react-quill

What is react-quill?

react-quill is a React component for Quill, a powerful rich text editor. It provides a customizable and extensible interface for creating and editing content with a variety of formatting options.

What are react-quill's main functionalities?

Basic Usage

This code demonstrates the basic usage of react-quill. It imports the necessary modules, sets up a state to hold the editor's content, and renders the ReactQuill component.

import React, { useState } from 'react';
import ReactQuill from 'react-quill';
import 'react-quill/dist/quill.snow.css';

function MyEditor() {
  const [value, setValue] = useState('');
  return (
    <ReactQuill value={value} onChange={setValue} />
  );
}

export default MyEditor;

Custom Toolbar

This code demonstrates how to create a custom toolbar for the react-quill editor. It defines a CustomToolbar component and uses it in the MyEditor component, specifying the custom toolbar in the modules prop.

import React, { useState } from 'react';
import ReactQuill, { Quill } from 'react-quill';
import 'react-quill/dist/quill.snow.css';

const CustomToolbar = () => (
  <div id="toolbar">
    <button className="ql-bold">Bold</button>
    <button className="ql-italic">Italic</button>
    <select className="ql-color">
      <option value="red"></option>
      <option value="green"></option>
      <option value="blue"></option>
    </select>
  </div>
);

function MyEditor() {
  const [value, setValue] = useState('');
  return (
    <div>
      <CustomToolbar />
      <ReactQuill value={value} onChange={setValue} modules={{ toolbar: '#toolbar' }} />
    </div>
  );
}

export default MyEditor;

Formats and Modules

This code demonstrates how to specify custom formats and modules for the react-quill editor. It defines the formats and modules arrays and passes them as props to the ReactQuill component.

import React, { useState } from 'react';
import ReactQuill from 'react-quill';
import 'react-quill/dist/quill.snow.css';

const formats = [
  'header', 'bold', 'italic', 'underline', 'strike', 'blockquote',
  'list', 'bullet', 'indent',
  'link', 'image'
];

const modules = {
  toolbar: [
    [{ 'header': '1' }, { 'header': '2' }, { 'font': [] }],
    [{ 'list': 'ordered'}, { 'list': 'bullet' }],
    ['bold', 'italic', 'underline', 'strike', 'blockquote'],
    ['link', 'image'],
    [{ 'align': [] }]
  ]
};

function MyEditor() {
  const [value, setValue] = useState('');
  return (
    <ReactQuill value={value} onChange={setValue} modules={modules} formats={formats} />
  );
}

export default MyEditor;

Other packages similar to react-quill

draft-js

draft-js is a framework for building rich text editors in React, developed by Facebook. It provides a more programmatic approach to managing editor state and content, allowing for extensive customization and control over the editor's behavior. Compared to react-quill, draft-js requires more setup and configuration but offers greater flexibility.

slate

slate is another highly customizable framework for building rich text editors in React. It provides a more modern and flexible approach to handling editor state and content, with a focus on immutability and functional programming. Slate is more complex to set up compared to react-quill but offers extensive customization options and control over the editor's behavior.

ckeditor4-react

ckeditor4-react is a React integration for CKEditor 4, a popular WYSIWYG editor. It offers a wide range of features and plugins for content editing, similar to react-quill. CKEditor 4 provides a more traditional WYSIWYG editing experience and is highly configurable, making it a good alternative for users looking for a feature-rich editor.

README

React-Quill

A Quill component for React.

See a live demo or Codepen.

1. Quick start
   1. Import the component
   2. Import the stylesheet
   3. Use the component
   4. Using Deltas
   5. Controlled vs Uncontrolled Mode
2. Options
   1. Theme
   2. Custom Toolbar
   3. Custom Formats
   4. Custom Editing Area
   5. Mixin
3. Upgrading to React-Quill v1.0.0
4. API reference
   1. Exports
   2. Props
   3. Methods
5. Browser support
6. Building and testing
   1. Bundling with Webpack
7. Changelog
8. Contributors
9. License

---

💯 React Quill now supports Quill v1.0.0! Thanks to @clemmy and @alexkrolick for landing this much-awaited change. There are many breaking changes, so be sure to read the migration guide.

---

npm install react-quill
yarn add react-quill

Special thank you to everyone who contributed during the 1.0.0 release cycle!

Quick Start

Import the component

import ReactQuill from 'react-quill'; // ES6
import * as ReactQuill from 'react-quill'; // Typescript
const ReactQuill = require('react-quill'); // CommonJS

Import the stylesheet

Two common examples are shown below. How stylesheets are included in your app depends on build system (Webpack, SCSS, LESS, etc). See the documentation on Themes for more information.

Fetching styles from the CDN

<link rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.quilljs.com/1.2.6/quill.snow.css">

Using css-loader with Webpack or create-react-app

require('react-quill/dist/quill.snow.css'); // CommonJS
import 'react-quill/dist/quill.snow.css'; // ES6

Use the component

class MyComponent extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props)
    this.state = { text: '' } // You can also pass a Quill Delta here
    this.handleChange = this.handleChange.bind(this)
  }

  handleChange(value) {
    this.setState({ text: value })
  }

  render() {
    return (
      <ReactQuill value={this.state.text}
                  onChange={this.handleChange} />
    )
  }
}

Using Deltas

You can pass a Quill Delta, instead of an HTML string, as the value and defaultValue properties. Deltas have a number of advantages over HTML strings, so you might want use them instead. Be aware, however, that comparing Deltas for changes is more expensive than comparing HTML strings, so it might be worth to profile your usage patterns.

Note that switching value from an HTML string to a Delta, or vice-versa, will trigger a change, regardless of whether they represent the same document, so you might want to stick to a format and keep using it consistently throughout.

⚠️ Do not use the delta object you receive from the onChange event as value. This object does not contain the full document, but only the last modifications, and doing so will most likely trigger an infinite loop where the same changes are applied over and over again. Use editor.getContents() during the event to obtain a Delta of the full document instead. ReactQuill will prevent you from making such a mistake, however if you are absolutely sure that this is what you want, you can pass the object through new Delta() again to un-taint it.

Controlled vs Uncontrolled Mode

Pass defaultValue instead of value if you need to use DOM or Quill APIs to imperatively manipulate the editor state. In this "uncontrolled" mode ReactQuill uses the prop as the initial value but allows the element to deviate after that. The onChange callback still works normally.

• Read more about uncontrolled components in the React docs.
• Read more about the available props.

Options

Theme

The Quill editor supports themes. It includes a full-fledged theme, called snow, that is Quill's standard appearance, a bubble theme that is similar to the inline editor on Medium, and a core theme containing only the bare essentials to allow modules like toolbars or tooltips to work.

These stylesheets can be found in the Quill distribution, but for convenience they are also linked in React Quill's dist folder. In a common case you would activate a theme by setting the theme prop. Pass a falsy value (null) to disable the theme.

<ReactQuill theme="snow" /> // or "bubble", null to use minimal core theme

And then link the appropriate stylesheet (only link the CSS for the themes you want to use):

<link rel="stylesheet" href="node_modules/react-quill/dist/quill.snow.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="node_modules/react-quill/dist/quill.bubble.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="node_modules/react-quill/dist/quill.core.css">

This may vary depending how application is structured, directories or otherwise. For example, if you use a CSS pre-processor like SASS, you may want to import that stylesheet inside your own.

Custom Toolbar

Default Toolbar Elements

The Quill Toolbar Module API provides an easy way to configure the default toolbar icons using an array of format names.

Example Code

var MyComponent = React.createClass({

  modules: {
    toolbar: [
      [{ 'header': [1, 2, false] }],
      ['bold', 'italic', 'underline','strike', 'blockquote'],
      [{'list': 'ordered'}, {'list': 'bullet'}, {'indent': '-1'}, {'indent': '+1'}],
      ['link', 'image'],
      ['clean']
    ],
  },

  formats: [
    'header',
    'bold', 'italic', 'underline', 'strike', 'blockquote',
    'list', 'bullet', 'indent',
    'link', 'image'
  ],

  render: function() {
    return (
      <div className="text-editor">
        <ReactQuill theme="snow"
                    modules={this.modules}
                    formats={this.formats}>
        </ReactQuill>
      </div>
    );
  },

});

HTML Toolbar

You can also supply your own HTML/JSX toolbar with custom elements that are not part of the Quill theme.

See this example live on Codepen: Custom Toolbar Example

Example Code

/*
 * Custom "star" icon for the toolbar using an Octicon
 * https://octicons.github.io
 */
const CustomButton = () => <span className="octicon octicon-star" />

/*
 * Event handler to be attached using Quill toolbar module
 * http://quilljs.com/docs/modules/toolbar/
 */
function insertStar () {
  const cursorPosition = this.quill.getSelection().index
  this.quill.insertText(cursorPosition, "★")
  this.quill.setSelection(cursorPosition + 1)
}

/*
 * Custom toolbar component including insertStar button and dropdowns
 */
const CustomToolbar = () => (
  <div id="toolbar">
    <select className="ql-header" defaultValue={""} onChange={e => e.persist()}>
      <option value="1"></option>
      <option value="2"></option>
      <option selected></option>
    </select>
    <button className="ql-bold"></button>
    <button className="ql-italic"></button>
    <select className="ql-color">
      <option value="red"></option>
      <option value="green"></option>
      <option value="blue"></option>
      <option value="orange"></option>
      <option value="violet"></option>
      <option value="#d0d1d2"></option>
      <option selected></option>
    </select>
    <button className="ql-insertStar">
      <CustomButton />
    </button>
  </div>
)

/*
 * Editor component with custom toolbar and content containers
 */
class Editor extends React.Component {
  constructor (props) {
    super(props)
    this.state = { editorHtml: '' }
    this.handleChange = this.handleChange.bind(this)
  }

  handleChange (html) {
  	this.setState({ editorHtml: html });
  }

  render() {
    return (
      <div className="text-editor">
        <CustomToolbar />
        <ReactQuill
          onChange={this.handleChange}
          placeholder={this.props.placeholder}
          modules={Editor.modules}
        />
      </div>
    )
  }
}

/*
 * Quill modules to attach to editor
 * See http://quilljs.com/docs/modules/ for complete options
 */
Editor.modules = {
  toolbar: {
    container: "#toolbar",
    handlers: {
      "insertStar": insertStar,
    }
  }
}

/*
 * Quill editor formats
 * See http://quilljs.com/docs/formats/
 */
Editor.formats = [
  'header', 'font', 'size',
  'bold', 'italic', 'underline', 'strike', 'blockquote',
  'list', 'bullet', 'indent',
  'link', 'image', 'color',
]

/*
 * PropType validation
 */
Editor.propTypes = {
  placeholder: React.PropTypes.string,
}

/*
 * Render component on page
 */
ReactDOM.render(
  <Editor placeholder={'Write something or insert a star ★'}/>,
  document.querySelector('.app')
)

Custom Formats

The component has two types of formats:

1. The default Quill formats that are enabled/disabled using the formats prop. All formats are enabled by default.
2. Custom formats created using Parchment and registered with your component's Quill instance

Example Code

const ReactQuill = require('react-quill'); // CommonJS
import ReactQuill, { Quill } from 'react-quill'; // ES6

/*
 * Example Parchment format from
 * https://quilljs.com/guides/cloning-medium-with-parchment/
 */
let Inline = Quill.import('blots/inline');
class BoldBlot extends Inline { }
BoldBlot.blotName = 'bold';
BoldBlot.tagName = 'strong';
Quill.register(BoldBlot);

/*
 * Editor component with default and custom formats
 */
class MyComponent extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    this.formats = ['italic', 'underline'] // default formats
    this.state = { text: '' }
  }

  handleChange(value) {
    this.setState({text: value})
  }

  render() {
    return (
      <ReactQuill
        value={this.state.text}
        onChange={this.handleChange}
        formats={this.formats} // the custom format is already registered
      />
    )
  }
}

Custom editing area

If you instantiate ReactQuill without children, it will create a <div> for you, to be used as the editing area for Quill. If you prefer, you can specify your own element for ReactQuill to use. Note that <textarea>s are not supported by Quill at this time.

Note: Custom editing areas lose focus when using React 16 as a peer dep at this time (bug).

class MyComponent extends React.Component {

  render() {
    return (
      <ReactQuill>
        <div className="my-editing-area"/>
      </ReactQuill>
    );
  }

});

Mixin

The module exports a mixin which can be used to create custom editor components. (Note that mixins will be deprecated in a future version of React).

Example Code

The ReactQuill default component is built using the mixin. See component.js for source.

import {Mixin} from 'react-quill'

var MyComponent = React.createClass({
  mixins: [ ReactQuill.Mixin ],

  componentDidMount: function() {
    var editor = this.createEditor(
      this.getEditingArea(),
      this.getEditorConfig()
    );
    this.setState({ editor:editor });
  },

  componentWillReceiveProps: function(nextProps) {
    if ('value' in nextProps && nextProps.value !== this.props.value) {
      this.setEditorContents(this.state.editor, nextProps.value);
    }
  },

});

Upgrading to React-Quill v1.0.0

In most cases, ReactQuill will raise useful warnings to help you perform any necessary migration steps.

Please note that many migration steps to Quill v1.0 may also apply.

Expand Upgrade Guide

The toolbar module

With v1.0.0, Quill adopted a new toolbar configuration format, to which React Quill will delegates all toolbar functionality, and which is now the preferred way to customize the toolbar.

Previously, toolbar properties could be set by passing a toolbar prop to React Quill. Pass the same options as modules.toolbar instead.

Read More

+ modules: {
    toolbar: [
       ...
    ],
+ },

  <ReactQuill
-   toolbar={this.toolbar}
+   modules={this.modules}
  />

If you used to provide your own HTML toolbar component, you can still do the same:

+ modules: {
+   toolbar: '#my-toolbar-component',
+ },

  <ReactQuill
-   toolbar="#my-toolbar-component"
+   modules={this.modules}
  />

Note that it is not possible to pass a toolbar component as a child to ReactQuill anymore.

Previously, React Quill would create a custom HTML toolbar for you if you passed a configuration object as the toolbar prop. This will not happen anymore. You can still create a ReactQuill.Toolbar explicitly:

+ modules: {
+   toolbar: '#my-quill-toolbar',
+ },

+ <ReactQuill.Toolbar
+   id='my-quill-toolbar'
+   items={this.oldStyleToolbarItems}
+ />

  <ReactQuill
-   toolbar={this.oldStyleToolbarItems}
+   modules={this.modules}
  />

However, consider switching to the new Quill format instead, or provide your own toolbar component.

React Quill now follows the Quill toolbar format closely. See the Quill toolbar documentation for a complete reference on all supported options.

Custom editing areas and refs

Previously, to provide a custom element for Quill to mount on, it was necessary to pass a child identified by a specific ref: editor.

This is now unnecessary, so you can omit the ref entirely if you don't need it. In addition, any ref you keep won't be stolen from the owner component anymore.

Note, however, that React Quill will now ensure that the element is compatible with Quill. This means that passing a <textarea> now produces an error.

Passing children to ReactQuill

Previously, it was possible to pass arbitrary components as children of React Quill. Their ref would identify them as either a custom toolbar or a custom editing area.

This is not possible anymore, and the only child you can pass now is an optional custom Editing Area element.

Adding custom formats with the formats property is deprecated

As of 1.0.0, use Parchment to define new formats. Use the Quill export from the module to register and extend formats:

Quill.register('formats/CustomFormat', MyCustomFormat);

The styles property

Previously, it was allowed to inject CSS styles by providing an object to the styles property. This option has been removed from Quill 1.0, and support for it in React Quill has gone as well. If you need to inject styles, link an external stylesheet instead.

See the Quill Release Notes.

The pollInterval property

This property previously set the frequency with which Quill polled the DOM for changes. It does not have any effect anymore, and can safely be removed from the props.

API reference

Exports

const ReactQuill = require('react-quill'); // CommonJS
const {Quill, Mixin, Toolbar} = ReactQuill;

import ReactQuill, { Quill, Mixin, Toolbar } from 'react-quill'; // ES6

Mixin : Provides the bridge between React and Quill. ReactQuill implements this mixin; in the same way you can use it to build your own component, or replace it to implement a new core for the default component. Note that mixins are deprecated in React and this export will be replaced by an HOC in the future.

Toolbar : The component that renders the custom ReactQuill toolbar. The default collection of items and color swatches is available as ReactQuill.Toolbar.defaultItems and ReactQuill.Toolbar.defaultColors respectively. ⚠️ The Toolbar component is deprecated since v1.0.0. See upgrading to React Quill v1.0.0.

Quill : The Quill namespace on which you can call registerModule and such.

Props

id : ID to be applied to the DOM element.

className : Classes to be applied to the DOM element.

value : Value for the editor as a controlled component. Can be a string containing HTML, a Quill Delta instance, or a plain object representing a Delta. Note that due to limitations in Quill, this is actually a semi-controlled mode, meaning that the edit is not prevented, but changing value will still replace the contents. Also note that passing a Quill Delta here, and then an HTML string, or vice-versa, will always trigger a change, regardless of whether they represent the same document. ⚠️ Do not pass the delta object from the onChange event as value, as it will cause a loop. See Using Deltas for details.

defaultValue : Initial value for the editor as an uncontrolled component. Can be a string containing HTML, a Quill Delta, or a plain object representing a Delta.

readOnly : If true, the editor won't allow changing its contents. Wraps the Quill disable API.

placeholder : The default value for the empty editor. Note: The Quill API does not support changing this value dynamically. Use refs and data-attributes instead (see #340).

modules : An object specifying which modules are enabled, and their configuration. The editor toolbar is a commonly customized module. See the modules section over the Quill documentation for more information on what modules are available.

formats : An array of formats to be enabled during editing. All implemented formats are enabled by default. See Formats for a list. Custom formats should not be included in the array as of version 1.0.0. Instead they should be created through Parchment and registered with the module's Quill export.

style : An object with custom CSS rules to apply on the editor's container. Rules should be in React's "camelCased" naming style.

theme : The name of the theme to apply to the editor. Defaults to snow, Quill's standard theme. Pass null to use the minimal core theme. See the docs on themes for more information on including the required stylesheets.

tabIndex : The order in which the editor becomes focused, among other controls in the page, during keyboard navigation.

bounds : Selector or DOM element used by Quill to constrain position of popups. Defaults to document.body.

children : A single React element that will be used as the editing area for Quill in place of the default, which is a <div>. Note that you cannot use a <textarea>, as it is not a supported target. Also note that updating children is costly, as it will cause the Quill editor to be recreated. Set the value prop if you want to control the html contents of the editor.

onChange(content, delta, source, editor) : Called back with the new contents of the editor after change. It will be passed the HTML contents of the editor, a delta object expressing the change, the source of the change, and finally a read-only proxy to editor accessors such as getHTML(). ⚠️ Do not use this delta object as value, as it will cause a loop. Use editor.getContents() instead. See Using Deltas for details.

onChangeSelection(range, source, editor) : Called back with the new selected range, or null when unfocused. It will be passed the selection range, the source of the change, and finally a read-only proxy to editor accessors such as getBounds().

onFocus(range, source, editor) : Called when the editor becomes focused. It will receive the new selection range.

onBlur(previousRange, source, editor) : Called when the editor loses focus. It will receive the selection range it had right before losing focus.

onKeyPress(event) : Called after a key has been pressed and released. : Note that, like its native counterpart, this won't be called for special keys such as shift or enter. If you need those, hook onto onKeyDown or onKeyUp.

onKeyDown(event) : Called after a key has been pressed, but before it is released. : Note that, due to how Quill works, it's possible that you won't receive events for keys such as enter, backspace or delete. If that's the case, try hooking onto onKeyUp instead.

onKeyUp(event) : Called after a key has been released.

Methods

If you have a ref to a ReactQuill node, you will be able to invoke the following methods:

focus() : Focuses the editor.

blur() : Removes focus from the editor.

getEditor() : Returns the Quill instance that backs the editor. While you can freely use this to access methods such as getText(), please avoid from imperatively manipulating the instance, to avoid getting ReactQuill and Quill out-of-sync. A much-safer unprivileged editor is available as replacement.

Example

View this example on Codepen

class Editor extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props)
    this.quillRef = null;      // Quill instance
    this.reactQuillRef = null; // ReactQuill component
  }
  
  componentDidMount() {
    this.attachQuillRefs()
  }
  
  componentDidUpdate() {
    this.attachQuillRefs()
  }
  
  attachQuillRefs = () => {
    if (typeof this.reactQuillRef.getEditor !== 'function') return;
    this.quillRef = this.reactQuillRef.getEditor();
  }
  
  insertText = () => {
    var range = this.quillRef.getSelection();
    let position = range ? range.index : 0;
    this.quillRef.insertText(position, 'Hello, World! ')
  }
  
  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        <ReactQuill 
          ref={(el) => { this.reactQuillRef = el }}
          theme={'snow'} />
        <button onClick={this.insertText}>Insert Text</button>
      </div>
    )
  }
}

makeUnprivilegedEditor : Creates an unprivileged editor. Pass this method a reference to the Quill instance from getEditor. Normally you do not need to use this method since the editor exposed to event handlers is already unprivileged.

Example

const editor = this.reactQuillRef.getEditor();
const unprivilegedEditor = this.reactQuillRef.makeUnprivilegedEditor(editor);
// You may now use the unprivilegedEditor proxy methods
unprivilegedEditor.getText();

The unprivileged editor

During events, ReactQuill will make a restricted subset of the Quill API available as the editor argument. This prevents access to destructive methods, which might case ReactQuill to get out-of-sync with the component. It provides the following methods, which are mostly proxies of existing Quill methods:

getLength() : Returns the length of the editor contents, in characters, not including any HTML tag.

getText() : Returns the string contents of the editor, not including any HTML tag.

getHTML() : Returns the full HTML contents of the editor.

getContents() : Returns a Quill Delta of the complete document.

getSelection() : Returns the current selection range, or null if the editor is unfocused.

getBounds() : Returns the pixel position, relative to the editor container, and dimensions, of a selection, at a given location.

Building and testing

You can run the automated test suite:

npm test

And build a minificated version of the source:

npm run build

More tasks are available on the Makefile:

lint: lints the source
spec: runs the test specs
coverage: runs the code coverage test
test: lint, spec and coverage threshold test
build: builds the minified version

Note that dist is ignored in the git repository as of version 1.0.0. If you need to use the built files without downloading the package from NPM, you can run the build tasks yourself or use a CDN like unpkg.

Bundling with Webpack

Quill ships only a pre-built javascript file, so Webpack will complain after building a bundle:

Error: ./~/react-quill/~/quill/dist/quill.js
Critical dependencies:
6:478-485 This seems to be a pre-built javascript file. Though this is possible, it's not recommended. Try to require the original source to get better results.
@ ./~/react-quill/~/quill/dist/quill.js 6:478-485

The warning is harmless, but if you want to silence it you can avoid parsing Quill by adding this to your Webpack configuration:

module: {
  // Shut off warnings about using pre-built javascript files
  // as Quill.js unfortunately ships one as its `main`.
  noParse: /node_modules\/quill\/dist/
}

See #7 for more details.

Browser support

Please check the browser support table for the upstream Quill dependency. The React part of the codebase is ES5-compatible.

Changelog

Full changelog

Contributors

React Quill would not be where it is today without the contributions of many people, which we are incredibly grateful for:

• @zenoamaro (maintainer)
• @alexkrolick (maintainer)
• @clemmy
• @asiniy
• @webcarrot
• @druti
• @e-jigsaw
• @zhang-z
• @Sajam
• @0bird512
• @jacktrades
• @1000hz
• @kkerr1
• @csk157
• @Janekk
• @AndyTheGiant
• @chrismcv
• @wouterh
• @tdg5
• @jrmmnr
• @l3kn
• @rpellerin
• @sandbochs
• @wouterh
• @MattKunze

Roadmap

• React 0.14 support
• Quill v1.0.0+ support
• Tests!
• Compatibility with React 16
• Additional APIs for working with Quill

License

The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2016, zenoamaro [e-mail]

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.