_p); }
TEST(fum_in_out) { int value; struct foo_t foo;
fum_mock_once();
/* Expect *value_p to be 1 when fum() is called, and assign 2 to
it before returning. */
value = 1;
fum_mock_set_value_p_in(&value);
value = 2;
fum_mock_set_value_p_out(&value);
/* Use a custom parameter assert function to check that
foo_p->string_p is "Hello!" when fum() is called. */
foo.string_p = "Hello!";
fum_mock_set_foo_p_in(&foo);
fum_mock_set_foo_p_in_assert(assert_foo_string);
value = 1;
foo.string_p = "Hello!";
fum(&value, &foo);
ASSERT_EQ(value, 2);
}
.. |buildstatus| image:: https://travis-ci.org/eerimoq/nala.svg?branch=master .. _buildstatus: https://travis-ci.org/eerimoq/nala
.. |coverage| image:: https://coveralls.io/repos/github/eerimoq/nala/badge.svg?branch=master .. _coverage: https://coveralls.io/github/eerimoq/nala
.. |codecov| image:: https://codecov.io/gh/eerimoq/nala/branch/master/graph/badge.svg .. _codecov: https://codecov.io/gh/eerimoq/nala
.. _Narwhal: https://github.com/vberlier/narwhal .. _Narmock: https://github.com/vberlier/narmock
.. |tryit| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/try-online-f34b7d.svg .. _tryit: https://repl.it/@eerimoq/nala
.. _amalgamated: https://sqlite.org/amalgamation.html .. _nala.h: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eerimoq/nala/master/nala/dist/nala.h .. _nala.c: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eerimoq/nala/master/nala/dist/nala.c
.. _a few function parameters: https://github.com/eerimoq/nala/blob/master/nala/rename_parameters.txt
.. _a few variadic functions: https://github.com/eerimoq/nala/blob/master/nala/real_variadic_functions.c
.. _include/nala.h: https://github.com/eerimoq/nala/blob/master/include/nala.h
.. _GDB: https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/
.. _CMock: https://github.com/ThrowTheSwitch/CMock
.. _Unity: https://github.com/ThrowTheSwitch/Unity
.. _cmocka: https://cmocka.org/
.. _examples folder: https://github.com/eerimoq/nala/tree/master/examples
.. _mock_api_examples: https://github.com/eerimoq/nala/tree/master/examples/mock_api_examples
FAQs
A test framework for C projects.
We found that nala demonstrated a healthy version release cadence and project activity because the last version was released less than a year ago. It has 1 open source maintainer collaborating on the project.
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