units

Provides support for quantities and units, which strictly disallow invalid operations between incompatible quantities. For example, we cannot add 2 metres to 5 seconds, because this doesn't make sense.

Why?

From Wikipedia:

The Mars Climate Orbiter was intended to enter orbit at an altitude of 140-150 km (460,000-500,000 ft.) above Mars. However, a navigation error caused the spacecraft to reach as low as 57 km (190,000 ft.). The spacecraft was destroyed by atmospheric stresses and friction at this low altitude. The navigation error arose because a NASA subcontractor (Lockheed Martin) used Imperial units (pound-seconds) instead of the metric system.

Installation

This module is distributed via PyPI. So, you can do::

pip install units

or::

easy_install units

or, you can download a bundle yourself at http://pypi.python.org/pypi/units/

If you want the latest::

pip install -e hg+https://bitbucket.org/adonohue/units/#egg=units

How to Use

Make Quantities

Units are objects that you use to make quantities::

from units import unit metre = unit('m') print(metre(7) + metre(11)) 18.00 m

You can mix and match these quantities in some ways::

from units import unit metre = unit('m') second = unit('s') print(metre(10) / second(2)) 5.00 m / s print(metre(10) ** 3) 1000.00 m * m * m

But if you make a mistake, you get a safety net::

from units import unit try: ... unit('m')(5) + unit('s')(5) ... except units.exception.IncompatibleUnitsError: ... print('Got an error!') Got an error!

Make Your Own Units

Before you start making your own units, you should check out the units that you get for free::

import units.predefined units.predefined.define_units()

It includes all the official SI units, some units for measuring time such as days and weeks, units for volumes like cups, gallons and litres, imperial units and more.

You've already seen how to make your own simple units. You call the unit function and give it a string::

from units import unit blog = unit('blog') print(blog(3)) 3.00 blog

These units are automatically incompatible with other units.

You can combine units with multiplication and division to make new units::

from units import unit blogs_per_network = unit('blog') / unit('network') print(blogs_per_network(2.34)) 2.34 blog / network

There's a built-in shortcut for making new units that are scalar multiples of other units::

from units import unit, scaled_unit sickle = scaled_unit('sickle', 'knut', 29) galleon = scaled_unit('galleon', 'sickle', 17) knut = unit('knut') galleon(3.0) + sickle(1.0) - knut(25.0) == knut(1483) True

There's also a shortcut for giving names to slightly more complicated units::

from units import unit, named_unit from units.predefined import define_units define_units() twp = named_unit('tweetpack', ['tweet', 'meme'], ['day'], 5)

A tweetpack is 5 tweetmemes per day

print(twp(2)) 2.00 tweetpack tweet, meme, day = [unit(x) for x in ['tweet', 'meme', 'day']] print(twp(5) - (tweet(5) * meme(4) / day(2))) 3.00 tweetpack

If two units are compatible, you can convert between them easily::

from units import unit from units.predefined import define_units define_units() furlongs_per_fortnight = unit('fur') / unit('fortnight') kph = unit('km') / unit('h') print(furlongs_per_fortnight(kph(100))) 167024.58 fur / fortnight

You can also use lower-level constructors to make your own units and quantities. The ways shown above are easier, though.

Warnings

This module doesn't solve problems with numerical accuracy or floating point conversions, and Python 2 vs. 3 issues abound::

from units import unit unit('m')(5) / unit('m')(7)

0 in Python 2.x, 0.7142857142857143 in Python 3.

More dangerously, certain internal operations have implicit arithmetic that can surprise you::

from units import unit, scaled_unit sickle = scaled_unit('sickle', 'knut', 29) galleon = scaled_unit('galleon', 'sickle', 17) knut = unit('knut') galleon(3) + sickle(1) - knut(25) == galleon(3)

True in Python 2.x, False in Python 3

Using Modified Python

In units-enhanced Python, you can do::

print(2cm / 0.5 s) -> 4.0 cm / s

Units-enhanced Python is a version of PyPy with built-in support for units. You can find it in the unitPython directory. Essentially, apply the supplied patches to r66797 of PyPy. If you're on a suitable UNIX, the included unitPython/unitPython.sh does this for you.

@requires: U{Pythonhttp://python.org/} >= 2.5 @since: 2009-Aug-10 @status: under development