es5class

ES5-Class

A Class object that enables native prototypal inheritance for Node and modern browsers.

It's called class because it encapsulate your methods, provide inheritance, set static and prototype methods and variables, and provide helper functions along all your instances.

Why should we write code like if we were in 2010? Read on!

• Inheritance made easy
• It's freaking fast, check the benchmark section
• Uses Object.setPrototypeOf (when available, using __proto__ when isn't), Object.create and Object.defineProperty ES5/ES6 methods to enable native prototypal inheritance with proper settings (enumerable, configurable, writable)
• Works with Node.js 0.8.x and up, and modern browsers.
• Functions to implement other class methods and include other instance/prototype methods
• The $implement method imports both prototype and class methods
• The $include method imports prototype methods, and class methods as prototype
• Takes advantage of ES5 non-writable properties to disable the possibility of messing up the classes
• Ability to inherit from multiple classes using arrays using Class.$define('YourClass', [Class1, Class2, Class3]) without setting the $parent class, working like a mixin
• Inject and call $super to reach the parent instance class function or extended class method
• Call this.$parent to reach the parent class definition
• Inject mixin code (as plain objects, functions or other classes) using $include/$implement
• Extend static class methods and properties with $implement
• $implements array property contain all classes that were implemented into the current class
• The construct method is called with arguments when the class is instantiated
• $class is available everywhere, it returns the current class, even before instantiation
• You are free to instantiate your class using Class.$create(arguments), Class(arguments) and new Class(arguments)

Breaking changes

Version 1.x had this.$super call, but it wasn't "async safe". If you would execute it in an asynchronous (setImmediate, setTimeout, inside Promises or other callbacks), this.$super could be either undefined or be another function, since this.$super was a global state variable on the instance.

To solve this, the $super (idea taken from Prototype.js) must be injected as the first parameter on your function.

Before you'd call your $super classes like this:

var Base = ES5Class.$define('Base', {
    construct: function(that, those){
        this.that = that;
        this.those = those;
    }
});
var Sub = Base.$define('Sub', {
    construct: function(){
        this.$super('that','those');
    }
});

Sub.$create('those');

In version 2.x, you need to call it like:

var Base = ES5Class.$define('Base', {
    construct: function(that, those){
        this.that = that;
        this.those = those;
    }
});
var Sub = Base.$define('Sub', {
    construct: function($super, those){
        $super('that', those);
    }
});

Sub.$create('those');

$super is merely a shortcut for this.$parent.prototype.fn.apply(this, arguments); (actually a bit fancier than that). Nothing stops you from doing that by yourself (if you don't fancy the $super argument)

In version 2.x you'll also need better-curry as a dependency.

Contributors

• bfil
• pocesar

Install

$ npm install es5class

$ bower install es5class

// In node.js
var ES5Class = require('es5class');

// or in the browser
window.ES5Class

// or with RequireJS
define(['ES5Class'], function(ES5Class){

});

Documentation

See docs in ES5Class Documentation

Example usage

Creating a new class

var Animal = Class.$define(
  // Class Name
  'Animal',
  // Prototype methods/variables, these will only be available through a class instance, in this case, through Animal.$create('Name')
  {
    construct: function (name){ // this is called automatically on instantiation
      this.name = name;
    },
    getName  : function (){
      return this.name;
    }
  },
  // Class methods/variables, this will only be available through Animal, as in Animal.count or Animal.getCount()
  {
    count   : 0,
    getCount: function (){
      return this.count;
    }
  }
);

Class inheritance

var Bird = Animal.$define('Bird', {
  construct: function ($super, name, canFly){
    if (canFly) {
      this.canFly = canFly;
    }
    $super(name + ' Bird'); // calls parent class constructor, calls Animal.prototype.construct and set this.name = 'Yellow ' + name
  },
  canFly   : false
});

Extending a prototype

Bird.$include({ // include is like doing _.extend(Bird.prototype, {}) but with proper wrapping the methods for $super access
  fly: function (){
    if (this.canFly) {
      console.log(this.name + ' flies!');
    } else {
      console.log(this.name + ' cant fly');
    }
  }
});

Implement

// "Implement" import prototype (if any) and class methods from the given object, to the class declaration and the prototype
var
    Class1 = Class.$define('Class1'),
    obj = {yup: true},
    h = function(){};

h.prototype.nope = false;

Class1.$implement([obj, h]);

console.log(Class1.yup); // true (imported to the class declaration)
console.log(Class1.$create().nope); // false (imported to the prototype)

You can all the inheriting class construct by passing the second parameter, for example:

var EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter;

// this code is the same as
Class.$define('MyEventEmitter', function(){
    this.$implement(EventEmitter);

    return {
        construct: function(){
            EventEmitter.call(this);
        }
    };
});

// this one (much cleaner)
Class.$define('MyEventEmitter').$implement(EventEmitter, true);

// There's no need for the construct + implement if you are just creating an inheritance from another Node.js class
// So it's easier to set the second parameter of implement to true, it will call the parent class constructor
// automatically

Because it's really easy to forget to initialize the inheriting class

Include

// "Implement" import class methods *ONLY* from the given object, to the class declaration prototype *ONLY*
var
    Class1 = Class.$define('Class1'),
    obj = {yup: true},
    h = function(){};

h.prototype.nope = false;
h.yep = false;

Class1.$include([obj, h]);

console.log(Class1.$create().yup); // true (imported to the prototype)
console.log(Class1.nope); // undefined (not imported since it's in the prototype of the "h" object)
console.log(Class1.$create().nope); // undefined (not imported since it's in the prototype of the "h" object)
console.log(Class1.$create().yep); // false (imported to the prototype since it's in the declaration of the "h" object)

Inherit from any existing Node.js class

var MyEventClass = Class.$define('MyEventEmitter', function(){
  var base = this;
  base.$implement(require('events').EventEmitter); // inherit from EventEmitter

  return {
      construct: function(){
          var self = this;
          process.nextTick(function(){
              self.emit('created', base); // we can use it in construct already!
          });
      }
  };
});

MyEventClass.$create().on('created', function(base){
    expect(base).to.eql(MyEventClass);
    expect(base.prototype.on).to.be.a('function');
});

Encapsulate logic by passing a closure

Bird.$include(function (_super){ // _super is the Animal prototype (the parent), it contains only "construct" and "getName" per definitions above
  // "super" is a javascript reserved word, that's why it's being called _super here
  var timesBeaked = 0;
  // "this" refers to the current Class definition, that is, Bird, so you can access
  // static variables plus the prototype, before it's [re]defined
  //
  // this.prototype.getName();
  // this.count
  //
  // you may want to set var self = this; for usage inside the functions
  return {
    beak: function (){
      return ++timesBeaked;
    }
  };
});

Bird.$implement(function (_super){ // _super is the Animal class itself (the parent)
  // "this" refers to the current Class definition, the same way it happens
  // when extending the prototype (using $include), you may access this.prototype in
  // here as well
  var catalog = {};
  return {
    catalog: function (bird){ // Bird.catalog() is now available
      if (arguments.length) {
        for(var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
          catalog[arguments[i].name] = arguments[i];
        }
      }
      return catalog;
    }
  };
});

Extending a class

// These functions and values persist between class creation, serve as static methods
Animal.$implement({
    run: function() {
        for(var i=1; i<=10; i++) {
            this.ran++; // this refer to the current class definition (either Dog, Animal or Cat)
            // you may change it to Animal.ran to make the same value available to all classes
            // also, you may use the this.$parent.ran to set it always on the Animal class when
            // calling on extended classes (Dog and Cat)
            console.log("Animal ran for " + i + " miles!");
        }
    },
    ran: 0
});

var Dog = Animal.$define('Dog');
Animal.run(); // Dog.ran and Animal.ran are 10
var Cat = Animal.$define('Cat');
Cat.run(); // Cat.ran is 20, Dog.ran and Animal.ran are 10
Dog.run(); //
Dog.run(); // Cat.ran is 20, Dog.ran is 30 and Animal.ran is 10

// If you implement the same method, you can update the parent using this.$parent
// If you want to update the parent value, you can also use this.$parent.ran
Dog.$implement({
    run: function(){
        this.ran += 10;
        this.$parent.run(); // Animal.ran is now 20
    }
});

Dog.run(); // Dog.ran is now 40, Animal.ran and Cat.ran are now 20

Creating an instance

var animal = Animal.$create("An Animal");
var bird = Bird.$create("A Bird");
var bird2 = Bird("Another bird");
var bird3 = new Bird("Also a bird");

Checking instances

animal.$instanceOf(Animal); // true
animal.$instanceOf(Bird);   // false
bird.$instanceOf(Animal);   // true
bird.$instanceOf(Bird);     // true
bird.$instanceOf(Class);    // true

Other useful methods and properties

Animal.$className;                // 'Animal'
bird.$class;                      // returns the Bird class definition, you can do a $class.$create('instance', 'params')
bird.$class.$className            // 'Bird'
bird.$class.$parent.$className    // 'Animal'
bird.$parent.$className           // 'Animal'
bird.$parent.$parent.$className   // 'ES5Class'
bird.$isClass(Bird);              // true
Animal.$isClass(Bird);            // false

Mixin from other classes

var Class1 = Class.$define('Class1', {}, {done: true}),
    Class2 = Class.$define('Class2', {func: function(){ return true; }}),
    Class3 = Class.$define('Class3', {}, {yet: true});

// This mix in the whole class (prototype and class methods)
var NewClass = Class.$define('NewClass', {}, [Class1, Class2, Class3]);

// Pay attention that it needs to go in the second parameter if you want
// to copy the object properties AND the prototype properties

// or using NewClass.$implement([Class1, Class2, Class3]);

Class1.done = false; // Changing the base classes doesn't change the mixin'd class

console.log(NewClass.done); // true
console.log(NewClass.yet); // true
console.log(NewClass.$parent); // ES5Class
console.log(NewClass.$implements); // [Class1,Class2,Class3]
console.log(NewClass.$create().func()); // true
console.log(NewClass.$create().$class.done); // true

// This mix in class methods as prototypes
NewClass = Class.$define('NewClass', [Class1, Class2, Class3]);

console.log(NewClass.$create().yet); // true
console.log(NewClass.$create().done); // false
console.log(NewClass.$create().func); // undefined

Singletons

var Singleton = Class.$define('Singleton', {}, {
    staticHelper: function(){
        return 'helper';
    },
    staticVariable: 1
});

var ExtraSingleton = Class.$define('Extra');
ExtraSingleton.$implement(Singleton);
ExtraSingleton.$implement({
    extra: true
});

ExtraSingleton.staticHelper() // outputs 'helper'
Singleton.extra // undefined
ExtraSingleton.extra // true
ExtraSingleton.staticVariable // 1

Share data between instances (flyweight pattern)

var Share = Class.$define('Share', function(){
    var _data = {}; //all private data, that is shared between each Share.$create()

    return {
        construct: function(){
            this.$class.count++;
        },
        append: function(name, data){
          _data[name] = data;
        }
    }
}, {
    count: 0 // exposed variable
});
var one = Share.$create('one'), two = Share.$create('two'); // Share.count is now 2
one.append('dub', true); // _data is now {'dub': true}
two.append('dub', false); // _data is now {'dub': false}
two.append('bleh', [1,2,3]); // _data is now {'dub': false, 'bleh': [1,2,3]}

Duck typing (nothing stops you to not using inheritance and decoupling classes)

var Op = Class.$define('Op', {
    construct: function (number){
      this.number = number;
    },
    operator : function (number){
      return number;
    }
  });

  var Mul = Op.$define('Multiply', {
    operator: function (number){
      return number * this.number;
    }
  });

  var Div = Op.$define('Divide', {
    operator: function (number){
      return number / this.number;
    }
  });

  var Sum = Op.$define('Sum', {
    operator: function (number){
      return number + this.number;
    }
  });

  var Operation = Class.$define('Operation', {}, function (){
    var
      classes = [],
      number = 0;

    return {
      add     : function (clss){
        for (var i = 0, len = clss.length; i < len; i++) {
          classes.push(clss[i]);
        }
        return this;
      },
      number  : function (nmbr){
        number = nmbr;
        return this;
      },
      result  : function (){
        var result = number;
        for (var i = 0, len = classes.length; i < len; i++) {
          result = classes[i].operator(result);
        }
        return result;
      },
      onthefly: function (classes){
        var result = number;
        for (var i = 0, len = classes.length; i < len; i++) {
          result = classes[i].operator(result);
        }
        return result;
      }
    };
  });

  var sum = Sum.$create(40);
  var mul = Mul.$create(50);
  var div = Div.$create(20);
  Operation.number(100);
  Operation.add([sum, mul, div]).result(); // Result is 350
  var mul2 = Mul.$create(30);
  Operation.onthefly([div, sum, mul, mul2]); // Result is 67500

For a lot of class examples (inheritance, extending, singletons, etc), check the test sources at test/class-test.js

Performance tip

Although the class helpers, $super calls, class inheritance itself are fast, $define'ing your class isn't.

For some odd reason, Object.defineProperties and Object.defineProperty is long known to have the worst performance in V8 (and other engines as well).

Basically, you should never keep redefining your class, for example, in loops, inside other constructors, etc. The ES5Class.$define is a real bottleneck (as low as 10k ops/s). So, $define it once, create instances everywhere!

Running the tests

The tests are ran using mocha

$ npm install && npm run test

Benchmark

Check how this library perform on your machine

$ npm install && npm run benchmark

A benchmark result in a 1st gen Core i3:

class instance function call x 114,660,575 ops/sec ±7.30% (32 runs sampled)
class method function call x 118,824,558 ops/sec ±4.74% (57 runs sampled)
class instance included function call x 98,900,288 ops/sec ±3.71% (56 runs sampled)
$super instance function calls x 14,078,465 ops/sec ±0.55% (97 runs sampled)
$super class function calls x 13,880,657 ops/sec ±0.43% (99 runs sampled)
$super inherited two levels deep function calls x 4,664,890 ops/sec ±0.51% (96 runs sampled)
class.$create instantiation x 1,617,001 ops/sec ±1.60% (90 runs sampled)
new operator x 2,493,494 ops/sec ±0.32% (101 runs sampled)
obj() instance x 1,076,858 ops/sec ±0.88% (91 runs sampled)
Class definition x 12,307 ops/sec ±2.76% (83 runs sampled)

Feeback

Please use the issues section of github to report any bug you may find

License

(The MIT License)

Copyright (c) 2011 Bruno Filippone

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the 'Software'), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Changelog

2.1.0

• 100% test coverage
• $className available in instance as well