LHC is an extended/advanced HTTP client. Implementing basic http-communication enhancements like interceptors, exception handling, format handling, accessing response data, configuring endpoints and placeholders and fully compatible, RFC-compliant URL-template support.
LHC uses typhoeus for low level http communication.
See LHS, if you are searching for something more high level that can query webservices easily and provides an ActiveRecord like interface.
gem install lhc
or add it to your Gemfile:
gem 'lhc'
use it like:
response = LHC.get('http://datastore/v2/feedbacks')
response.data.items[0]
response.data.items[0].recommended
response.body
response.headers
Available are get, post, put & delete.
Other methods are available using LHC.request(options).
The request class handles the http request, implements the interceptor pattern, loads configured endpoints, generates urls from url-templates and raises exceptions for any response code that is not indicating success (2xx).
response = LHC.request(url: 'http://local.ch', method: :options)
response.request.response #<LHC::Response> the associated response.
response.request.options #<Hash> the options used for creating the request.
response.request.params # access request params
response.request.headers # access request headers
response.request.url #<String> URL that is used for doing the request
response.request.method #<Symbol> provides the used http-method
You can use any of the basic methods in combination with a format like json:
LHC.json.get(options)
Currently supported formats: json, multipart, plain (for no formatting)
If formats are used, headers for Content-Type and Accept are enforced by LHC, but also http bodies are translated by LHC, so you can pass bodies as ruby objects:
LHC.json.post('http://slack', body: { text: 'Hi there' })
# Content-Type: application/json
# Accept: application/json
# Translates body to "{\"text\":\"Hi there\"}" before sending
If you use LHC's basic methods LHC.get, LHC.post etc. without any explicit format, JSON will be chosen as the default format.
In case you need to send requests without LHC formatting headers or the body, use plain:
LHC.plain.post('http://endpoint', body: { weird: 'format%s2xX' })
If you want to upload data with LHC, it's recommended to use the multipart format:
response = LHC.multipart.post('http://upload', body: { file })
response.headers['Location']
# Content-Type: multipart/form-data
# Leaves body unformatted
If you pass an array of requests to LHC.request, it will perform those requests in parallel.
You will get back an array of LHC::Response objects in the same order of the passed requests.
options = []
options << { url: 'http://datastore/v2/feedbacks' }
options << { url: 'http://datastore/v2/content-ads/123/feedbacks' }
responses = LHC.request(options)
LHC.request([request1, request2, request3])
# returns [response1, response2, response3]
LHC.get('http://local.ch', followlocation: true)
Data that is transfered using the HTTP request body is transfered using the selected format, or the default json, so you need to provide it as a ruby object.
Also consider setting the http header for content-type or use one of the provided formats, like LHC.json.
LHC.post('http://datastore/v2/feedbacks',
body: feedback,
headers: { 'Content-Type' => 'application/json' }
)
When using LHC, try to pass params via params option. It's not recommended to build a url and attach the parameters yourself:
DO
LHC.get('http://local.ch', params: { q: 'Restaurant' })
DON'T
LHC.get('http://local.ch?q=Restaurant')
LHC can encode array parameters in URLs in two ways. The default is :rack which generates URL parameters compatible with Rack and Rails.
LHC.get('http://local.ch', params: { q: [1, 2] })
# http://local.ch?q[]=1&q[]=2
Some Java-based apps expect their arrays in the :multi format:
LHC.get('http://local.ch', params: { q: [1, 2] }, params_encoding: :multi)
# http://local.ch?q=1&q=2
LHC, by default, encodes urls:
LHC.get('http://local.ch?q=some space')
# http://local.ch?q=some%20space
LHC.get('http://local.ch', params: { q: 'some space' })
# http://local.ch?q=some%20space
which can be disabled:
LHC.get('http://local.ch?q=some space', url_encoding: false)
# http://local.ch?q=some space
Instead of using concrete urls you can also use url-templates that contain placeholders.
This is especially handy for configuring an endpoint once and generate the url from the params when doing the request.
Since version 7.0 url templates follow the RFC 6750.
LHC.get('http://datastore/v2/feedbacks/{id}', params:{ id: 123 })
# GET http://datastore/v2/feedbacks/123
You can also use URL templates, when configuring endpoints:
LHC.configure do |c|
c.endpoint(:find_feedback, 'http://datastore/v2/feedbacks/{id}')
end
LHC.get(:find_feedback, params:{ id: 123 }) # GET http://datastore/v2/feedbacks/123
If you miss to provide a parameter that is part of the url-template, it will raise an exception.
Working and configuring timeouts is important, to ensure your app stays alive when services you depend on start to get really slow...
LHC forwards two timeout options directly to typhoeus:
timeout (in seconds) - The maximum time in seconds that you allow the libcurl transfer operation to take. Normally, name lookups can take a considerable time and limiting operations to less than a few seconds risk aborting perfectly normal operations. This option may cause libcurl to use the SIGALRM signal to timeout system calls.
connecttimeout (in seconds) - It should contain the maximum time in seconds that you allow the connection phase to the server to take. This only limits the connection phase, it has no impact once it has connected. Set to zero to switch to the default built-in connection timeout - 300 seconds.
LHC.get('http://local.ch', timeout: 5, connecttimeout: 1)
LHC provides a timeout interceptor that lets you apply default timeout values to all the requests that you are performig in your application.
LHC identifies itself towards outher services, using the User-Agent header.
User-Agent LHC (9.4.2) [https://github.com/local-ch/lhc]
If LHC is used in an Rails Application context, also the application name is added to the User-Agent header.
User-Agent LHC (9.4.2; MyRailsApplicationName) [https://github.com/local-ch/lhc]
response.request #<LHC::Request> the associated request.
response.data #<OpenStruct> in case response body contains parsable JSON.
response.data.something.nested
response.body #<String>
response.code #<Fixnum>
response.headers #<Hash>
response.time #<Fixnum> Provides response time in ms.
response.timeout? #true|false
The response data can be access with dot-notation and square-bracket notation. You can convert response data to open structs or json (if the response format is json).
response = LHC.request(url: 'http://datastore/entry/1')
response.data.as_open_struct #<OpenStruct name='local.ch'>
response.data.as_json # { name: 'local.ch' }
response.data.name # 'local.ch'
response.data[:name] # 'local.ch'
You can also access response data directly through the response object (with square bracket notation only):
LHC.json.get(url: 'http://datastore/entry/1')[:name]
Anything but a response code indicating success (2xx) raises an exception.
LHC.get('localhost') # UnknownError: 0
LHC.get('http://localhost:3000') # LHC::Timeout: 0
You can access the response object that was causing the error.
LHC.get('local.ch')
rescue => e
e.response #<LHC:Response>
e.response.code # 403
e.response.timeout? # false
Rails.logger.error e
# LHC::UnknownError: get http://local.cac
# Params: {:url=>"http://local.cac", :method=>:get}
# Response Code: 0
# <Response Body>
All errors that are raise by LHC inherit from LHC::Error.
They are divided into LHC::ClientError, LHC::ServerError, LHC::Timeout and LHC::UnkownError and mapped according to the following status code.
400 => LHC::BadRequest
401 => LHC::Unauthorized
402 => LHC::PaymentRequired
403 => LHC::Forbidden
403 => LHC::Forbidden
404 => LHC::NotFound
405 => LHC::MethodNotAllowed
406 => LHC::NotAcceptable
407 => LHC::ProxyAuthenticationRequired
408 => LHC::RequestTimeout
409 => LHC::Conflict
410 => LHC::Gone
411 => LHC::LengthRequired
412 => LHC::PreconditionFailed
413 => LHC::RequestEntityTooLarge
414 => LHC::RequestUriToLong
415 => LHC::UnsupportedMediaType
416 => LHC::RequestedRangeNotSatisfiable
417 => LHC::ExpectationFailed
422 => LHC::UnprocessableEntity
423 => LHC::Locked
424 => LHC::FailedDependency
426 => LHC::UpgradeRequired
500 => LHC::InternalServerError
501 => LHC::NotImplemented
502 => LHC::BadGateway
503 => LHC::ServiceUnavailable
504 => LHC::GatewayTimeout
505 => LHC::HttpVersionNotSupported
507 => LHC::InsufficientStorage
510 => LHC::NotExtended
timeout? => LHC::Timeout
anything_else => LHC::UnknownError
You can provide custom error handlers to handle errors happening during the request.
If a error handler is provided nothing is raised.
If your error handler returns anything else but nil it replaces the response body.
handler = ->(response){ do_something_with_response; return {name: 'unknown'} }
response = LHC.get('http://something', error_handler: handler)
response.data.name # 'unknown'
As it's discouraged to rescue errors and then don't handle them (ruby styleguide)[https://github.com/bbatsov/ruby-style-guide#dont-hide-exceptions],
but you often want to continue working with nil, LHC provides the ignored_errors option.
Errors listed in this option will not be raised and will leave the response.body and response.data to stay nil.
response = LHC.get('http://something', ignored_errors: [LHC::NotFound])
response.body # nil
response.data # nil
response.error_ignored? # true
response.request.error_ignored? # true
If you want to configure LHC, do it on initialization (like in a Rails initializer, environment.rb or application.rb), otherwise you could run into the problem that certain configurations can only be set once.
You can use LHC.configure to prevent the initialization problem.
Take care that you only use LHC.configure once, because it is actually reseting previously made configurations and applies the new once.
LHC.configure do |c|
c.placeholder :datastore, 'http://datastore'
c.endpoint :feedbacks, '{+datastore}/feedbacks', params: { has_reviews: true }
c.interceptors = [CachingInterceptor, MonitorInterceptor, TrackingIdInterceptor]
end
You can configure endpoints, for later use, by giving them a name, a url and some parameters (optional).
LHC.configure do |c|
c.endpoint(:feedbacks, 'http://datastore/v2/feedbacks', params: { has_reviews: true })
c.endpoint(:find_feedback, 'http://datastore/v2/feedbacks/{id}')
end
LHC.get(:feedbacks) # GET http://datastore/v2/feedbacks
LHC.get(:find_feedback, params:{ id: 123 }) # GET http://datastore/v2/feedbacks/123
Explicit request options override configured options.
LHC.get(:feedbacks, params: { has_reviews: false }) # Overrides configured params
You can configure global placeholders, that are used when generating urls from url-templates.
LHC.configure do |c|
c.placeholder(:datastore, 'http://datastore')
c.endpoint(:feedbacks, '{+datastore}/feedbacks', { params: { has_reviews: true } })
end
LHC.get(:feedbacks) # http://datastore/v2/feedbacks
To monitor and manipulate the HTTP communication done with LHC, you can define interceptors that follow the (Inteceptor Pattern)[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_pattern]. There are some interceptors that are part of LHC already, so called Core Interceptors, that cover some basic usecases.
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [LHC::Auth, LHC::Caching, LHC::DefaultTimeout, LHC::Logging, LHC::Monitoring, LHC::Prometheus, LHC::Retry, LHC::Rollbar, LHC::Zipkin]
end
You can only set the list of global interceptors once and you can not alter it after you set it.
You can override the global list of interceptors on local request level:
interceptors = LHC.config.interceptors
interceptors -= [LHC::Caching] # remove caching
interceptors += [LHC::Retry] # add retry
LHC.request({url: 'http://local.ch', retry: 2, interceptors: interceptors})
LHC.request({url: 'http://local.ch', interceptors: []}) # no interceptor for this request at all
Add the auth interceptor to your basic set of LHC interceptors.
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [LHC::Auth]
end
LHC.get('http://local.ch', auth: { bearer: -> { access_token } })
Adds the following header to the request:
'Authorization': 'Bearer 123456'
Assuming the method access_token responds on runtime of the request with 123456.
LHC.get('http://local.ch', auth: { basic: { username: 'steve', password: 'can' } })
Adds the following header to the request:
'Authorization': 'Basic c3RldmU6Y2Fu'
Which is the base64 encoded credentials "username:password".
The current implementation can only offer reauthenticate for client access tokens. For this to work the following has to be given:
LHC::Auth.refresh_client_token = -> { TokenRefreshUtil.client_access_token(true) } which when called will force a refresh of the token and return the new value. It is also expected that this implementation will handle invalidating caches if necessary.LHC::Auth and LHC::Retry, whereas LHC::Retry comes after LHC::Auth in the chain.Reauthentication will be initiated if:
response.success? is false and an LHC::Unauthorized was observedIf this is the case, this happens:
refresh_client_tokenLHC::Retry will be triggered by adding retry: { max: 1 } to the request optionsAdd the cache interceptor to your basic set of LHC interceptors.
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [LHC::Caching]
end
You can configure your own cache (default Rails.cache) and logger (default Rails.logger):
LHC::Caching.cache = ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new
LHC::Caching.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
Caching is not enabled by default, although you added it to your basic set of interceptors. If you want to have requests served/stored and stored in/from cache, you have to enable it by request.
LHC.get('http://local.ch', cache: true)
You can also enable caching when configuring an endpoint in LHS.
class Feedbacks < LHS::Service
endpoint '{+datastore}/v2/feedbacks', cache: true
end
Only GET requests are cached by default. If you want to cache any other request method, just configure it:
LHC.get('http://local.ch', cache: { methods: [:get] })
Responses served from cache are marked as served from cache:
response = LHC.get('http://local.ch', cache: true)
response.from_cache? # true
LHC.get('http://local.ch', cache: { key: 'key' expires_in: 1.day, race_condition_ttl: 15.seconds, use: ActiveSupport::Cache::MemoryStore.new })
expires_in - lets the cache expires every X seconds.
key - Set the key that is used for caching by using the option. Every key is prefixed with LHC_CACHE(v1): .
race_condition_ttl - very useful in situations where a cache entry is used very frequently and is under heavy load.
If a cache expires and due to heavy load several different processes will try to read data natively and then they all will try to write to cache.
To avoid that case the first process to find an expired cache entry will bump the cache expiration time by the value set in cache_race_condition_ttl.
use - Set an explicit cache to be used for this request. If this option is missing LHC::Caching.cache is used.
Applies default timeout values to all requests made in an application, that uses LHC.
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [LHC::DefaultTimeout]
end
timeout default: 15 seconds
connecttimeout default: 2 seconds
LHC::DefaultTimeout.timeout = 5 # seconds
LHC::DefaultTimeout.connecttimeout = 3 # seconds
The logging interceptor logs all requests done with LHC to the Rails logs.
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [LHC::Logging]
end
LHC::Logging.logger = Rails.logger
The logging Interceptor logs basic information about the request and the response:
LHC.get('http://local.ch')
# Before LHC request<70128730317500> GET http://local.ch at 2018-05-23T07:53:19+02:00 Params={} Headers={\"User-Agent\"=>\"Typhoeus - https://github.com/typhoeus/typhoeus\", \"Expect\"=>\"\"}
# After LHC response for request<70128730317500>: GET http://local.ch at 2018-05-23T07:53:28+02:00 Time=0ms URL=http://local.ch:80/
You can configure the logger beeing used by the logging interceptor:
LHC::Logging.logger = Another::Logger
The monitoring interceptor reports all requests done with LHC to a given StatsD instance.
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [LHC::Monitoring]
end
You also have to configure statsd in order to have the monitoring interceptor report.
LHC::Monitoring.statsd = <your-instance-of-statsd>
By default, the monitoring interceptor uses Rails.env to determine the environment. In case you want to configure that, use:
LHC::Monitoring.env = ENV['DEPLOYMENT_TYPE'] || Rails.env
It tracks request attempts with before_request and after_request (counts).
In case your workers/processes are getting killed due limited time constraints, you are able to detect deltas with relying on "before_request", and "after_request" counts:
"lhc.<app_name>.<env>.<host>.<http_method>.before_request", 1
"lhc.<app_name>.<env>.<host>.<http_method>.after_request", 1
In case of a successful response it reports the response code with a count and the response time with a gauge value.
LHC.get('http://local.ch')
"lhc.<app_name>.<env>.<host>.<http_method>.count", 1
"lhc.<app_name>.<env>.<host>.<http_method>.200", 1
"lhc.<app_name>.<env>.<host>.<http_method>.time", 43
Timeouts are also reported:
"lhc.<app_name>.<env>.<host>.<http_method>.timeout", 1
All the dots in the host are getting replaced with underscore, because dot is the default separator in graphite.
It is possible to set the key for Monitoring Interceptor on per request basis:
LHC.get('http://local.ch', monitoring_key: 'local_website')
"local_website.count", 1
"local_website.200", 1
"local_website.time", 43
If you use this approach you need to add all namespaces (app, environment etc.) to the key on your own.
Logs basic request/response information to prometheus.
require 'prometheus/client'
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [LHC::Prometheus]
end
LHC::Prometheus.client = Prometheus::Client
LHC::Prometheus.namespace = 'web_location_app'
LHC.get('http://local.ch')
Creates a prometheus counter that receives additional meta information for: :code, :success and :timeout.
Creates a prometheus histogram for response times in milliseconds.
If you enable the retry interceptor, you can have LHC retry requests for you:
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [LHC::Retry]
end
response = LHC.get('http://local.ch', retry: true)
It will try to retry the request up to 3 times (default) internally, before it passes the last response back, or raises an error for the last response.
Consider, that all other interceptors will run for every single retry.
LHC.get('http://local.ch', retry: { max: 1 })
LHC::Retry.max = 3
If you want to retry all requests made from your application, you just need to configure it globally:
LHC::Retry.all = true
configuration.interceptors = [LHC::Retry]
If you do not want to retry based on certain response codes, use retry in combination with explicit ignore_errors:
LHC.get('http://local.ch', ignore_errors: [LHC::NotFound], retry: { max: 1 })
Or if you use LHC::Retry.all:
LHC.get('http://local.ch', ignore_errors: [LHC::NotFound])
Forward errors to rollbar when exceptions occur during http requests.
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [LHC::Rollbar]
end
LHC.get('http://local.ch')
If it raises, it forwards the request and response object to rollbar, which contain all necessary data.
LHC.get('http://local.ch', rollbar: { tracking_key: 'this particular request' })
The throttle interceptor allows you to raise an exception if a predefined quota of a provider request limit is reached in advance.
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [LHC::Throttle]
end
options = {
throttle: {
track: true, # enables tracking of current limit/remaining requests of rate-limiting
break: '80%', # quota in percent after which errors are raised. Percentage symbol is optional, values will be converted to integer (e.g. '23.5' will become 23)
provider: 'local.ch', # name of the provider under which throttling tracking is aggregated,
limit: { header: 'Rate-Limit-Limit' }, # either a hard-coded integer, or a hash pointing at the response header containing the limit value
remaining: { header: 'Rate-Limit-Remaining' }, # a hash pointing at the response header containing the current amount of remaining requests
expires: { header: 'Rate-Limit-Reset' } # a hash pointing at the response header containing the timestamp when the quota will reset
}
}
LHC.get('http://local.ch', options)
# { headers: { 'Rate-Limit-Limit' => 100, 'Rate-Limit-Remaining' => 19 } }
LHC.get('http://local.ch', options)
# raises LHC::Throttle::OutOfQuota: Reached predefined quota for local.ch
** Zipkin 0.33 breaks our current implementation of the Zipkin interceptor **
Zipkin is a distributed tracing system. It helps gather timing data needed to troubleshoot latency problems in microservice architectures Zipkin Distributed Tracing.
Add the zipkin interceptor to your basic set of LHC interceptors.
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [LHC::Zipkin]
end
The following configuration needs to happen in the application that wants to run this interceptor:
gem 'zipkin-tracer', '< 0.33.0' to your Gemfile.config.middleware.use ZipkinTracer::RackHandler, {
service_name: 'service-name', # name your service will be known as in zipkin
service_port: 80, # the port information that is sent along the trace
json_api_host: 'http://zipkin-collector', # the zipkin endpoint
sample_rate: 1 # sample rate, where 1 = 100% of all requests, and 0.1 is 10% of all requests
}
class TrackingIdInterceptor < LHC::Interceptor
def before_request
request.params[:tid] = 123
end
end
LHC.configure do |c|
c.interceptors = [TrackingIdInterceptor]
end
before_raw_request is called before the raw typhoeus request is prepared/created.
before_request is called when the request is prepared and about to be executed.
after_request is called after request was started.
before_response is called when response started to arrive.
after_response is called after the response arrived completely.
Every interceptor can directly access their instance request or response.
Inside an interceptor, you are able to provide a response, rather then doing a real request. This is useful for implementing e.g. caching.
class LHC::Cache < LHC::Interceptor
def before_request(request)
cached_response = Rails.cache.fetch(request.url)
return LHC::Response.new(cached_response) if cached_response
end
end
Take care that having more than one interceptor trying to return a response will cause an exception. You can access the request.response to identify if a response was already provided by another interceptor.
class RemoteCacheInterceptor < LHC::Interceptor
def before_request(request)
return unless request.response.nil?
return LHC::Response.new(remote_cache)
end
end
When writing tests for your application when using LHC, please make sure you require the lhc rspec test helper:
# spec/spec_helper.rb
require 'lhc/rspec'
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