github.com/openhft/chronicle-queue
= Chronicle Queue Peter Lawrey, Rob Austin :css-signature: demo :toc: macro :toclevels: 2 :icons: font
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== About Chronicle Software
https://player.vimeo.com/video/201989439
== Overview
Chronicle Queue is a persisted low-latency messaging framework for high performance applications.
This project covers the Java version of Chronicle Queue. A {cpp} version of this project is also available and supports Java/{cpp} interoperability plus additional language bindings e.g. Python. If you are interested in evaluating the {cpp} version please contact sales@chronicle.software.
At first glance Chronicle Queue can be seen as simply another queue implementation. However, it has major design choices that should be emphasised. Using off-heap storage, Chronicle Queue provides an environment where applications do not suffer from Garbage Collection (GC). When implementing high-performance and memory-intensive applications (you heard the fancy term "bigdata"?) in Java, one of the biggest problems is garbage collection.
Chronicle Queue allows messages to be added to the end of a queue ("appended"), read from the queue ("tailed"), and also supports random-access seek.
== What Is Chronicle Queue?
You could consider a Chronicle Queue to be similar to a low latency broker-less durable/persisted topic that can contain messages of different types and sizes. Chronicle Queue is a distributed unbounded persisted queue that:
When publishing 40-byte messages, a high percentage of the time we achieve latencies under 1 microsecond. The 99th percentile latency is the worst 1 in 100, and the 99.9th percentile is the worst 1 in 1000 latency.
.Latency to send/receive on the same machine. [width="60%",options="header"] |======= | Batch Size | 10 million events per minute | 60 million events per minute | 100 million events per minute | 99%ile | 0.78 µs | 0.78 µs | 1.2 µs | 99.9%ile | 1.2 µs | 1.3 µs | 1.5 µs |=======
.Latency to send/receive on a second machine. [width="60%",options="header"] |======= | Batch Size | 10 million events per minute | 60 million events per minute | 100 million events per minute | 99%ile | 20 µs | 28 µs | 176 µs | 99.9%ile | 901 µs | 705 µs | 5,370 µs |=======
NOTE: 100 million events per minute is sending an event every 660 nanoseconds; replicated and persisted.
IMPORTANT: This performance is not achieved using a large cluster of machines. This is using one thread to publish, and one thread to consume.
=== Design Motivation and Features
Chronicle Queue is designed to:
be a "record everything store" which can read with microsecond real-time latency. This supports even the most demanding High Frequency Trading systems. However, it can be used in any application where the recording of information is a concern.
support reliable replication with notification to either the appender (writer of message) or a tailer (reader of message), when a message has been successfully replicated.
==== Persistence
Chronicle Queue assumes disk space is cheap compared with memory. Chronicle Queue makes full use of the disk space you have, and so you are not limited by the main memory of your machine. If you use spinning HDD, you can store many TBs of disk space for little cost.
The only extra software that Chronicle Queue needs to run is the operating system. It doesn't have a broker; instead it uses your operating system to do all the work. If your application dies, the operating system keeps running for seconds longer, so no data is lost; even without replication.
As Chronicle Queue stores all saved data in memory-mapped files, this has a trivial on-heap overhead, even if you have over 100 TB of data.
==== Efficiency
Chronicle put significant effort into achieving very low latency. In other products which focus on support of web applications, latencies of less than 40 milliseconds are fine as they are faster than you can see; for example, the frame rate of cinema is 24 Hz, or about 40 ms.
Chronicle Queue aims to achieve latencies of under 40 microseconds for 99% to 99.99% of the time. Using Chronicle Queue without replication, we support applications with latencies below 40 microseconds end-to-end across multiple services. Often the 99% latency of Chronicle Queue is entirely dependent on the choice of operating system and hard disk sub-system.
==== Compression
Replication for Chronicle Queue supports Chronicle Wire Enterprise. This supports a real-time compression which calculates the deltas for individual objects, as they are written. This can reduce the size of messages by a factor of 10, or better, without the need for batching; that is, without introducing significant latency.
Chronicle Queue also supports LZW, Snappy, and GZIP compression. These formats however add significant latency. These are only useful if you have strict limitations on network bandwidth.
==== Delivery mode semantics
Chronicle Queue supports a number of semantics:
==== Using high resolution timings across machines
On most systems System.nanoTime() is roughly the number of nanoseconds since the system last rebooted (although different JVMs may behave differently).
This is the same across JVMs on the same machine, but wildly different between machines.
The absolute difference when it comes to machines is meaningless.
However, the information can be used to detect outliers; you can't determine what the best latency is, but you can determine how far off the best latencies you are.
This is useful if you are focusing on the 99th percentile latencies.
We have a class called RunningMinimum to obtain timings from different machines, while compensating for a drift in the nanoTime between machines.
The more often you take measurements, the more accurate this running minimum is.
==== Compacting logs
Chronicle Queue manages storage by cycle.
You can add a StoreFileListener which will notify you when a file is added, and when it is no longer retained.
You can move, compress, or delete all the messages for a day, at once.
NOTE : Unfortunately on Windows, if an IO operation is interrupted, it can close the underlying FileChannel.
==== Avoid Interrupts
Due to performance reasons, we have removed checking for interrupts in the chronicle queue code. Because of this, we recommend that you avoid using chronicle queue with code that generates interrupts. If you can not avoid generating interrupts then we suggest that you create a separate instance of Chronicle Queue per thread.
=== Usage
Chronicle Queue is most often used for producer-centric systems where you need to retain a lot of data for days or years. For statistics see https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/1/d/e/2PACX-1vTe-ijX-uRMc86pB1r-qPUIDZmzI0drPQtvUiGiU8p6WEq98HHDO47HXfV_dk_q6Tmhr1fq2pLxLkqv/pubhtml[Usage of Chronicle-Queue]
IMPORTANT: Chronicle Queue does not support operating off any network file system, be it NFS, AFS, SAN-based storage or anything else. The reason for this is those file systems do not provide all the required primitives for memory-mapped files Chronicle Queue uses. If any networking is needed (e.g. to make the data accessible to multiple hosts), the only supported way is Chronicle Queue Replication (Enterprise feature).
==== What is a producer-centric system?
Most messaging systems are consumer-centric. Flow control is implemented to avoid the consumer ever getting overloaded; even momentarily. A common example is a server supporting multiple GUI users. Those users might be on different machines (OS and hardware), different qualities of network (latency and bandwidth), doing a variety of other things at different times. For this reason it makes sense for the client consumer to tell the producer when to back off, delaying any data until the consumer is ready to take more data.
Chronicle Queue is a producer-centric solution and does everything possible to never push back on the producer, or tell it to slow down. This makes it a powerful tool, providing a big buffer between your system, and an upstream producer over which you have little, or no, control.
==== Market data
Market data publishers don't give you the option to push back on the producer for long; if at all. A few of our users consume data from CME OPRA. This produces peaks of 10 million events per minute, sent as UDP packets without any retry. If you miss, or drop a packet, then it is lost. You have to consume and record those packets as fast as they come to you, with very little buffering in the network adapter. For market data in particular, real time means in a few microseconds; it doesn't mean intra-day (during the day).
Chronicle Queue is fast and efficient, and has been used to increase the speed that data is passed between threads. In addition, it also keeps a record of every message passed allowing you to significantly reduce the amount of logging that you need to do.
==== Compliance systems
Compliance systems are required by more and more systems these days. Everyone has to have them, but no one wants to be slowed down by them. By using Chronicle Queue to buffer data between monitored systems and the compliance system, you don't need to worry about the impact of compliance recording for your monitored systems. Again, Chronicle Queue can support millions of events per-second, per-server, and access data which has been retained for years.
==== Latency sensitive micro-services
Chronicle Queue supports low latency IPC (Inter Process Communication) between JVMs on the same machine in the order of magnitude of 1 microsecond; as well as between machines with a typical latency of 10 microseconds for modest throughputs of a few hundred thousands. Chronicle Queue supports throughputs of millions of events per second, with stable microsecond latencies.
See https://vanilla-java.github.io/tag/Microservices/[Articles on the use of Chronicle Queue in Microservices]
==== Log replacement
A Chronicle Queue can be used to build state machines.
All the information about the state of those components can be reproduced externally, without direct access to the components, or to their state.
This significantly reduces the need for additional logging.
However, any logging you do need can be recorded in great detail.
This makes enabling DEBUG logging in production practical.
This is because the cost of logging is very low; less than 10 microseconds.
Logs can be replicated centrally for log consolidation.
Chronicle Queue is being used to store 100+ TB of data, which can be replayed from any point in time.
==== Lambda Stream Processing
Non-batching streaming components are highly performant, deterministic, and reproducible. You can reproduce bugs which only show up after a million events played in a particular order, with accelerated realistic timings. This makes using Stream processing attractive for systems which need a high degree of quality outcomes.
== Downloading Chronicle Queue
Releases are available on Maven Central as:
See https://github.com/OpenHFT/Chronicle-Queue/releases[Chronicle Queue Release Notes] and get the http://search.maven.org/#search%7Cga%7C1%7Cg%3A%22net.openhft%22%20AND%20a%3A%22chronicle-queue%22[Latest Version Number]. Snapshots are available on https://oss.sonatype.org
NOTE: Classes that reside in either of the packages 'internal', 'impl', and 'main' (the latter containing various runnable main methods) and
any sub-packages are not a part of the public API and may become subject to change at any time for any reason. See the respective package-info.java files for details.
== Chronicle Queue Versions and Remarkable Changes
=== Changes from Version 4 to Version 5
In Chronicle Queue v5 tailers are now read-only, in Chronicle Queue v4 we had the concept of lazy indexing, where appenders would not write indexes but instead the indexing could be done by the tailer. We decided to drop lazy indexing in v5; making tailers read-only not only simplifies Chronicle Queue but also allows us to add optimisations elsewhere in the code.
The locking model of Chronicle Queue was changed in v5, in Chronicle Queue v4 the write lock (to prevent concurrent writes to the queue) exists in the .cq4 file. In v5 this was moved to a single file called a table store (metadata.cq4t). This simplifies the locking code internally as only the table store file has to be inspected.
You can use Chronicle Queue v5 to read messages written with Chronicle Queue v4, but this is not guaranteed to always work - if, for example,
you created your v4 queue with wireType(WireType.FIELDLESS_BINARY) then Chronicle Queue v5 will not be able to read the queue's header.
We have some tests for v5 reading v4 queues but these are limited and all scenarios may not be supported.
You cannot use Chronicle Queue v5 to write to Chronicle Queue v4 queues.
=== Changes from Version 3 to Version 4
Chronicle Queue v4 is a complete re-write of Chronicle Queue that solves the following issues that existed in v3.
=== Migrating from Chronicle Queue v2 and v3
In Chronicle Queue v3, everything was in terms of bytes, not wire.
There are two ways to use byte in Chronicle Queue v4. You can use the writeBytes and readBytes methods, or you can get the bytes() from the wire.
For example:
appender.writeBytes(b -> b.writeInt(1234).writeDouble(1.111));
try (DocumentContext dc = appender.writingDocument()) { Bytes<?> bytes = dc.wire().bytes(); // write to bytes }
=== Chronicle Queue Enterprise Edition
link:https://chronicle.software/products/queue-enterprise/[Chronicle Queue Enterprise Edition] is a commercially supported version of our successful open source Chronicle Queue. The open source documentation is extended by the following documents to describe the additional features that are available when you are licenced for Enterprise Edition. These are:
In addition, you will be fully supported by our technical experts.
For more information on Chronicle Queue Enterprise Edition, please contact mailto:sales@chronicle.software[sales@chronicle.software].
== User Guide
A Chronicle Queue is defined by SingleChronicleQueue.class that is designed to support:
rolling files on a daily, weekly or hourly basis,
concurrent writers on the same machine,
concurrent readers on the same machine or across multiple machines via TCP replication (With Chronicle Queue Enterprise),
concurrent readers and writers between link:./docs/FAQ.adoc#containerisation-recommendations[Docker or other containerised workloads]
zero copy serialization and deserialization,
millions of writes/reads per second on commodity hardware.
Approximately 5 million messages/second for 96-byte messages on a i7-4790 processor. A queue directory structure is as follows:
The format consists of size-prefixed bytes which are formatted using BinaryWire or TextWire.
Chronicle Queue is designed to be driven from code. You can easily add an interface which suits your needs.
NOTE: Due to fairly low-level operation, Chronicle Queue read/write operations can throw unchecked exceptions. In order to prevent thread death, it might be practical to catch RuntimeExceptions and log/analyze them as appropriate.
NOTE: For demonstrations of how Chronicle Queue can be used see link:https://github.com/OpenHFT/Chronicle-Queue-Sample[Chronicle Queue Demo] and for Java documentation see link:https://www.javadoc.io/doc/net.openhft/chronicle-queue/latest/index.html[Chronicle Queue JavaDocs]
In the following sections, first we introduce some terminology and a quick reference to use Chronicle Queue. Then, we provide a more detailed guide.
=== Key Concepts and Terminology Chronicle Queue is a persisted journal of messages which supports concurrent writers and readers even across multiple JVMs on the same machine. Every reader sees every message, and a reader can join at any time and still see every message.
NOTE: We deliberately avoid the term consumer and instead use reader as messages are not consumed/destroyed by reading.
Chronicle queue has the following main concepts:
Excerpt is the main data container in a Chronicle Queue. In other words, each Chronicle Queue is composed of excerpts. Writing message to a Chronicle Queue means starting a new excerpt, writing message into it, and finishing the excerpt at the end.
An appender is the source of messages; something like an iterator in Chronicle environment. You add data appending the current Chronicle Queue. It can perform sequential writes by appending to the end of queue only. There is no way to insert, or delete excerpts.
A tailer is an excerpt reader optimized for sequential reads. It can perform sequential and random reads, both forwards and backwards. Tailers read the next available message each time they are called. The followings are guaranteed in Chronicle Queue:
for each appender, messages are written in the order the appender wrote them. Messages by different appenders are interleaved,
for each tailer, it will see every message for a topic in the same order as every other tailer,
when replicated, every replica has a copy of every message.
Chronicle Queue is broker-less. If you need an architecture with a broker, please contact sales@chronicle.software.
Chronicle Queue is designed to roll its files depending on the roll cycle chosen when queue is created (see https://github.com/OpenHFT/Chronicle-Queue/blob/ea/src/main/java/net/openhft/chronicle/queue/RollCycles.java[RollCycles]).
In other words, a queue file is created for each roll cycle which has extension cq4. When the roll cycle reaches the point it should roll, appender will atomically write EOF mark at the end of current file to indicate that no other appender should write to this file and no tailer should read further, and instead everyone should use new file.
If the process was shut down, and restarted later when the roll cycle should be using a new file, an appender will try to locate old files and write an EOF mark in them to help tailers reading them.
Each topic is a directory of queue files.
If you have a topic called mytopic, the layout could look like this:
To copy all the data for a single day (or cycle), you can copy the file for that day on to your development machine for replay testing.
** Restrictions on topics and messages
Topics are limited to being strings which can be used as directory names. Within a topic, you can have sub-topics which can be any data type that can be serialized. Messages can be any serializable data.
Chronicle Queue supports:
Serializable objects, though this is to be avoided as it is not efficient
Externalizable objects is preferred if you wish to use standard Java APIs.
byte[] and String
Marshallable; a self describing message which can be written as YAML, Binary YAML, or JSON.
BytesMarshallable which is low-level binary, or text encoding.
=== Quick start This section provides a quick reference for using Chronicle Queue to briefly show how to create, write/read into/from a queue.
Creating an instance of Chronicle Queue is different from just calling a constructor.
To create an instance you have to use the ChronicleQueueBuilder.
In this example we have created an IndexedChronicle which creates two RandomAccessFiles; one for indexes, and one for data having names relatively:
// Obtains an ExcerptAppender ExcerptAppender appender = queue.acquireAppender();
// Writes: {msg: TestMessage} appender.writeDocument(w -> w.write("msg").text("TestMessage"));
// Creates a tailer ExcerptTailer tailer = queue.createTailer();
tailer.readDocument(w -> System.out.println("msg: " + w.read(()->"msg").text()));
ChronicleQueue.dump() method can be used to dump the raw contents as a string.
[source,Java]Chronicle Queue stores its data off-heap, and it is recommended that you call close() once you have finished working with Chronicle Queue, to free resources.
NOTE: No data will be lost if you do this. This is only to clean up resources that were used.
try (ChronicleQueue queue = SingleChronicleQueueBuilder.single("queue-dir").build()) { // Obtain an ExcerptAppender ExcerptAppender appender = queue.acquireAppender();
// Writes: {msg: TestMessage}
appender.writeDocument(w -> w.write("msg").text("TestMessage"));
// Writes: TestMessage
appender.writeText("TestMessage");
ExcerptTailer tailer = queue.createTailer();
tailer.readDocument(w -> System.out.println("msg: " + w.read(()->"msg").text()));
assertEquals("TestMessage", tailer.readText());
=== Detailed Guide
You can configure a Chronicle Queue using its configuration parameters or system properties. In addition, there are different ways of writing/reading into/from a queue such as the use of proxies and using MethodReader and MethodWriter.
==== Queue configuration
Chronicle Queue (CQ) can be configured via a number of methods on the SingleChronicleQueueBuilder class.
A few of the parameters that were most queried by our customers are explained below .
The RollCycle parameter configures the rate at which CQ will roll the underlying queue files.
For instance, using the following code snippet will result in the queue files being rolled (i.e. a new file created) every hour:
Once a queue's roll-cycle has been set, it cannot be changed at a later date.
Any further instances of SingleChronicleQueue configured to use the same path should be configured to use the same roll-cycle,
and if they are not, then the roll-cycle will be updated to match the persisted roll-cycle.
In this case, a warning log message will be printed in order to notify the library user of the situation:
// Creates a queue with roll-cycle MINUTELY try (ChronicleQueue minuteRollCycleQueue = ChronicleQueue.singleBuilder(queueDir).rollCycle(MINUTELY).build()) {
// Creates a queue with roll-cycle HOURLY
try (ChronicleQueue hourlyRollCycleQueue = ChronicleQueue.singleBuilder(queueDir).rollCycle(HOURLY).build()) {
try (DocumentContext documentContext = hourlyRollCycleQueue.acquireAppender().writingDocument()) {
documentContext.wire().write("somekey").text("somevalue");
}
}
// Now try to append using the queue configured with roll-cycle MINUTELY
try (DocumentContext documentContext2 = minuteRollCycleQueue.acquireAppender().writingDocument()) {
documentContext2.wire().write("otherkey").text("othervalue");
}
console output:
The maximum number of messages that can be stored in a queue file depends on roll cycle. See https://github.com/OpenHFT/Chronicle-Queue/tree/master/docs/FAQ.adoc[FAQ] for more information on this.
In Chronicle Queue, the rollover time is based on UTC. The Timezone Rollover Enterprise feature extends Chronicle Queue's ability to specify the time and periodicity of queue rollovers, rather than UTC. For more information see link:https://portal.chronicle.software/docs/queue/chronicle-queue/configuration/timezone_rollover.html[Timezone Queue Rollover].
The Chronicle Queue FileUtil class provides useful methods for managing queue files. See link:docs/managing_roll_files_directly.adoc[Managing Roll Files Directly].
It's possible to configure how Chronicle Queue will store the data by explicitly set the WireType:
For example:
// Creates a queue with default WireType: BINARY_LIGHT ChronicleQueue.singleBuilder(queuePath)
// Creates a queue and sets the WireType as FIELDLESS_BINARY SingleChronicleQueueBuilder.fieldlessBinary(queuePath)
// Creates a queue and sets the WireType as DEFAULT_ZERO_BINARY SingleChronicleQueueBuilder.defaultZeroBinary(queuePath)
Although it's possible to explicitly provide WireType when creating a builder, it is discouraged as not all wire types are supported by Chronicle Queue yet. In particular, the following wire types are not supported:
TEXT (and essentially all based on text, including JSON and CSV)
RAW
READ_ANY
blockSize
When a queue is read/written, part of the file currently being read/written is mapped to a memory segment.
This parameter controls the size of the memory mapping block. You can change this parameter using the method SingleChronicleQueueBuilder.blockSize(long blockSize) if it is necessary.
NOTE: You should avoid changing blockSize unnecessarily.
If you are sending large messages then you should set a large blockSize i.e. the blockSize should be at least four times the message size.
WARNING: If you use small blockSize for large messages you receive an IllegalStateException and the write is aborted.
We recommend that you use the same blockSize for each queue instance when replicating queues, the blockSize is not written to the queue's metadata, so should ideally be set to the same value when creating your instances of chronicle queue (this is recommended but if you wish to run with a different blocksize you can).
TIP: Use the same blockSize for each instance of replicated queues.
This parameter shows the space between excerpts that are explicitly indexed. A higher number means higher sequential write performance but slower random access read. The sequential read performance is not affected by this property. For example, the following default index spacing can be returned:
16 (MINUTELY)
64 (DAILY)
You can change this parameter using the method SingleChronicleQueueBuilder.indexSpacing(int indexSpacing).
The size of each index array, as well as the total number of index arrays per queue file.
[NOTE] indexCount^2^ is the maximum number of indexed queue entries.
NOTE: See Section link:#excerpt-indexing-in-chronicle-queue[Excerpt indexing in Chronicle Queue] of this User Guide for more information and examples of using indexes.
These parameters define BufferMode for reads or writes that have the following options:
None - The default (and the only one available for open source users), no buffering;
Copy - used in conjunction with encryption;
Asynchronous - use an asynchronous buffer when reading and/or writing, provided by Chronicle Async Mode.
bufferCapacity
RingBuffer capacity in bytes when using bufferMode: Asynchronous
''' ==== Writing to a queue using an appender
In Chronicle Queue we refer to the act of writing your data to the Chronicle Queue, as storing an excerpt. This data could be made up from any data type, including text, numbers, or serialised blobs. Ultimately, all your data, regardless of what it is, is stored as a series of bytes.
Just before storing your excerpt, Chronicle Queue reserves a 4-byte header. Chronicle Queue writes the length of your data into this header. This way, when Chronicle Queue comes to read your excerpt, it knows how long each blob of data is. We refer to this 4-byte header, along with your excerpt, as a document. Strictly speaking Chronicle Queue can be used to read and write documents.
NOTE: Within this 4-byte header we also reserve a few bits for a number of internal operations, such as locking, to make Chronicle Queue thread-safe across both processors and threads. The important thing to note is that because of this, you can’t strictly convert the 4 bytes to an integer to find the length of your data blob.
As stated before, Chronicle Queue uses an appender to write to the queue and a tailer to read from the queue. Unlike other java queuing solutions, messages are not lost when they are read with a tailer. This is covered in more detail in the section below on "Reading from a queue using a tailer". To write data to a Chronicle Queue, you must first create an appender:
Chronicle Queue uses the following low-level interface to write the data:
The close on the try-with-resources, is the point when the length of the data is written to the header. You can also use the DocumentContext to find out the index that your data has just been assigned (see below). You can later use this index to move-to/look up this excerpt. Each Chronicle Queue excerpt has a unique index.
The high-level methods below such as writeText() are convenience methods on calling appender.writingDocument(), but both approaches essentially do the same thing. The actual code of writeText(CharSequence text) looks like this:
/**
So you have a choice of a number of high-level interfaces, down to a low-level API, to raw memory.
This is the highest-level API which hides the fact you are writing to messaging at all. The benefit is that you can swap calls to the interface with a real component, or an interface to a different protocol.
You can write a "self-describing message". Such messages can support schema changes. They are also easier to understand when debugging or diagnosing problems.
You can write "raw data" which is self-describing. The types will always be correct; position is the only indication as to the meaning of those values.
You can write "raw data" which is not self-describing. Your reader must know what this data means, and the types that were used.
Below, the lowest level way to write data is illustrated. You get an address to raw memory and you can write whatever you want.
You can print the contents of the queue. You can see the first two, and last two messages store the same data.
prints:
--- !!data #binary trade: { timestamp: 2016-07-17T15:18:41.141, symbol: GBPUSD, price: 1.3095, quantity: 10000000.0, side: Buy, trader: peter }
--- !!data #binary trade: { timestamp: 2016-07-17T15:18:41.141, symbol: EURUSD, price: 1.1101, quantity: 15000000.0, side: Sell, trader: peter }
--- !!data #binary !int 1193046 168843764404224 Hello World
--- !!data #binary 000402b0 12 78 56 34 00 00 90 99 00 90 99 00 00 0B ·xV4·· ········ 000402c0 48 65 6C 6C 6F 20 57 6F 72 6C 64 Hello Wo rld
''' ==== Reading from a queue using a tailer
Reading the queue follows the same pattern as writing, except there is a possibility there is not a message when you attempt to read it.
You can turn each message into a method call based on the content of the message, and have Chronicle Queue automatically deserialize the method arguments. Calling reader.readOne() will automatically skip over (filter out) any messages that do not match your method reader.
You can decode the message yourself.
NOTE: The names, type, and order of the fields doesn't have to match.
You can read self-describing data values. This will check the types are correct, and convert as required.
You can read raw data as primitives and strings.
or, you can get the underlying memory address and access the native memory.
assertTrue(tailer.readBytes(b -> { long address = b.address(b.readPosition()); Unsafe unsafe = UnsafeMemory.UNSAFE; int code = unsafe.getByte(address); address++; int num = unsafe.getInt(address); address += 4; long num2 = unsafe.getLong(address); address += 8; int length = unsafe.getByte(address); address++; byte[] bytes = new byte[length]; unsafe.copyMemory(null, address, bytes, Jvm.arrayByteBaseOffset(), bytes.length); String text = new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8); assertEquals("Hello World", text); // do something with values }));
NOTE: Every tailer sees every message.
An abstraction can be added to filter messages, or assign messages to just one message processor. However, in general you only need one main tailer for a topic, with possibly, some supporting tailers for monitoring etc.
As Chronicle Queue doesn't partition its topics, you get total ordering of all messages within that topic. Across topics, there is no guarantee of ordering; if you want to replay deterministically from a system which consumes from multiple topics, we suggest replaying from that system's output.
''' ==== Tailers and file handlers clean up
Chronicle Queue tailers may create file handlers, the file handlers are cleaned up whenever the associated chronicle queue's close() method is invoked or whenever the Jvm runs a Garbage Collection.
If you are writing your code not have GC pauses and you explicitly want to clean up the file handlers, you can call the following:
((StoreTailer)tailer).releaseResources()
'''
==== Using ExcerptTailer.toEnd()
In some applications, it may be necessary to start reading from the end of the queue (e.g. in a restart scenario).
For this use-case, ExcerptTailer provides the toEnd() method.
When the tailer direction is FORWARD (by default, or as set by the ExcerptTailer.direction
method), then calling toEnd() will place the tailer just after the last existing record in the queue.
In this case, the tailer is now ready for reading any new records appended to the queue.
Until any new messages are appended to the queue, there will be no new DocumentContext
available for reading:
[source,java] .... // this will be false until new messages are appended to the queue boolean messageAvailable = tailer.toEnd().readingDocument().isPresent(); ....
If it is necessary to read backwards through the queue from the end, then the tailer can be set to read backwards:
[source,java] .... ExcerptTailer tailer = queue.createTailer(); tailer.direction(TailerDirection.BACKWARD).toEnd(); ....
When reading backwards, then the toEnd() method will move the tailer to the last record in the queue.
If the queue is not empty, then there will be a
DocumentContext available for reading:
''' ==== Restartable tailers
AKA named tailers.
It can be useful to have a tailer which continues from where it was up to on restart of the application.
try (ChronicleQueue cq = SingleChronicleQueueBuilder.binary(tmp).build()) { ExcerptTailer atailer = cq.createTailer("a"); assertEquals("test 0", atailer.readText()); assertEquals("test 1", atailer.readText()); assertEquals("test 2", atailer.readText()); // <1>
ExcerptTailer btailer = cq.createTailer("b");
assertEquals("test 0", btailer.readText()); // <3>
}
try (ChronicleQueue cq = SingleChronicleQueueBuilder.binary(tmp).build()) { ExcerptTailer atailer = cq.createTailer("a"); assertEquals("test 3", atailer.readText()); // <2> assertEquals("test 4", atailer.readText()); assertEquals("test 5", atailer.readText());
ExcerptTailer btailer = cq.createTailer("b");
assertEquals("test 1", btailer.readText()); // <4>
<1> Tailer "a" last reads message 2 <2> Tailer "a" next reads message 3 <3> Tailer "b" last reads message 0 <4> Tailer "b" next reads message 1
This is from the RestartableTailerTest where there are two tailers, each with a unique name.
These tailers store their index within the Queue itself and this index is maintained as the tailer uses toStart(), toEnd(), moveToIndex() or reads a message.
NOTE: The direction() is not preserved across restarts, only the next index to be read.
NOTE: The index of a tailer is only progressed when the DocumentContext.close() is called.
If this is prevented by an error, the same message will be read on each restart.
''' ==== Command line tools - reading and writing a Chronicle Queue
Chronicle Queue stores its data in binary format, with a file extension of cq4:
\�@πheader∂SCQStoreÇE��»wireType∂WireTypeÊBINARYÕwritePositionèèèèß��������ƒroll∂SCQSRollÇ*���∆length¶ÄÓ6�∆format
ÎyyyyMMdd-HH≈epoch¶ÄÓ6�»indexing∂ SCQSIndexingÇN��� indexCount•�ÃindexSpacingÀindex2Indexé����ß��������…lastIndexé�
���ß��������fllastAcknowledgedIndexReplicatedé�����ߡˇˇˇˇˇˇˇ»recovery∂TimedStoreRecoveryÇ���…timeStampèèèß����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
This can often be a bit difficult to read, so it is better to dump the cq4 files as text. This can also help you fix your production issues, as it gives you the visibility as to what has been stored in the queue, and in what order.
You can dump the queue to the terminal using net.openhft.chronicle.queue.main.DumpMain or net.openhft.chronicle.queue.ChronicleReaderMain. DumpMain performs a simple dump to the terminal while ChronicleReaderMain handles more complex operations, e.g. tailing a queue. They can both be run from the command line in a number of ways described below.
''' ==== DumpMain
If you have a project pom file that includes the Chronicle-Queue artifact, you can read a cq4 file with the following command:
In the above command myqueue is the directory containing your .cq4 files
You can also set up any dependent files manually. This requires the chronicle-queue.jar, from any version 4.5.3 or later, and that all dependent files are present on the class path. The dependent jars are listed below:
$ ls -ltr
total 9920
-rw-r--r-- 1 robaustin staff 112557 28 Jul 14:52 chronicle-queue-5.20.108.jar
-rw-r--r-- 1 robaustin staff 209268 28 Jul 14:53 chronicle-bytes-2.20.104.jar
-rw-r--r-- 1 robaustin staff 136434 28 Jul 14:56 chronicle-core-2.20.114.jar
-rw-r--r-- 1 robaustin staff 33562 28 Jul 15:03 slf4j-api-1.7.30.jar
-rw-r--r-- 1 robaustin staff 33562 28 Jul 15:03 slf4j-simple-1.7.30.jar
-rw-r--r-- 1 robaustin staff 324302 28 Jul 15:04 chronicle-wire-2.20.105.jar
-rw-r--r-- 1 robaustin staff 35112 28 Jul 15:05 chronicle-threads-2.20.101.jar
-rw-r--r-- 1 robaustin staff 344235 28 Jul 15:05 affinity-3.20.0.jar
-rw-r--r-- 1 robaustin staff 124332 28 Jul 15:05 commons-cli-1.4.jar
-rw-r--r-- 1 robaustin staff 4198400 28 Jul 15:06 19700101-02.cq4
TIP: To find out which version of jars to include please, refer to the link:https://github.com/OpenHFT/OpenHFT/blob/74808dc7f0b55094d4fd6fce1817842baab5b87b/chronicle-bom/pom.xml[`chronicle-bom`].
Once the dependencies are present on the class path, you can run:
$ java -cp chronicle-queue-5.20.108.jar net.openhft.chronicle.queue.main.DumpMain 19700101-02.cq4
This will dump the 19700101-02.cq4 file out as text, as shown below:
!!meta-data #binary header: !SCQStore { wireType: !WireType BINARY, writePosition: 0, roll: !SCQSRoll { length: !int 3600000, format: yyyyMMdd-HH, epoch: !int 3600000 }, indexing: !SCQSIndexing { indexCount: !short 4096, indexSpacing: 4, index2Index: 0, lastIndex: 0 }, lastAcknowledgedIndexReplicated: -1, recovery: !TimedStoreRecovery { timeStamp: 0 } }
...
NOTE: The example above does not show any user data, because no user data was written to this example file.
There is also a script named dump_queue.sh located in the Chonicle-Queue/bin-folder that gathers the needed dependencies in a shaded jar and uses it to dump the queue with DumpMain. The script can be run from the Chronicle-Queue root folder like this:
'''
==== Reading a queue using ChronicleReaderMain
The second tool for logging the contents of the chronicle queue is the ChronicleReaderMain (in the Chronicle Queue project). As mentioned above, it is able to perform several operations beyond printing the file content to the console. For example, it can be used to tail a queue to detect whenever new messages are added (rather like $tail -f).
Below is the command line interface used to configure ChronicleReaderMain:
Just as with DumpQueue you need the classes in the example above present on the class path. This can again be achieved by manually adding them and then run:
$ java -cp chronicle-queue-5.20.108.jar net.openhft.chronicle.queue.ChronicleReaderMain -d <directory>
Another option is to create an Uber Jar using the Maven shade plugin. It is configured as follows:
Once the Uber jar is present, you can run ChronicleReaderMain from the command line via:
Lastly, there is a script for running the reader named queue_reader.sh which again is located in the Chonicle-Queue/bin-folder. It automatically gathers the needed dependencies in a shaded jar and uses it to run ChronicleReaderMain. The script can be run from the Chronicle-Queue root folder like this:
'''
==== Writing into a queue using ChronicleWriter
If using MethodReader and MethodWriter then you can write single-argument method calls to a queue
using net.openhft.chronicle.queue.ChronicleWriterMain or the shell script queue_writer.sh e.g.
[source,bash] usage: ChronicleWriterMain files.. -d [-i ] -m Missing required options: m, d -d Directory containing chronicle queue to write to -i Interface to write via -m Method name
If you want to write to the below "doit" method
[source,java] public interface MyInterface { void doit(DTO dto); }
public class DTO extends SelfDescribingMarshallable { private int age; private String name; }
Then you can call ChronicleWriterMain -d queue doit x.yaml with either (or both) of the below Yamls:
[source,yaml] { age: 19, name: Henry }
or [source,yaml] !x.y.z.DTO { age: 42, name: Percy }
If DTO makes use of custom serialisation then you should specify the interface to write to with -i
'''' ==== High level interface for reading/writing
Chronicle v4.4+ supports the use of proxies to write and read messages.
You start by defining an asynchronous interface, where all methods have:
import net.openhft.chronicle.wire.SelfDescribingMarshallable; interface MessageListener { void method1(Message1 message);
void method2(Message2 message);
}
static class Message1 extends SelfDescribingMarshallable { String text;
public Message1(String text) {
this.text = text;
}
}
static class Message2 extends SelfDescribingMarshallable { long number;
public Message2(long number) {
this.number = number;
}
To write to the queue you can call a proxy which implements this interface.
SingleChronicleQueue queue1 = ChronicleQueue.singleBuilder(path).build();
MessageListener writer1 = queue1.acquireAppender().methodWriter(MessageListener.class);
These calls produce messages which can be dumped as follows.
--- !!data #binary method1: { text: hello }
To read the messages, you can provide a reader which calls your implementation with the same calls that you made.
// a proxy which print each method called on it MessageListener processor = ObjectUtils.printAll(MessageListener.class) // a queue reader which turns messages into method calls. MethodReader reader1 = queue1.createTailer().methodReader(processor);
Running this example prints:
'''' ==== Detailed tracing of timings
Chronicle Queue supports explicit, or implicit, nanosecond resolution timing for messages as they pass end-to-end over across your system.
We support using nano-time across machines, without the need for specialist hardware. To enable this, set the sourceId of the queue.
ChronicleQueue out = ChronicleQueue.singleBuilder(queuePath) ... .sourceId(1) .build();
SidedMarketDataListener combiner = out.acquireAppender() .methodWriterBuilder(SidedMarketDataListener.class) .get();
A timestamp is added for each read and write as it passes from service to service.
<1> First write <2> First read <3> Write of the result of the read. <4> What triggered this event.
'''' ==== Excerpt indexing in Chronicle Queue
In the following section you will find how to work with the excerpt index.
** Finding the index at the end of a Chronicle Queue
Chronicle Queue appenders are thread-local. In fact when you ask for:
final ExcerptAppender appender = queue.acquireAppender();
the acquireAppender() uses a thread-local pool to give you an appender which will be reused to reduce object creation.
As such, the method call to:
long index = appender.lastIndexAppended();
will only give you the last index appended by this appender; not the last index appended by any appender. If you wish to find the index of the last record written to the queue, then you have to call:
queue.lastIndex()
Which will return the index of the last excerpt present in the queue (or -1 for an empty queue). Note that if the queue is being written to concurrently it's possible the value may be an under-estimate, as subsequent entries may have been written even before it was returned.
** The number of messages between two indexes
To count the number of messages between two indexes you can use:
((SingleChronicleQueue)queue).countExcerpts(<firstIndex>,<lastIndex>);
NOTE: You should avoid calling this method on latency sensitive code, because if the indexes are in different cycles this method may have to access the .cq4 files from the file system.
for more information on this see :
net.openhft.chronicle.queue.impl.single.SingleChronicleQueue.countExcerpts
** Move to a specific message and read it
@Test public void read5thMessageTest() { try (final ChronicleQueue queue = singleBuilder(getTmpDir()).build()) {
final ExcerptAppender appender = queue.acquireAppender();
int i = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
try (DocumentContext dc = appender.writingDocument()) {
dc.wire().write("hello").text("world " + (i++));
long indexWritten = dc.index();
}
}
// Get the current cycle
int cycle;
final ExcerptTailer tailer = queue.createTailer();
try (DocumentContext documentContext = tailer.readingDocument()) {
long index = documentContext.index();
cycle = queue.rollCycle().toCycle(index);
}
long index = queue.rollCycle().toIndex(cycle, 5);
tailer.moveToIndex(index);
try (DocumentContext dc = tailer.readingDocument()) {
System.out.println(dc.wire().read("hello").text());
}
''' ==== File retention
You can add a StoreFileListener to notify you when a file is added, or no longer used.
This can be used to delete files after a period of time.
However, by default, files are retained forever.
Our largest users have over 100 TB of data stored in queues.
Appenders and tailers are cheap as they don't even require a TCP connection; they are just a few Java objects. The only thing each tailer retains is an index which is composed from:
a cycle number. For example, days since epoch, and
a sequence number within that cycle.
In the case of a DAILY cycle, the sequence number is 32 bits, and the index = ((long) cycle << 32) | sequenceNumber providing up to 4 billion entries per day.
if more messages per day are anticipated, the XLARGE_DAILY cycle, for example, provides up 4 trillion entries per day using a 48-bit sequence number.
Printing the index in hexadecimal is common in our libraries, to make it easier to see these two components.
Rather than partition the queue files across servers, we support each server, storing as much data as you have disk space. This is much more scalable than being limited to the amount of memory space that you have. You can buy a redundant pair of 6TB of enterprise disks very much more cheaply than 6TB of memory.
''' ==== Monitoring that you have sufficient disk space
net.openhft.chronicle.threads.DiskSpaceMonitor class) as the JVM can crash when allocating a new memory mapped file if disk space becomes low enough. The disk space monitor checks (for each FileStore you are using Chronicle Queues on):
that there is less than 200MB free. If so you will see:
[source,java]The threshold percentage is controlled by the chronicle.disk.monitor.threshold.percent system property. The default value is 0.
''' ==== File handles and flushing data to the disk
As mentioned previously Chronicle Queue stores its data off-heap in a ‘.cq4’ file. So whenever you wish to append data to this file or read data into this file, chronicle queue will create a file handle . Typically, Chronicle Queue will create a new ‘.cq4’ file every day. However, this could be changed so that you can create a new file every hour, every minute or even every second.
If we create a queue file every second, we would refer to this as SECONDLY rolling. Of course, creating a new file every second is a little extreme, but it's a good way to illustrate the following point. When using secondly rolling, If you had written 10 seconds worth of data and then you wish to read this data, chronicle would have to scan across 10 files. To reduce the creation of the file handles, chronicle queue cashes them lazily and when it comes to writing data to the queue files, care-full consideration must be taken when closing the files, because on most OS’s a close of the file, will force any data that has been appended to the file, to be flushed to disk, and if we are not careful this could stall your application.
''' ==== Pretoucher and its configuration
Pretoucher is a class designed to be called from a long-lived thread. The purpose of the Pretoucher
is to accelerate writing in a queue. Upon invocation of the execute() method, this object will pre-touch
pages in the queue's underlying store file, so that they are resident in the page-cache (i.e. loaded from
storage) before they are required by appenders to the queue. Resources held by this object will be released when the underlying
queue is closed. Alternatively, the shutdown() method can be called to close the supplied queue and
release any other resources. Invocation of the execute() method after shutdown() has been called will
cause an IllegalStateException to be thrown.
The Pretoucher's configuration parameters (set via the system properties) are as follows:
SingleChronicleQueueExcerpts.earlyAcquireNextCycle (defaults to false): Causes the Pretoucher to create the next cycle file while the queue
is still writing to the current one in order to mitigate the impact of stalls in the OS when creating new files.WARNING: earlyAcquireNextCycle is off by default and if it is going to be turned on, you should very carefully
stress test before and after turning it on. Basically what you experience is related to your system.
SingleChronicleQueueExcerpts.pretoucherPrerollTimeMs (defaults to 2,000 milliseconds) The pretoucher will create new cycle files
this amount of time in advanced of them being written to. Effectively moves the Pretoucher's notion
of which cycle is "current" into the future by pretoucherPrerollTimeMs.
SingleChronicleQueueExcerpts.dontWrite (defaults to false): Tells the Pretoucher to never create cycle files that do not already
exist. As opposed to the default behaviour where if the Pretoucher runs inside a cycle where no excerpts
have been written, it will create the "current" cycle file. Obviously enabling this will prevent
earlyAcquireNextCycle from working.
** Pretoucher usage example
earlyAcquireNextCycle is set to true and pretoucherPrerollTimeMs to 100ms.
[source,java]execute() method the Pretoucher starts.
[source,java]// Creates the queue q1 (or q1 is a queue that already exists) try(final SingleChronicleQueue q1 = SingleChronicleQueueBuilder.binary("queue-storage-path").build();
final Pretoucher pretouch = PretouchUtil.INSTANCE.createPretoucher(q1)){
try {
pretouch.execute();
} catch (InvalidEventHandlerException e) {
throw Jvm.rethrow(e);
}
close(), closes the Pretoucher and releases its resources.
[source,java]NOTE: The Pretoucher is an Enterprise feature
== Performance and Benchmarking Chronicle Queue can be monitored to obtain latency, throughput, and activity metrics, in real time (that is, within microseconds of the event triggering it).
=== Latency Test for Chronicle Queue Replication
The following charts show how long it takes to:
The test was run for ten minutes, and the distribution of latencies plotted.
image:https://vanilla-java.github.io/images/Latency-to-993.png[]
NOTE: There is a step in latency at around 10 million message per second; it jumps as the messages start to batch. At rates below this, each message can be sent individually.
The 99.99 percentile and above are believed to be delays in passing the message over TCP. Further research is needed to prove this. These delays are similar, regardless of the throughput. The 99.9 percentile and 99.93 percentile are a function of how quickly the system can recover after a delay. The higher the throughput, the less headroom the system has to recover from a delay.
image:https://vanilla-java.github.io/images/Latency-from-993.png[]
=== Double-buffering for contended writes
When double-buffering is disabled, all writes to the queue will be serialized based on the write lock acquisition.
Each time ExcerptAppender.writingDocument()
is called, appender tries to acquire the write lock on the queue, and if it fails to do so it blocks until write lock is unlocked, and in turn locks the queue for itself.
When double-buffering is enabled, if appender sees that the write lock is acquired upon call to ExcerptAppender.writingDocument() call, it returns immediately with a context pointing to the secondary buffer, and essentially defers lock acquisition until the context.close() is called (normally with try-with-resources pattern it is at the end of the try block), allowing user to go ahead writing data, and then essentially doing memcpy on the serialized data (thus reducing cost of serialization).
By default, double-buffering is disabled. You can enable double-buffering by calling
SingleChronicleQueueBuilder.doubleBuffer(true);
NOTE: During a write that is buffered, DocumentContext.index() will throw an IndexNotAvailableException. This is because it is impossible to know the index until the buffer is written back to the queue, which only happens when the DocumentContext is closed.
This is only useful if (majority of) the objects being written to the queue are big enough AND their marshalling is not straight-forward (e.g. BytesMarshallable's marshalling is very efficient and quick and hence double-buffering will only slow things down), and if there's a heavy contention on writes (e.g. 2 or more threads writing a lot of data to the queue at a very high rate).
Below are the benchmark results for various data sizes at the frequency of 10 KHz for a cumbersome message (see net.openhft.chronicle.queue.bench.QueueContendedWritesJLBHBenchmark), YMMV - always do your own benchmarks:
=== Jitter
If you wish to tune your code for ultra-low latency, you could take a similar approach to our QueueReadJitterMain
This code can be considered as a basic stack sampler profiler.
This is assuming you base your code on the net.openhft.chronicle.core.threads.EventLoop, you can periodically sample the stacks to find a stall.
It is recommended to not reduce the sample rate below 50 microseconds as this will produce too much noise
It is likely to give you finer granularity than a typical profiler. As it is based on a statistical approach of where the stalls are, it takes many samples, to see which code has the highest grouping ( in other words the highest stalls ) and will output a trace that looks like the following :
28 at java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1012) at java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap.put(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1006) at net.openhft.chronicle.core.util.WeakReferenceCleaner.newCleaner(WeakReferenceCleaner.java:43) at net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.NativeBytesStore.(NativeBytesStore.java:90) at net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.MappedBytesStore.(MappedBytesStore.java:31) at net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.MappedFile$$Lambda$4/1732398722.create(Unknown Source) at net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.MappedFile.acquireByteStore(MappedFile.java:297) at net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.MappedFile.acquireByteStore(MappedFile.java:246)
25 at net.openhft.chronicle.queue.jitter.QueueWriteJitterMain.lambda$main$1(QueueWriteJitterMain.java:58) at net.openhft.chronicle.queue.jitter.QueueWriteJitterMain$$Lambda$11/967627249.run(Unknown Source) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
21 at java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap.putVal(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1027) at java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap.put(ConcurrentHashMap.java:1006) at net.openhft.chronicle.core.util.WeakReferenceCleaner.newCleaner(WeakReferenceCleaner.java:43) at net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.NativeBytesStore.(NativeBytesStore.java:90) at net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.MappedBytesStore.(MappedBytesStore.java:31) at net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.MappedFile$$Lambda$4/1732398722.create(Unknown Source) at net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.MappedFile.acquireByteStore(MappedFile.java:297) at net.openhft.chronicle.bytes.MappedFile.acquireByteStore(MappedFile.java:246)
14 at net.openhft.chronicle.queue.jitter.QueueWriteJitterMain.lambda$main$1(QueueWriteJitterMain.java:54) at net.openhft.chronicle.queue.jitter.QueueWriteJitterMain$$Lambda$11/967627249.run(Unknown Source) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
from this, we can see that most of the samples (on this occasion 28 of them ) were captured in ConcurrentHashMap.putVal() if we wish to get finer grain granularity,
we will often add a net.openhft.chronicle.core.Jvm.safepoint into the code because thread dumps are only reported at safe-points.
In the test described above, the typical latency varied between 14 and 40 microseconds. The 99 percentile varied between 17 and 56 microseconds depending on the throughput being tested. Notably, the 99.93% latency varied between 21 microseconds and 41 milliseconds, a factor of 2000.
.Possible throughput results depending on acceptable latencies |=== | Acceptable Latency | Throughput | < 30 microseconds 99.3% of the time | 7 million message per second | < 20 microseconds 99.9% of the time | 20 million messages per second | < 1 milliseconds 99.9% of the time | 50 million messages per second | < 60 microseconds 99.3% of the time | 80 million message per second |===
=== More Benchmarks
https://vanilla-java.github.io/2016/07/09/Batching-and-Low-Latency.html[Batching and Queue Latency]
link:https://portal.chronicle.software/docs/queue/chronicle-queue/performance/performance-test-results.html[End-to-End latency plots for various message sizes]
=== Chronicle Queue vs Kafka
Chronicle Queue is designed to out-perform its rivals such as Kafka. Chronicle Queue supports over an order-of-magnitude of greater throughput, together with an order-of-magnitude of lower latency, than Apache Kafka. While Kafka is faster than many of the alternatives, it doesn't match Chronicle Queue's ability to support throughputs of over a million events per second, while simultaneously achieving latencies of 1 to 20 microseconds.
Chronicle Queue handles more volume from a single thread to a single partition. This avoids the need for the complexity, and the downsides, of having partitions.
Kafka uses an intermediate broker to use the operating system's file system and cache, while Chronicle Queue directly uses the operating system's file system and cache. For comparison see http://kafka.apache.org/documentation.html[Kafka Documentation]
== More Information and Support
=== Links
==== Online support
== Chronicle Software Release Notes https://chronicle.software/release-notes[Leave your e-mail] to get information about the latest releases and patches to stay up-to-date.
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