@aws-cdk/pipelines

CDK Pipelines

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AWS CDK v1 has reached End-of-Support on 2023-06-01. This package is no longer being updated, and users should migrate to AWS CDK v2.

For more information on how to migrate, see the Migrating to AWS CDK v2 guide.

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A construct library for painless Continuous Delivery of CDK applications.

CDK Pipelines is an opinionated construct library. It is purpose-built to deploy one or more copies of your CDK applications using CloudFormation with a minimal amount of effort on your part. It is not intended to support arbitrary deployment pipelines, and very specifically it is not built to use CodeDeploy to applications to instances, or deploy your custom-built ECR images to an ECS cluster directly: use CDK file assets with CloudFormation Init for instances, or CDK container assets for ECS clusters instead.

Give the CDK Pipelines way of doing things a shot first: you might find it does everything you need. If you want or need more control, we recommend you drop down to using the aws-codepipeline construct library directly.

This module contains two sets of APIs: an original and a modern version of CDK Pipelines. The modern API has been updated to be easier to work with and customize, and will be the preferred API going forward. The original version of the API is still available for backwards compatibility, but we recommend migrating to the new version if possible.

Compared to the original API, the modern API: has more sensible defaults; is more flexible; supports parallel deployments; supports multiple synth inputs; allows more control of CodeBuild project generation; supports deployment engines other than CodePipeline.

The README for the original API, as well as a migration guide, can be found in our GitHub repository.

At a glance

Deploying your application continuously starts by defining a MyApplicationStage, a subclass of Stage that contains the stacks that make up a single copy of your application.

You then define a Pipeline, instantiate as many instances of MyApplicationStage as you want for your test and production environments, with different parameters for each, and calling pipeline.addStage() for each of them. You can deploy to the same account and Region, or to a different one, with the same amount of code. The CDK Pipelines library takes care of the details.

CDK Pipelines supports multiple deployment engines (see Using a different deployment engine), and comes with a deployment engine that deploys CDK apps using AWS CodePipeline. To use the CodePipeline engine, define a CodePipeline construct. The following example creates a CodePipeline that deploys an application from GitHub:

/** The stacks for our app are minimally defined here.  The internals of these
  * stacks aren't important, except that DatabaseStack exposes an attribute
  * "table" for a database table it defines, and ComputeStack accepts a reference
  * to this table in its properties.
  */
class DatabaseStack extends Stack {
  public readonly table: dynamodb.Table;

  constructor(scope: Construct, id: string) {
    super(scope, id);
    this.table = new dynamodb.Table(this, 'Table', {
      partitionKey: { name: 'id', type: dynamodb.AttributeType.STRING }
    });
  }
}

interface ComputeProps {
  readonly table: dynamodb.Table;
}

class ComputeStack extends Stack {
  constructor(scope: Construct, id: string, props: ComputeProps) {
    super(scope, id);
  }
}

/**
 * Stack to hold the pipeline
 */
class MyPipelineStack extends Stack {
  constructor(scope: Construct, id: string, props?: StackProps) {
    super(scope, id, props);

    const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
      synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
        // Use a connection created using the AWS console to authenticate to GitHub
        // Other sources are available.
        input: pipelines.CodePipelineSource.connection('my-org/my-app', 'main', {
          connectionArn: 'arn:aws:codestar-connections:us-east-1:222222222222:connection/7d2469ff-514a-4e4f-9003-5ca4a43cdc41', // Created using the AWS console * });',
        }),
        commands: [
          'npm ci',
          'npm run build',
          'npx cdk synth',
        ],
      }),
    });

    // 'MyApplication' is defined below. Call `addStage` as many times as
    // necessary with any account and region (may be different from the
    // pipeline's).
    pipeline.addStage(new MyApplication(this, 'Prod', {
      env: {
        account: '123456789012',
        region: 'eu-west-1',
      },
    }));
  }
}

/**
 * Your application
 *
 * May consist of one or more Stacks (here, two)
 *
 * By declaring our DatabaseStack and our ComputeStack inside a Stage,
 * we make sure they are deployed together, or not at all.
 */
class MyApplication extends Stage {
  constructor(scope: Construct, id: string, props?: StageProps) {
    super(scope, id, props);

    const dbStack = new DatabaseStack(this, 'Database');
    new ComputeStack(this, 'Compute', {
      table: dbStack.table,
    });
  }
}

// In your main file
new MyPipelineStack(this, 'PipelineStack', {
  env: {
    account: '123456789012',
    region: 'eu-west-1',
  }
});

The pipeline is self-mutating, which means that if you add new application stages in the source code, or new stacks to MyApplication, the pipeline will automatically reconfigure itself to deploy those new stages and stacks.

(Note that you have to bootstrap all environments before the above code will work, and switch on "Modern synthesis" if you are using CDKv1. See the section CDK Environment Bootstrapping below for more information).

Provisioning the pipeline

To provision the pipeline you have defined, make sure the target environment has been bootstrapped (see below), and then execute deploying the PipelineStack once. Afterwards, the pipeline will keep itself up-to-date.

Important: be sure to git commit and git push before deploying the Pipeline stack using cdk deploy!

The reason is that the pipeline will start deploying and self-mutating right away based on the sources in the repository, so the sources it finds in there should be the ones you want it to find.

Run the following commands to get the pipeline going:

$ git commit -a
$ git push
$ cdk deploy PipelineStack

Administrative permissions to the account are only necessary up until this point. We recommend you remove access to these credentials after doing this.

Working on the pipeline

The self-mutation feature of the Pipeline might at times get in the way of the pipeline development workflow. Each change to the pipeline must be pushed to git, otherwise, after the pipeline was updated using cdk deploy, it will automatically revert to the state found in git.

To make the development more convenient, the self-mutation feature can be turned off temporarily, by passing selfMutation: false property, example:

// Modern API
const modernPipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  selfMutation: false,
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: pipelines.CodePipelineSource.connection('my-org/my-app', 'main', {
      connectionArn: 'arn:aws:codestar-connections:us-east-1:222222222222:connection/7d2469ff-514a-4e4f-9003-5ca4a43cdc41', // Created using the AWS console * });',
    }),
    commands: [
      'npm ci',
      'npm run build',
      'npx cdk synth',
    ],
  }),
});

// Original API
const cloudAssemblyArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();
const originalPipeline = new pipelines.CdkPipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  selfMutating: false,
  cloudAssemblyArtifact,
});

Definining the pipeline

This section of the documentation describes the AWS CodePipeline engine, which comes with this library. If you want to use a different deployment engine, read the section Using a different deployment enginebelow.

Synth and sources

To define a pipeline, instantiate a CodePipeline construct from the @aws-cdk/pipelines module. It takes one argument, a synth step, which is expected to produce the CDK Cloud Assembly as its single output (the contents of the cdk.out directory after running cdk synth). "Steps" are arbitrary actions in the pipeline, typically used to run scripts or commands.

For the synth, use a ShellStep and specify the commands necessary to install dependencies, the CDK CLI, build your project and run cdk synth; the specific commands required will depend on the programming language you are using. For a typical NPM-based project, the synth will look like this:

declare const source: pipelines.IFileSetProducer; // the repository source

const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: source,
    commands: [
      'npm ci',
      'npm run build',
      'npx cdk synth',
    ],
  }),
});

The pipeline assumes that your ShellStep will produce a cdk.out directory in the root, containing the CDK cloud assembly. If your CDK project lives in a subdirectory, be sure to adjust the primaryOutputDirectory to match:

declare const source: pipelines.IFileSetProducer; // the repository source

const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: source,
    commands: [
      'cd mysubdir',
      'npm ci',
      'npm run build',
      'npx cdk synth',
    ],
    primaryOutputDirectory: 'mysubdir/cdk.out',
  }),
});

The underlying @aws-cdk/aws-codepipeline.Pipeline construct will be produced when app.synth() is called. You can also force it to be produced earlier by calling pipeline.buildPipeline(). After you've called that method, you can inspect the constructs that were produced by accessing the properties of the pipeline object.

Commands for other languages and package managers

The commands you pass to new ShellStep will be very similar to the commands you run on your own workstation to install dependencies and synth your CDK project. Here are some (non-exhaustive) examples for what those commands might look like in a number of different situations.

For Yarn, the install commands are different:

declare const source: pipelines.IFileSetProducer; // the repository source

const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: source,
    commands: [
      'yarn install --frozen-lockfile',
      'yarn build',
      'npx cdk synth',
    ],
  })
});

For Python projects, remember to install the CDK CLI globally (as there is no package.json to automatically install it for you):

declare const source: pipelines.IFileSetProducer; // the repository source

const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: source,
    commands: [
      'pip install -r requirements.txt',
      'npm install -g aws-cdk',
      'cdk synth',
    ],
  })
});

For Java projects, remember to install the CDK CLI globally (as there is no package.json to automatically install it for you), and the Maven compilation step is automatically executed for you as you run cdk synth:

declare const source: pipelines.IFileSetProducer; // the repository source

const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: source,
    commands: [
      'npm install -g aws-cdk',
      'cdk synth',
    ],
  })
});

You can adapt these examples to your own situation.

Migrating from buildspec.yml files

You may currently have the build instructions for your CodeBuild Projects in a buildspec.yml file in your source repository. In addition to your build commands, the CodeBuild Project's buildspec also controls some information that CDK Pipelines manages for you, like artifact identifiers, input artifact locations, Docker authorization, and exported variables.

Since there is no way in general for CDK Pipelines to modify the file in your resource repository, CDK Pipelines configures the BuildSpec directly on the CodeBuild Project, instead of loading it from the buildspec.yml file. This requires a pipeline self-mutation to update.

To avoid this, put your build instructions in a separate script, for example build.sh, and call that script from the build commands array:

declare const source: pipelines.IFileSetProducer;

const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: source,
    commands: [
      // Abstract over doing the build
      './build.sh',
    ],
  })
});

Doing so keeps your exact build instructions in sync with your source code in the source repository where it belongs, and provides a convenient build script for developers at the same time.

CodePipeline Sources

In CodePipeline, Sources define where the source of your application lives. When a change to the source is detected, the pipeline will start executing. Source objects can be created by factory methods on the CodePipelineSource class:

GitHub, GitHub Enterprise, BitBucket using a connection

The recommended way of connecting to GitHub or BitBucket is by using a connection. You will first use the AWS Console to authenticate to the source control provider, and then use the connection ARN in your pipeline definition:

pipelines.CodePipelineSource.connection('org/repo', 'branch', {
  connectionArn: 'arn:aws:codestar-connections:us-east-1:222222222222:connection/7d2469ff-514a-4e4f-9003-5ca4a43cdc41',
});

GitHub using OAuth

You can also authenticate to GitHub using a personal access token. This expects that you've created a personal access token and stored it in Secrets Manager. By default, the source object will look for a secret named github-token, but you can change the name. The token should have the repo and admin:repo_hook scopes.

pipelines.CodePipelineSource.gitHub('org/repo', 'branch', {
  // This is optional
  authentication: cdk.SecretValue.secretsManager('my-token'),
});

CodeCommit

You can use a CodeCommit repository as the source. Either create or import that the CodeCommit repository and then use CodePipelineSource.codeCommit to reference it:

const repository = codecommit.Repository.fromRepositoryName(this, 'Repository', 'my-repository');
pipelines.CodePipelineSource.codeCommit(repository, 'main');

S3

You can use a zip file in S3 as the source of the pipeline. The pipeline will be triggered every time the file in S3 is changed:

const bucket = s3.Bucket.fromBucketName(this, 'Bucket', 'my-bucket');
pipelines.CodePipelineSource.s3(bucket, 'my/source.zip');

ECR

You can use a Docker image in ECR as the source of the pipeline. The pipeline will be triggered every time an image is pushed to ECR:

const repository = new ecr.Repository(this, 'Repository');
pipelines.CodePipelineSource.ecr(repository);

Additional inputs

ShellStep allows passing in more than one input: additional inputs will be placed in the directories you specify. Any step that produces an output file set can be used as an input, such as a CodePipelineSource, but also other ShellStep:

const prebuild = new pipelines.ShellStep('Prebuild', {
  input: pipelines.CodePipelineSource.gitHub('myorg/repo1', 'main'),
  primaryOutputDirectory: './build',
  commands: ['./build.sh'],
});

const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: pipelines.CodePipelineSource.gitHub('myorg/repo2', 'main'),
    additionalInputs: {
      'subdir': pipelines.CodePipelineSource.gitHub('myorg/repo3', 'main'),
      '../siblingdir': prebuild,
    },

    commands: ['./build.sh'],
  })
});

CDK application deployments

After you have defined the pipeline and the synth step, you can add one or more CDK Stages which will be deployed to their target environments. To do so, call pipeline.addStage() on the Stage object:

declare const pipeline: pipelines.CodePipeline;
// Do this as many times as necessary with any account and region
// Account and region may different from the pipeline's.
pipeline.addStage(new MyApplicationStage(this, 'Prod', {
  env: {
    account: '123456789012',
    region: 'eu-west-1',
  }
}));

CDK Pipelines will automatically discover all Stacks in the given Stage object, determine their dependency order, and add appropriate actions to the pipeline to publish the assets referenced in those stacks and deploy the stacks in the right order.

If the Stacks are targeted at an environment in a different AWS account or Region and that environment has been bootstrapped , CDK Pipelines will transparently make sure the IAM roles are set up correctly and any requisite replication Buckets are created.

Deploying in parallel

By default, all applications added to CDK Pipelines by calling addStage() will be deployed in sequence, one after the other. If you have a lot of stages, you can speed up the pipeline by choosing to deploy some stages in parallel. You do this by calling addWave() instead of addStage(): a wave is a set of stages that are all deployed in parallel instead of sequentially. Waves themselves are still deployed in sequence. For example, the following will deploy two copies of your application to eu-west-1 and eu-central-1 in parallel:

declare const pipeline: pipelines.CodePipeline;
const europeWave = pipeline.addWave('Europe');
europeWave.addStage(new MyApplicationStage(this, 'Ireland', {
  env: { region: 'eu-west-1' }
}));
europeWave.addStage(new MyApplicationStage(this, 'Germany', {
  env: { region: 'eu-central-1' }
}));

Deploying to other accounts / encrypting the Artifact Bucket

CDK Pipelines can transparently deploy to other Regions and other accounts (provided those target environments have been bootstrapped). However, deploying to another account requires one additional piece of configuration: you need to enable crossAccountKeys: true when creating the pipeline.

This will encrypt the artifact bucket(s), but incurs a cost for maintaining the KMS key.

Example:

const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  // Encrypt artifacts, required for cross-account deployments
  crossAccountKeys: true,
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: pipelines.CodePipelineSource.connection('my-org/my-app', 'main', {
      connectionArn: 'arn:aws:codestar-connections:us-east-1:222222222222:connection/7d2469ff-514a-4e4f-9003-5ca4a43cdc41', // Created using the AWS console * });',
    }),
    commands: [
      'npm ci',
      'npm run build',
      'npx cdk synth',
    ],
  }),
});

Validation

Every addStage() and addWave() command takes additional options. As part of these options, you can specify pre and post steps, which are arbitrary steps that run before or after the contents of the stage or wave, respectively. You can use these to add validations like manual or automated gates to your pipeline. We recommend putting manual approval gates in the set of pre steps, and automated approval gates in the set of post steps.

The following example shows both an automated approval in the form of a ShellStep, and a manual approval in the form of a ManualApprovalStep added to the pipeline. Both must pass in order to promote from the PreProd to the Prod environment:

declare const pipeline: pipelines.CodePipeline;
const preprod = new MyApplicationStage(this, 'PreProd');
const prod = new MyApplicationStage(this, 'Prod');

pipeline.addStage(preprod, {
  post: [
    new pipelines.ShellStep('Validate Endpoint', {
      commands: ['curl -Ssf https://my.webservice.com/'],
    }),
  ],
});
pipeline.addStage(prod, {
  pre: [
    new pipelines.ManualApprovalStep('PromoteToProd'),
  ],
});

You can also specify steps to be executed at the stack level. To achieve this, you can specify the stack and step via the stackSteps property:

class MyStacksStage extends Stage {
  public readonly stack1: Stack;
  public readonly stack2: Stack;

  constructor(scope: Construct, id: string, props?: StageProps) {
    super(scope, id, props);
    this.stack1 = new Stack(this, 'stack1');
    this.stack2 = new Stack(this, 'stack2');
  }
}

declare const pipeline: pipelines.CodePipeline;
const prod = new MyStacksStage(this, 'Prod');

pipeline.addStage(prod, {
  stackSteps: [{
    stack: prod.stack1,
    pre: [new pipelines.ManualApprovalStep('Pre-Stack Check')], // Executed before stack is prepared
    changeSet: [new pipelines.ManualApprovalStep('ChangeSet Approval')], // Executed after stack is prepared but before the stack is deployed
    post: [new pipelines.ManualApprovalStep('Post-Deploy Check')], // Executed after stack is deployed
  }, {
    stack: prod.stack2,
    post: [new pipelines.ManualApprovalStep('Post-Deploy Check')], // Executed after stack is deployed
  }],
});

If you specify multiple steps, they will execute in parallel by default. You can add dependencies between them to if you wish to specify an order. To add a dependency, call step.addStepDependency():

const firstStep = new pipelines.ManualApprovalStep('A');
const secondStep = new pipelines.ManualApprovalStep('B');
secondStep.addStepDependency(firstStep);

For convenience, Step.sequence() will take an array of steps and dependencies between adjacent steps, so that the whole list executes in order:

// Step A will depend on step B and step B will depend on step C
const orderedSteps = pipelines.Step.sequence([
  new pipelines.ManualApprovalStep('A'),
  new pipelines.ManualApprovalStep('B'),
  new pipelines.ManualApprovalStep('C'),
]);

Using CloudFormation Stack Outputs in approvals

Because many CloudFormation deployments result in the generation of resources with unpredictable names, validations have support for reading back CloudFormation Outputs after a deployment. This makes it possible to pass (for example) the generated URL of a load balancer to the test set.

To use Stack Outputs, expose the CfnOutput object you're interested in, and pass it to envFromCfnOutputs of the ShellStep:

class MyOutputStage extends Stage {
  public readonly loadBalancerAddress: CfnOutput;

  constructor(scope: Construct, id: string, props?: StageProps) {
    super(scope, id, props);
    this.loadBalancerAddress = new CfnOutput(this, 'Output', {value: 'value'});
  }
}

const lbApp = new MyOutputStage(this, 'MyApp');
declare const pipeline: pipelines.CodePipeline;
pipeline.addStage(lbApp, {
  post: [
    new pipelines.ShellStep('HitEndpoint', {
      envFromCfnOutputs: {
        // Make the load balancer address available as $URL inside the commands
        URL: lbApp.loadBalancerAddress,
      },
      commands: ['curl -Ssf $URL'],
    }),
  ],
});

Running scripts compiled during the synth step

As part of a validation, you probably want to run a test suite that's more elaborate than what can be expressed in a couple of lines of shell script. You can bring additional files into the shell script validation by supplying the input or additionalInputs property of ShellStep. The input can be produced by the Synth step, or come from a source or any other build step.

Here's an example that captures an additional output directory in the synth step and runs tests from there:

declare const synth: pipelines.ShellStep;
const stage = new MyApplicationStage(this, 'MyApplication');
const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', { synth });

pipeline.addStage(stage, {
  post: [
    new pipelines.ShellStep('Approve', {
      // Use the contents of the 'integ' directory from the synth step as the input
      input: synth.addOutputDirectory('integ'),
      commands: ['cd integ && ./run.sh'],
    }),
  ],
});

Customizing CodeBuild Projects

CDK pipelines will generate CodeBuild projects for each ShellStep you use, and it will also generate CodeBuild projects to publish assets and perform the self-mutation of the pipeline. To control the various aspects of the CodeBuild projects that get generated, use a CodeBuildStep instead of a ShellStep. This class has a number of properties that allow you to customize various aspects of the projects:

declare const vpc: ec2.Vpc;
declare const mySecurityGroup: ec2.SecurityGroup;
new pipelines.CodeBuildStep('Synth', {
  // ...standard ShellStep props...
  commands: [/* ... */],
  env: { /* ... */ },

  // If you are using a CodeBuildStep explicitly, set the 'cdk.out' directory
  // to be the synth step's output.
  primaryOutputDirectory: 'cdk.out',

  // Control the name of the project
  projectName: 'MyProject',

  // Control parts of the BuildSpec other than the regular 'build' and 'install' commands
  partialBuildSpec: codebuild.BuildSpec.fromObject({
    version: '0.2',
    // ...
  }),

  // Control the build environment
  buildEnvironment: {
    computeType: codebuild.ComputeType.LARGE,
  },
  timeout: Duration.minutes(90),

  // Control Elastic Network Interface creation
  vpc: vpc,
  subnetSelection: { subnetType: ec2.SubnetType.PRIVATE_WITH_NAT },
  securityGroups: [mySecurityGroup],

  // Additional policy statements for the execution role
  rolePolicyStatements: [
    new iam.PolicyStatement({ /* ... */ }),
  ],
});

You can also configure defaults for all CodeBuild projects by passing codeBuildDefaults, or just for the synth, asset publishing, and self-mutation projects by passing synthCodeBuildDefaults, assetPublishingCodeBuildDefaults, or selfMutationCodeBuildDefaults:

declare const vpc: ec2.Vpc;
declare const mySecurityGroup: ec2.SecurityGroup;
new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  // Standard CodePipeline properties
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: pipelines.CodePipelineSource.connection('my-org/my-app', 'main', {
      connectionArn: 'arn:aws:codestar-connections:us-east-1:222222222222:connection/7d2469ff-514a-4e4f-9003-5ca4a43cdc41', // Created using the AWS console * });',
    }),
    commands: [
      'npm ci',
      'npm run build',
      'npx cdk synth',
    ],
  }),

  // Defaults for all CodeBuild projects
  codeBuildDefaults: {
    // Prepend commands and configuration to all projects
    partialBuildSpec: codebuild.BuildSpec.fromObject({
      version: '0.2',
      // ...
    }),

    // Control the build environment
    buildEnvironment: {
      computeType: codebuild.ComputeType.LARGE,
    },

    // Control Elastic Network Interface creation
    vpc: vpc,
    subnetSelection: { subnetType: ec2.SubnetType.PRIVATE_WITH_NAT },
    securityGroups: [mySecurityGroup],

    // Additional policy statements for the execution role
    rolePolicy: [
      new iam.PolicyStatement({ /* ... */ }),
    ],
  },

  synthCodeBuildDefaults: { /* ... */ },
  assetPublishingCodeBuildDefaults: { /* ... */ },
  selfMutationCodeBuildDefaults: { /* ... */ },
});

Arbitrary CodePipeline actions

If you want to add a type of CodePipeline action to the CDK Pipeline that doesn't have a matching class yet, you can define your own step class that extends Step and implements ICodePipelineActionFactory.

Here's an example that adds a Jenkins step:

class MyJenkinsStep extends pipelines.Step implements pipelines.ICodePipelineActionFactory {
  constructor(
    private readonly provider: cpactions.JenkinsProvider,
    private readonly input: pipelines.FileSet,
  ) {
    super('MyJenkinsStep');

    // This is necessary if your step accepts parametres, like environment variables,
    // that may contain outputs from other steps. It doesn't matter what the
    // structure is, as long as it contains the values that may contain outputs.
    this.discoverReferencedOutputs({
      env: { /* ... */ }
    });
  }

  public produceAction(stage: codepipeline.IStage, options: pipelines.ProduceActionOptions): pipelines.CodePipelineActionFactoryResult {

    // This is where you control what type of Action gets added to the
    // CodePipeline
    stage.addAction(new cpactions.JenkinsAction({
      // Copy 'actionName' and 'runOrder' from the options
      actionName: options.actionName,
      runOrder: options.runOrder,

      // Jenkins-specific configuration
      type: cpactions.JenkinsActionType.TEST,
      jenkinsProvider: this.provider,
      projectName: 'MyJenkinsProject',

      // Translate the FileSet into a codepipeline.Artifact
      inputs: [options.artifacts.toCodePipeline(this.input)],
    }));

    return { runOrdersConsumed: 1 };
  }
}

Using Docker in the pipeline

Docker can be used in 3 different places in the pipeline:

• If you are using Docker image assets in your application stages: Docker will run in the asset publishing projects.
• If you are using Docker image assets in your stack (for example as images for your CodeBuild projects): Docker will run in the self-mutate project.
• If you are using Docker to bundle file assets anywhere in your project (for example, if you are using such construct libraries as @aws-cdk/aws-lambda-nodejs): Docker will run in the synth project.

For the first case, you don't need to do anything special. For the other two cases, you need to make sure that privileged mode is enabled on the correct CodeBuild projects, so that Docker can run correctly. The follow sections describe how to do that.

You may also need to authenticate to Docker registries to avoid being throttled. See the section Authenticating to Docker registries below for information on how to do that.

Using Docker image assets in the pipeline

If your PipelineStack is using Docker image assets (as opposed to the application stacks the pipeline is deploying), for example by the use of LinuxBuildImage.fromAsset(), you need to pass dockerEnabledForSelfMutation: true to the pipeline. For example:

const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: pipelines.CodePipelineSource.connection('my-org/my-app', 'main', {
      connectionArn: 'arn:aws:codestar-connections:us-east-1:222222222222:connection/7d2469ff-514a-4e4f-9003-5ca4a43cdc41', // Created using the AWS console * });',
    }),
    commands: ['npm ci','npm run build','npx cdk synth'],
  }),

  // Turn this on because the pipeline uses Docker image assets
  dockerEnabledForSelfMutation: true,
});

pipeline.addWave('MyWave', {
  post: [
    new pipelines.CodeBuildStep('RunApproval', {
      commands: ['command-from-image'],
      buildEnvironment: {
        // The user of a Docker image asset in the pipeline requires turning on
        // 'dockerEnabledForSelfMutation'.
        buildImage: codebuild.LinuxBuildImage.fromAsset(this, 'Image', {
          directory: './docker-image',
        }),
      },
    }),
  ],
});

Important: You must turn on the dockerEnabledForSelfMutation flag, commit and allow the pipeline to self-update before adding the actual Docker asset.

Using bundled file assets

If you are using asset bundling anywhere (such as automatically done for you if you add a construct like @aws-cdk/aws-lambda-nodejs), you need to pass dockerEnabledForSynth: true to the pipeline. For example:

const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: pipelines.CodePipelineSource.connection('my-org/my-app', 'main', {
      connectionArn: 'arn:aws:codestar-connections:us-east-1:222222222222:connection/7d2469ff-514a-4e4f-9003-5ca4a43cdc41', // Created using the AWS console * });',
    }),
    commands: ['npm ci','npm run build','npx cdk synth'],
  }),

  // Turn this on because the application uses bundled file assets
  dockerEnabledForSynth: true,
});

Important: You must turn on the dockerEnabledForSynth flag, commit and allow the pipeline to self-update before adding the actual Docker asset.

Authenticating to Docker registries

You can specify credentials to use for authenticating to Docker registries as part of the pipeline definition. This can be useful if any Docker image assets — in the pipeline or any of the application stages — require authentication, either due to being in a different environment (e.g., ECR repo) or to avoid throttling (e.g., DockerHub).

const dockerHubSecret = secretsmanager.Secret.fromSecretCompleteArn(this, 'DHSecret', 'arn:aws:...');
const customRegSecret = secretsmanager.Secret.fromSecretCompleteArn(this, 'CRSecret', 'arn:aws:...');
const repo1 = ecr.Repository.fromRepositoryArn(this, 'Repo', 'arn:aws:ecr:eu-west-1:0123456789012:repository/Repo1');
const repo2 = ecr.Repository.fromRepositoryArn(this, 'Repo', 'arn:aws:ecr:eu-west-1:0123456789012:repository/Repo2');

const pipeline = new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  dockerCredentials: [
    pipelines.DockerCredential.dockerHub(dockerHubSecret),
    pipelines.DockerCredential.customRegistry('dockerregistry.example.com', customRegSecret),
    pipelines.DockerCredential.ecr([repo1, repo2]),
  ],
  synth: new pipelines.ShellStep('Synth', {
    input: pipelines.CodePipelineSource.connection('my-org/my-app', 'main', {
      connectionArn: 'arn:aws:codestar-connections:us-east-1:222222222222:connection/7d2469ff-514a-4e4f-9003-5ca4a43cdc41', // Created using the AWS console * });',
    }),
    commands: ['npm ci','npm run build','npx cdk synth'],
  }),
});

For authenticating to Docker registries that require a username and password combination (like DockerHub), create a Secrets Manager Secret with fields named username and secret, and import it (the field names change be customized).

Authentication to ECR repostories is done using the execution role of the relevant CodeBuild job. Both types of credentials can be provided with an optional role to assume before requesting the credentials.

By default, the Docker credentials provided to the pipeline will be available to the Synth, Self-Update, and Asset Publishing actions within the *pipeline. The scope of the credentials can be limited via the DockerCredentialUsage option.

const dockerHubSecret = secretsmanager.Secret.fromSecretCompleteArn(this, 'DHSecret', 'arn:aws:...');
// Only the image asset publishing actions will be granted read access to the secret.
const creds = pipelines.DockerCredential.dockerHub(dockerHubSecret, { usages: [pipelines.DockerCredentialUsage.ASSET_PUBLISHING] });

CDK Environment Bootstrapping

An environment is an (account, region) pair where you want to deploy a CDK stack (see Environments in the CDK Developer Guide). In a Continuous Deployment pipeline, there are at least two environments involved: the environment where the pipeline is provisioned, and the environment where you want to deploy the application (or different stages of the application). These can be the same, though best practices recommend you isolate your different application stages from each other in different AWS accounts or regions.

Before you can provision the pipeline, you have to bootstrap the environment you want to create it in. If you are deploying your application to different environments, you also have to bootstrap those and be sure to add a trust relationship.

After you have bootstrapped an environment and created a pipeline that deploys to it, it's important that you don't delete the stack or change its Qualifier, or future deployments to this environment will fail. If you want to upgrade the bootstrap stack to a newer version, do that by updating it in-place.

This library requires the modern bootstrapping stack which has been updated specifically to support cross-account continuous delivery.

If you are using CDKv2, you do not need to do anything else. Modern bootstrapping and modern stack synthesis (also known as "default stack synthesis") is the default.

If you are using CDKv1, you need to opt in to modern bootstrapping and modern stack synthesis using a feature flag. Make sure cdk.json includes:

{
  "context": {
    "@aws-cdk/core:newStyleStackSynthesis": true
  }
}

And be sure to run cdk bootstrap in the same directory as the cdk.json file.

To bootstrap an environment for provisioning the pipeline:

$ npx cdk bootstrap \
    [--profile admin-profile-1] \
    --cloudformation-execution-policies arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AdministratorAccess \
    aws://111111111111/us-east-1

To bootstrap a different environment for deploying CDK applications into using a pipeline in account 111111111111:

$ npx cdk bootstrap \
    [--profile admin-profile-2] \
    --cloudformation-execution-policies arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AdministratorAccess \
    --trust 11111111111 \
    aws://222222222222/us-east-2

If you only want to trust an account to do lookups (e.g, when your CDK application has a Vpc.fromLookup() call), use the option --trust-for-lookup:

$ npx cdk bootstrap \
    [--profile admin-profile-2] \
    --cloudformation-execution-policies arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AdministratorAccess \
    --trust-for-lookup 11111111111 \
    aws://222222222222/us-east-2

These command lines explained:

• npx: means to use the CDK CLI from the current NPM install. If you are using a global install of the CDK CLI, leave this out.
• --profile: should indicate a profile with administrator privileges that has permissions to provision a pipeline in the indicated account. You can leave this flag out if either the AWS default credentials or the AWS_* environment variables confer these permissions.
• --cloudformation-execution-policies: ARN of the managed policy that future CDK deployments should execute with. By default this is AdministratorAccess, but if you also specify the --trust flag to give another Account permissions to deploy into the current account, you must specify a value here.
• --trust: indicates which other account(s) should have permissions to deploy CDK applications into this account. In this case we indicate the Pipeline's account, but you could also use this for developer accounts (don't do that for production application accounts though!).
• --trust-for-lookup: gives a more limited set of permissions to the trusted account, only allowing it to look up values such as availability zones, EC2 images and VPCs. --trust-for-lookup does not give permissions to modify anything in the account. Note that --trust implies --trust-for-lookup, so you don't need to specify the same acocunt twice.
• aws://222222222222/us-east-2: the account and region we're bootstrapping.

Be aware that anyone who has access to the trusted Accounts effectively has all permissions conferred by the configured CloudFormation execution policies, allowing them to do things like read arbitrary S3 buckets and create arbitrary infrastructure in the bootstrapped account. Restrict the list of --trusted Accounts, or restrict the policies configured by --cloudformation-execution-policies.

Security tip: we recommend that you use administrative credentials to an account only to bootstrap it and provision the initial pipeline. Otherwise, access to administrative credentials should be dropped as soon as possible.

On the use of AdministratorAccess: The use of the AdministratorAccess policy ensures that your pipeline can deploy every type of AWS resource to your account. Make sure you trust all the code and dependencies that make up your CDK app. Check with the appropriate department within your organization to decide on the proper policy to use.

If your policy includes permissions to create on attach permission to a role, developers can escalate their privilege with more permissive permission. Thus, we recommend implementing permissions boundary in the CDK Execution role. To do this, you can bootstrap with the --template option with a customized template that contains a permission boundary.

Migrating from old bootstrap stack

The bootstrap stack is a CloudFormation stack in your account named CDKToolkit that provisions a set of resources required for the CDK to deploy into that environment.

The "new" bootstrap stack (obtained by running cdk bootstrap with CDK_NEW_BOOTSTRAP=1) is slightly more elaborate than the "old" stack. It contains:

• An S3 bucket and ECR repository with predictable names, so that we can reference assets in these storage locations without the use of CloudFormation template parameters.
• A set of roles with permissions to access these asset locations and to execute CloudFormation, assumable from whatever accounts you specify under --trust.

It is possible and safe to migrate from the old bootstrap stack to the new bootstrap stack. This will create a new S3 file asset bucket in your account and orphan the old bucket. You should manually delete the orphaned bucket after you are sure you have redeployed all CDK applications and there are no more references to the old asset bucket.

Context Lookups

You might be using CDK constructs that need to look up runtime context, which is information from the target AWS Account and Region the CDK needs to synthesize CloudFormation templates appropriate for that environment. Examples of this kind of context lookups are the number of Availability Zones available to you, a Route53 Hosted Zone ID, or the ID of an AMI in a given region. This information is automatically looked up when you run cdk synth.

By default, a cdk synth performed in a pipeline will not have permissions to perform these lookups, and the lookups will fail. This is by design.

Our recommended way of using lookups is by running cdk synth on the developer workstation and checking in the cdk.context.json file, which contains the results of the context lookups. This will make sure your synthesized infrastructure is consistent and repeatable. If you do not commit cdk.context.json, the results of the lookups may suddenly be different in unexpected ways, and even produce results that cannot be deployed or will cause data loss. To give an account permissions to perform lookups against an environment, without being able to deploy to it and make changes, run cdk bootstrap --trust-for-lookup=<account>.

If you want to use lookups directly from the pipeline, you either need to accept the risk of nondeterminism, or make sure you save and load the cdk.context.json file somewhere between synth runs. Finally, you should give the synth CodeBuild execution role permissions to assume the bootstrapped lookup roles. As an example, doing so would look like this:

new pipelines.CodePipeline(this, 'Pipeline', {
  synth: new pipelines.CodeBuildStep('Synth', {
    input: pipelines.CodePipelineSource.connection('my-org/my-app', 'main', {
      connectionArn: 'arn:aws:codestar-connections:us-east-1:222222222222:connection/7d2469ff-514a-4e4f-9003-5ca4a43cdc41', // Created using the AWS console * });',
    }),
    commands: [
      // Commands to load cdk.context.json from somewhere here
      '...',
      'npm ci',
      'npm run build',
      'npx cdk synth',
      // Commands to store cdk.context.json back here
      '...',
    ],
    rolePolicyStatements: [
      new iam.PolicyStatement({
        actions: ['sts:AssumeRole'],
        resources: ['*'],
        conditions: {
          StringEquals: {
            'iam:ResourceTag/aws-cdk:bootstrap-role': 'lookup',
          },
        },
      }),
    ],
  }),
});

The above example requires that the target environments have all been bootstrapped with bootstrap stack version 8, released with CDK CLI 1.114.0.

Security Considerations

It's important to stay safe while employing Continuous Delivery. The CDK Pipelines library comes with secure defaults to the best of our ability, but by its very nature the library cannot take care of everything.

We therefore expect you to mind the following:

• Maintain dependency hygiene and vet 3rd-party software you use. Any software you run on your build machine has the ability to change the infrastructure that gets deployed. Be careful with the software you depend on.

• Use dependency locking to prevent accidental upgrades! The default CdkSynths that come with CDK Pipelines will expect package-lock.json and yarn.lock to ensure your dependencies are the ones you expect.

• Credentials to production environments should be short-lived. After bootstrapping and the initial pipeline provisioning, there is no more need for developers to have access to any of the account credentials; all further changes can be deployed through git. Avoid the chances of credentials leaking by not having them in the first place!

Confirm permissions broadening

To keep tabs on the security impact of changes going out through your pipeline, you can insert a security check before any stage deployment. This security check will check if the upcoming deployment would add any new IAM permissions or security group rules, and if so pause the pipeline and require you to confirm the changes.

The security check will appear as two distinct actions in your pipeline: first a CodeBuild project that runs cdk diff on the stage that's about to be deployed, followed by a Manual Approval action that pauses the pipeline. If it so happens that there no new IAM permissions or security group rules will be added by the deployment, the manual approval step is automatically satisfied. The pipeline will look like this:

Pipeline
├── ...
├── MyApplicationStage
│    ├── MyApplicationSecurityCheck       // Security Diff Action
│    ├── MyApplicationManualApproval      // Manual Approval Action
│    ├── Stack.Prepare
│    └── Stack.Deploy
└── ...

You can insert the security check by using a ConfirmPermissionsBroadening step:

declare const pipeline: pipelines.CodePipeline;
const stage = new MyApplicationStage(this, 'MyApplication');
pipeline.addStage(stage, {
  pre: [
    new pipelines.ConfirmPermissionsBroadening('Check', { stage }),
  ],
});

To get notified when there is a change that needs your manual approval, create an SNS Topic, subscribe your own email address, and pass it in as as the notificationTopic property:

declare const pipeline: pipelines.CodePipeline;
const topic = new sns.Topic(this, 'SecurityChangesTopic');
topic.addSubscription(new subscriptions.EmailSubscription('[e-mail]'));

const stage = new MyApplicationStage(this, 'MyApplication');
pipeline.addStage(stage, {
  pre: [
    new pipelines.ConfirmPermissionsBroadening('Check', {
      stage,
      notificationTopic: topic,
    }),
  ],
});

Note: Manual Approvals notifications only apply when an application has security check enabled.

Using a different deployment engine

CDK Pipelines supports multiple deployment engines, but this module vends a construct for only one such engine: AWS CodePipeline. It is also possible to use CDK Pipelines to build pipelines backed by other deployment engines.

Here is a list of CDK Libraries that integrate CDK Pipelines with alternative deployment engines:

• GitHub Workflows: cdk-pipelines-github

Troubleshooting

Here are some common errors you may encounter while using this library.

Pipeline: Internal Failure

If you see the following error during deployment of your pipeline:

CREATE_FAILED  | AWS::CodePipeline::Pipeline | Pipeline/Pipeline
Internal Failure

There's something wrong with your GitHub access token. It might be missing, or not have the right permissions to access the repository you're trying to access.

Key: Policy contains a statement with one or more invalid principals

If you see the following error during deployment of your pipeline:

CREATE_FAILED | AWS::KMS::Key | Pipeline/Pipeline/ArtifactsBucketEncryptionKey
Policy contains a statement with one or more invalid principals.

One of the target (account, region) environments has not been bootstrapped with the new bootstrap stack. Check your target environments and make sure they are all bootstrapped.

Message: no matching base directory path found for cdk.out

If you see this error during the Synth step, it means that CodeBuild is expecting to find a cdk.out directory in the root of your CodeBuild project, but the directory wasn't there. There are two common causes for this:

• cdk synth is not being executed: cdk synth used to be run implicitly for you, but you now have to explicitly include the command. For NPM-based projects, add npx cdk synth to the end of the commands property, for other languages add npm install -g aws-cdk and cdk synth.
• Your CDK project lives in a subdirectory: you added a cd <somedirectory> command to the list of commands; don't forget to tell the ScriptStep about the different location of cdk.out, by passing primaryOutputDirectory: '<somedirectory>/cdk.out'.

is in ROLLBACK_COMPLETE state and can not be updated

If you see the following error during execution of your pipeline:

Stack ... is in ROLLBACK_COMPLETE state and can not be updated. (Service:
AmazonCloudFormation; Status Code: 400; Error Code: ValidationError; Request
ID: ...)

The stack failed its previous deployment, and is in a non-retryable state. Go into the CloudFormation console, delete the stack, and retry the deployment.

Cannot find module 'xxxx' or its corresponding type declarations

You may see this if you are using TypeScript or other NPM-based languages, when using NPM 7 on your workstation (where you generate package-lock.json) and NPM 6 on the CodeBuild image used for synthesizing.

It looks like NPM 7 has started writing less information to package-lock.json, leading NPM 6 reading that same file to not install all required packages anymore.

Make sure you are using the same NPM version everywhere, either downgrade your workstation's version or upgrade the CodeBuild version.

Cannot find module '.../check-node-version.js' (MODULE_NOT_FOUND)

The above error may be produced by npx when executing the CDK CLI, or any project that uses the AWS SDK for JavaScript, without the target application having been installed yet. For example, it can be triggered by npx cdk synth if aws-cdk is not in your package.json.

Work around this by either installing the target application using NPM before running npx, or set the environment variable NPM_CONFIG_UNSAFE_PERM=true.

Cannot connect to the Docker daemon at unix:///var/run/docker.sock

If, in the 'Synth' action (inside the 'Build' stage) of your pipeline, you get an error like this:

stderr: docker: Cannot connect to the Docker daemon at unix:///var/run/docker.sock. Is the docker daemon running?.
See 'docker run --help'.

It means that the AWS CodeBuild project for 'Synth' is not configured to run in privileged mode, which prevents Docker builds from happening. This typically happens if you use a CDK construct that bundles asset using tools run via Docker, like aws-lambda-nodejs, aws-lambda-python, aws-lambda-go and others.

Make sure you set the privileged environment variable to true in the synth definition:

const sourceArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();
const cloudAssemblyArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();
const pipeline = new pipelines.CdkPipeline(this, 'MyPipeline', {
  cloudAssemblyArtifact,
  synthAction: pipelines.SimpleSynthAction.standardNpmSynth({
    sourceArtifact,
    cloudAssemblyArtifact,
    environment: {
      privileged: true,
    },
  }),
});

After turning on privilegedMode: true, you will need to do a one-time manual cdk deploy of your pipeline to get it going again (as with a broken 'synth' the pipeline will not be able to self update to the right state).

S3 error: Access Denied

An "S3 Access Denied" error can have two causes:

• Asset hashes have changed, but self-mutation has been disabled in the pipeline.
• You have deleted and recreated the bootstrap stack, or changed its qualifier.

Self-mutation step has been removed

Some constructs, such as EKS clusters, generate nested stacks. When CloudFormation tries to deploy those stacks, it may fail with this error:

S3 error: Access Denied For more information check http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/ErrorResponses.html

This happens because the pipeline is not self-mutating and, as a consequence, the FileAssetX build projects get out-of-sync with the generated templates. To fix this, make sure the selfMutating property is set to true:

const cloudAssemblyArtifact = new codepipeline.Artifact();
const pipeline = new pipelines.CdkPipeline(this, 'MyPipeline', {
  selfMutating: true,
  cloudAssemblyArtifact,
});

Bootstrap roles have been renamed or recreated

While attempting to deploy an application stage, the "Prepare" or "Deploy" stage may fail with a cryptic error like:

Action execution failed Access Denied (Service: Amazon S3; Status Code: 403; Error Code: AccessDenied; Request ID: 0123456ABCDEFGH; S3 Extended Request ID: 3hWcrVkhFGxfiMb/rTJO0Bk7Qn95x5ll4gyHiFsX6Pmk/NT+uX9+Z1moEcfkL7H3cjH7sWZfeD0=; Proxy: null)

This generally indicates that the roles necessary to deploy have been deleted (or deleted and re-created); for example, if the bootstrap stack has been deleted and re-created, this scenario will happen. Under the hood, the resources that rely on these roles (e.g., cdk-$qualifier-deploy-role-$account-$region) point to different canonical IDs than the recreated versions of these roles, which causes the errors. There are no simple solutions to this issue, and for that reason we strongly recommend that bootstrap stacks not be deleted and re-created once created.

The most automated way to solve the issue is to introduce a secondary bootstrap stack. By changing the qualifier that the pipeline stack looks for, a change will be detected and the impacted policies and resources will be updated. A hypothetical recovery workflow would look something like this:

• First, for all impacted environments, create a secondary bootstrap stack:

$ env CDK_NEW_BOOTSTRAP=1 npx cdk bootstrap \
    --qualifier random1234 \
    --toolkit-stack-name CDKToolkitTemp \
    aws://111111111111/us-east-1

• Update all impacted stacks in the pipeline to use this new qualifier. See https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cdk/latest/guide/bootstrapping.html for more info.

new Stack(this, 'MyStack', {
  // Update this qualifier to match the one used above.
  synthesizer: new cdk.DefaultStackSynthesizer({
    qualifier: 'randchars1234',
  }),
});

• Deploy the updated stacks. This will update the stacks to use the roles created in the new bootstrap stack.
• (Optional) Restore back to the original state:
  • Revert the change made in step #2 above
  • Re-deploy the pipeline to use the original qualifier.
  • Delete the temporary bootstrap stack(s)

Manual Alternative

Alternatively, the errors can be resolved by finding each impacted resource and policy, and correcting the policies by replacing the canonical IDs (e.g., AROAYBRETNYCYV6ZF2R93) with the appropriate ARNs. As an example, the KMS encryption key policy for the artifacts bucket may have a statement that looks like the following:

{
  "Effect" : "Allow",
  "Principal" : {
    // "AWS" : "AROAYBRETNYCYV6ZF2R93"  // Indicates this issue; replace this value
    "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::0123456789012:role/cdk-hnb659fds-deploy-role-0123456789012-eu-west-1", // Correct value
  },
  "Action" : [ "kms:Decrypt", "kms:DescribeKey" ],
  "Resource" : "*"
}

Any resource or policy that references the qualifier (hnb659fds by default) will need to be updated.

This CDK CLI is not compatible with the CDK library used by your application

The CDK CLI version used in your pipeline is too old to read the Cloud Assembly produced by your CDK app.

Most likely this happens in the SelfMutate action, you are passing the cliVersion parameter to control the version of the CDK CLI, and you just updated the CDK framework version that your application uses. You either forgot to change the cliVersion parameter, or changed the cliVersion in the same commit in which you changed the framework version. Because a change to the pipeline settings needs a successful run of the SelfMutate step to be applied, the next iteration of the SelfMutate step still executes with the old CLI version, and that old CLI version is not able to read the cloud assembly produced by the new framework version.

Solution: change the cliVersion first, commit, push and deploy, and only then change the framework version.

We recommend you avoid specifying the cliVersion parameter at all. By default the pipeline will use the latest CLI version, which will support all cloud assembly versions.

Known Issues

There are some usability issues that are caused by underlying technology, and cannot be remedied by CDK at this point. They are reproduced here for completeness.

• Console links to other accounts will not work: the AWS CodePipeline console will assume all links are relative to the current account. You will not be able to use the pipeline console to click through to a CloudFormation stack in a different account.
• If a change set failed to apply the pipeline must restarted: if a change set failed to apply, it cannot be retried. The pipeline must be restarted from the top by clicking Release Change.
• A stack that failed to create must be deleted manually: if a stack failed to create on the first attempt, you must delete it using the CloudFormation console before starting the pipeline again by clicking Release Change.